Nesta dissertação estudamos uma versão do Teorema de Trotter-Kato que estabelece uma equivalência entre a continuidade, relativamente a um parâmetro, de operadores resolvente e a continuidade dos semigrupos lineares associados. Os operadores ilimitados envolvidos (geradores de semigrupos analíticos) estão definidos em espaços que variam com o parâmetro e isto nos leva a ter que comparar elementos de espaços de Banach diferentes. Este resultado é aplicado a um problema de Neumann em um domínio fino com fronteira altamente oscilante e que se degenera a um intervalo quando o parâmetro varia. Nesta aplicação, utilizamos o método das múltiplas escalas (comum em teoria de homogeneização) para obter formalmente o problema limite (veja [17]) e, em seguida, provamos a convergência compacta dos operadores resolventes utilizando as funções teste oscilantes de Tartar [15], [16] (veja também Cioranescu e Saint Jean Paulin [12]), obtidas através de um problema auxiliar, juntamente com operadores de extensão / In this work we study a version of Trotter-Katos Theorem that establishes an equivalence between the continuity, with respect to a parameter, of the resolvent operators and the continuity of the associated linear semigroups. The unbounded operators involved (generators of analytic semigroups) are defined spaces that vary with the parameter leading us to introduce methods to compare vectors in different Banach spaces. We apply this theorem to an elliptic boundary value problem with Neumann boundary condition in a highly oscillating thin domain that degenerates to a line segment as the parameter varies. In this application we use the multiple scale method (frequently used in the homogenization theory) to obtain, formally, the limiting problem (see [17]) and, in the sequel, we prove the compact convergence of resolvent operators using the oscillating test functions of Tartar [15] (see also [16] and Cioranescu and Saint Jean Paulin [12]) defined with the aid of an auxiliary problem as well as extension operators

Orientador: Fernando Eduardo Torres Orihuela / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T08:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_RenataRodriguesMarcuz_M.pdf: 1068260 bytes, checksum: 7d86da2facbe3c87531cf1faaea33bd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Um semigrupo (numérico) é um sub-semigrupo dos inteiros não negativos tal que o seu complemento neste conjunto é finito. O número de elementos deste conjunto complementar é chamado de gênero e o primeiro elemento positivo do semigrupo recebe o nome de multiplicidade. Tais semigrupos aparecem na forma natural em diversos contextos da matemática. Nossa motivação aqui provém dos semigrupos de Weierstrass (Superfícies de Riemann). Neste trabalho se estuda portanto a estrutura (alguns invariantes) de semigrupos abstratos, levando em conta o seu gênero e a sua multiplicidade. Os protótipos das problemáticas abordadas nesta dissertação são facilmente explicados aos leigos em matemática através de um exemplo simples: Suponha que existam apenas moedas de valores 5, 8 e 9. Então o valor 12 é o maior valor dos sete possíveis que não pode ser construído por meio destas moedas / Abstract: A numerical subgroup is a sub-semigroup of the non-negative integers N0 whose complement in N0 is finite. The number of elements of the complement set is called genus and the first positive element of semigroup is called multiplicity. Such semigroups appear in a natural way in several branches of Mathematics. Our motivation comes fromWeierstrass semigroups (Riemann Surfaces). We shall study the structure of abstract semigroups, by taking into account both its genus and multiplicity. There is a nice property that a can be explained to the non specialist: Suppose you have some coins whose values are only 5, 8 and 9 pounds, then 12 pounds cannot be obtained with these coins / Mestrado / Algebra / Mestre em Matemática

Orientadores: Luiz Antonio Barrera San Martin, Osvaldo Germano do Rocio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T09:10:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Verdi_MarcosAndre_D.pdf: 586732 bytes, checksum: c0182ba0a69107acd3d5548e682641df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo:Neste trabalho estudamos dois problemas distintos: ações de semigrupos em órbitas adjuntas e compactificações de semigrupos. Quanto ao estudo das ações de semigrupos, consideramos um grupo de Lie semi-simples, não compacto, conexo e com centro finito G e a órbita adjunta de G através de elementos H pertencentes a uma subalgebra abeliana maximal contida na parte não-compacta de uma decomposição de Cartan de G. Tomamos então um semigrupo S Ì G com pontos interiores e descrevemos os conjuntos de controle para a ação de S nestas órbitas. Mostramos também que esses conjuntos não são comparáveis utilizando a relação de ordem usual para conjuntos de controle e descrevemos seus domínios de atração. Consideramos também o caso em que S é um semigrupo maximal, obtendo uma descrição melhor dos conjuntos de controle. Para compactificações de semigrupos, adotamos as mesmas hipóteses sobre G e tomamos S como o semigrupo de compressão de um subconjunto fechado da variedade ??ag?maximal de G. Obtemos uma compactificação do espaço homogêneo G/H, onde H denota o grupo das unidades de S, como um subconjunto dos conjuntos fechados de G e mostramos que quando G tem posto 1 é possível realizar a imagem de S/H por essa compactificações no conjunto dos subconjuntos fechados da variedade flag maximal de G / Abstract: In this work we study two distinct problems: semigroup actions on adjoint orbits and compactication of semigroups. For the study of the semigroup actions, we consider a semi-simple connected noncompact Lie group G and the adjoint orbit through elements in a maximal abelian subalgebra contained in the complement of a maximal compactly embedded subalgebra of the Lie algebra of G. We take then a semigroup S Ì G with interior points and describe the control sets for the S-action on these orbits. It is proved here that these control sets are no comparable and we describe its domains of attraction. We also consider the case in that S is a maximal semigroup and obtain a better description of the control sets. For the compactication of semigroups, we use the same hypothesis about G and consider S as the compression semigroup of a closed subset in the maximal ag manifold of G. We obtain a compactication of the homogeneous space G/H, where H=S ÇS-1, as a subset of the set of closed sets of G and we show that when G has rank one is possible to realize the image of S/H under this compacti?cation in the set of the closed subsets of the maximal ag manifold / Doutorado / Doutor em Matemática

Orientadores: Luiz Antonio Barrera San Martin, Paulo Regis Caron Ruffino / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matematica, Estatistica e Computação Cientifica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T03:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopez_JorgeