A notable paucity in practice interventions and literature currently exists in regard to self-support in first-time mothers. Recent literature and practice interventions seem to focus largely on social support resources, highlighting the deficiency in the investigation of self-support in first-time mothers as an integral and holistic concept and/or focus point for intervention. Literature continues to illustrate the many challenges first-time mothers encounter and therefore this study focuses on self-support experiences of the first-time mother in relation to her environment by providing an original stance of enquiry. The investigator aimed to explore and describe the experiences of self-support in first-time mothers in the Cape Metropole. The study was conducted qualitatively and according to an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) research design. This provided the researcher with a dual method of investigation: The first undertaking was to describe actual accounts of the participants‟ self-support experiences, while the second was to give an interpretation of these accounts which would reflect their experiences in an understandable, yet authentic manner. The meta-theoretical framework of Gestalt Therapy Theory (GTT) was applied due to its holistic and integrative nature, while the additional theoretical frameworks of Self Determination Theory (SDT) and Positive Psychology (PP) served as contributors to deepen understanding. The sample consisted of thirteen first-time mothers from moderately diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The study succeeded in giving in-depth exploratory descriptions of their self-support experiences during the first two years of motherhood. Findings displayed that the participants‟ self-support cannot be separated from their constantly shifting environments and that self-support is an integrated and dynamic process of development. Internal elements as well as environmental factors prove to disrupt this process of self-support development. Vital components for developing self-support were assuming responsibility for own well-being as a mother; as well as arriving at insight. Joy and gratefulness as experienced by the participants were proven to serve as motivators to sustain self-support. The study further exhibits that a supportive relationship is able to exist between the first-time mother‟s self-support and her environment when she is able to effectively identify, reach out and utilise social support resources available in her environment. Self-support serves as an experiential process (as an alternative to a fixed outcome) where the first-time mother is able, through experience, to mature and become more self-supportive. Findings argue that ideal self-support during novel motherhood is the capability to be in a mature interactive relationship with the environment, constantly adapting according to the organisation of the environmental field. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής έγινε προσπάθεια να μελετηθούν μέσω φασματοσκοπίας Raman τα δομικά και τα δυναμικά χαρακτηριστικά διαφόρων ανόργανων υγρών και γυαλιών σε μεγάλο θερμοκρασιακό εύρος. Αναπτύχθηκαν μέθοδοι, με τις οποίες επιτεύχθηκε η φασματοσκοπική μελέτη υλικών υψηλής καθαρότητας σε θερμοκρασίες έως και 2000oC. Τα φασματοσκοπικά δεδομένα Raman διαφόρων γυαλιών και υγρών περιορίζονται σε θερμοκρασίες έως 1000oC λόγω διαφόρων πειραματικών δυσκολιών που παρουσιάζονται σε μετρήσεις δονητικής φασματοσκοπίας σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες. Η κυριότερη δυσκολία είναι η πολύ ισχυρή ακτινοβολία μέλανος σώματος, η οποία υπερκαλύπτει το ασθενές σήμα Raman μην επιτρέποντας από κάποιο σημείο και πέρα τη λήψη των φασμάτων. Προκειμένου να ξεπεραστούν οι πειραματικές δυσκολίες αναπτύχθηκε στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής ένα σύστημα Raman που συνδυάζει τις «τεχνικές ελλείψεως δοχείου» (“containerless techniques”) και τη χρήση ενός laser υπερύθρου (CO2-laser) ως θερμαντική πηγή, επιτρέποντας τη λήψη φασμάτων για πρώτη φορά σε θερμοκρασίες έως και 2000oC. Οι «τεχνικές ελλείψεως δοχείου» χωρίζονται σε δύο κατηγορίες, την «τεχνική αιώρησης» του δείγματος (“levitation technique”) όπου το υλικό αιωρείται υπό μορφή υγρής σταγόνας σε κατάλληλης γεωμετρίας ακροφύσιο με χρήση προωθητικού αερίου και την «τεχνική αυτοϋποστήριξης» του δείγματος (“self-support technique”) όπου το υγρό υποστηρίζεται από τη στερεά φάση του ίδιου υλικού. Το βασικότερο πλεονεκτήμα του συνδυασμού της φασματοσκοπίας Raman, των «τεχνικών ελλείψεως δοχείου» και της θέρμανσης με χρήση ενός laser υπερύθρου είναι ο σημαντικός περιορισμός της θερμικής εκπομπής, αφού απουσιάζει η ισχυρή θερμική εκπομπή του φούρνου, δίνοντας τη δυνατότητα μελέτης υψηλότηκτων υλικών αποφεύγοντας μολύνσεις, ετερογενή πυρηνοποίηση, αντιδράσεις μεταξύ υλικών και δοχείων σε υψηλές θερμοκρασίες επιτρέποντας την εφαρμογή της επιθυμητής ατμόσφαιρας στο υπό εξέταση υλικό. Μελετήθηκαν με δονητική φασματοσκοπία Raman μη-οξυγονούχες (ZnCl2, ZnBr2, xZnCl2-(1-x)AlCl3) και οξυγονούχες (SiO2, K2Si4O9, xCaO-(1-x)SiO2, xCaO-(1-x)Al2O3) ενώσεις με ενδογενείς πειραματικές δυσκολίες, όπως πολύ υψηλά σημεία τήξης (~2000oC για την περίπτωση των οξειδίων), υψηλή υγροσκοπικότητα, μεγάλες τάσεις ατμών κ.α. ξεπερνώντας τους διαφόρους πειραματικούς περιορισμούς και πραγματοποιήθηκε προσπάθεια σύνδεσης ανάμεσα στο δομικό και δυναμικό χαρακτήρα τους λαμβάνοντας φάσματα Raman σε θερμοκρασιακό εύρος που περιλαμβάνει την κρυσταλλική, υαλώδη, υπέρψυκτη και υγρή κατάσταση. Από τις πληροφορίες που λαμβάνονται για τα τοπικά πολύεδρα συναρμογής σε μικρής κλίμακας τάξη μέσω φασματοσκοπίας Raman γίνεται προσπάθεια να διασαφηνιστεί ο ρόλος των «τροποποιητών του δικτύου» (“network modifiers”) κατά την εισαγωγή τους σε υλικά με πλήρως πολυμερισμένες, τρισδιάστατες, δικτυακές τετραεδρικές δομές (“network formers”). Η δομή σε ενδιάμεσης κλίμακας τάξη (φάσμα Raman χαμηλών συχνοτήτων), η κορυφή Boson, η ημιελαστική κορυφή και χαρακτηριστικά όπως ο εύθραυστος/ισχυρός χαρακτήρας και η μη-εκθετική/εκθετική συμπεριφορά των υπό μελέτη υλικών προσδιορίστηκαν συναρτήσει της θερμοκρασίας και τα αποτελέσματα αναλύονται στα πλαίσια θεωρητικών και φαινομενολογικών μοντέλων που αφορούν την υαλώδη μετάβαση. / e present the Raman spectroscopic results concerning the structure and the dynamics of several inorganic melts and glasses in a broad temperature range. The development of pioneering methods appropriate for high temperature material research and their combination with Raman spectroscopy provided spectroscopic results of high-purity materials at temperatures up to 2000oC. High-temperature Raman data are limited at temperatures below 1000oC due to several experimental difficulties concerning high-temperature vibrational measurements. The main difficulty is the intensive black body radiation, which overwhelms the weak Raman signal and consequently no spectrum can be recorded. In order to overcome the experimental difficulties, we developed a Raman setup, which combines the “containerless techniques” with the use of an infrared laser (CO2-laser) as a heating source permitting the recording of Raman spectra at temperatures up to 2000oC. The “containerless techniques” are divided in two main categories. The “levitation technique”, where the liquid sample is levitated using a nozzle with the appropriate geometry and a supporting gas and the “self-support technique”, where the liquid sample is supported from the solid part of the same material. The main advantage of the Raman spectroscopy-containerlees techniques-laser heating combination is the effective limitation of the black body radiation giving the opportunity to use the desirable atmosphere on the sample and study high-melting materials preventing contamination, heterogeneous nucleation, reactions between materials and containers at high temperatures. We studied several non-oxide (ZnCl2, ZnBr2, xZnCl2-(1-x)AlCl3) and oxide (SiO2, K2Si4O9, xCaO-(1-x)SiO2, xCaO-(1-x)Al2O3) systems with intrinsic experimental difficulties, such as high melting points (~2000oC), hygroscopic nature, high vapor pressures etc. We recorded Raman spectra in extensive temperature range covering the crystalline, the glassy, the supercooled and the molten state in order to elucidate the structure and the involved dynamics of these materials. Information concerning the local coordination polyhedra in short range order have been used for clarifying the role of “network modifiers” inside the fully polymerized threedimensional tetrahedral networks (“network formers”). The structure in medium range order (low-frequency Raman spectrum), the Boson peak, the Quasi-Elastic line and characteristics such as the fragile/strong character and the non-exponential/exponential behavior of these materials have been put under focus and the results are discussed in the framework of the current phenomenological status of the field.

A notable paucity in practice interventions and literature currently exists in regard to self-support in first-time mothers. Recent literature and practice interventions seem to focus largely on social support resources, highlighting the deficiency in the investigation of self-support in first-time mothers as an integral and holistic concept and/or focus point for intervention. Literature continues to illustrate the many challenges first-time mothers encounter and therefore this study focuses on self-support experiences of the first-time mother in relation to her environment by providing an original stance of enquiry. The investigator aimed to explore and describe the experiences of self-support in first-time mothers in the Cape Metropole. The study was conducted qualitatively and according to an Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) research design. This provided the researcher with a dual method of investigation: The first undertaking was to describe actual accounts of the participants‟ self-support experiences, while the second was to give an interpretation of these accounts which would reflect their experiences in an understandable, yet authentic manner. The meta-theoretical framework of Gestalt Therapy Theory (GTT) was applied due to its holistic and integrative nature, while the additional theoretical frameworks of Self Determination Theory (SDT) and Positive Psychology (PP) served as contributors to deepen understanding. The sample consisted of thirteen first-time mothers from moderately diverse socio-economic backgrounds. The study succeeded in giving in-depth exploratory descriptions of their self-support experiences during the first two years of motherhood. Findings displayed that the participants‟ self-support cannot be separated from their constantly shifting environments and that self-support is an integrated and dynamic process of development. Internal elements as well as environmental factors prove to disrupt this process of self-support development. Vital components for developing self-support were assuming responsibility for own well-being as a mother; as well as arriving at insight. Joy and gratefulness as experienced by the participants were proven to serve as motivators to sustain self-support. The study further exhibits that a supportive relationship is able to exist between the first-time mother‟s self-support and her environment when she is able to effectively identify, reach out and utilise social support resources available in her environment. Self-support serves as an experiential process (as an alternative to a fixed outcome) where the first-time mother is able, through experience, to mature and become more self-supportive. Findings argue that ideal self-support during novel motherhood is the capability to be in a mature interactive relationship with the environment, constantly adapting according to the organisation of the environmental field. / MA (Psychology), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

Text in Afrikaans / In this study the researcher explored and described the use of Gestalt play therapy with specific focus on self-support with the child in middle childhood years. A literature study was undertaken to examine the concepts of child, Gestalt play therapy, self-support and the play therapy process. This literature study forms the theoretical frame in which this study was done. After the completion of the literature study, the empirical study was conducted. The researcher made use of unstructured interviews within a intrinsic single case study in order to compile research data. During the empirical study ten therapy sessions were conducted with the participant which was explored within the framework of qualitative research methodology. The researcher was able to use ample Gestalt play therapy concepts and principles during the description of the case study in order to explore self-support within the child during middle childhood. These concepts and principles will be discussed in depth within this study. / Social Work / M.Diac. (Spelterapie-rigting)

The research dealt with the implementation of Gestalt play therapy for the treatment of the sexually abused primary school child who experiences problems to maintain himself. The need for research on the theme originated from the researcher's experience with sexually abused primary school children. The aim of the research was to render therapeutic support to the primary school child through Gestalt play therapy, in order to explore the influence of such support on the child's maintaining behaviour. The applied research design was used for this purpose. For the purpose of the research, one sexually abused child who experienced problems to maintain himself was identified by means of purposeful sampling. During each Gestalt play therapy session the child was brought into contact with his senses. Conclusions as well as recommendations were formulated as a result of the research. / Social Work / M. Diac. (Play Therapy)

No description available.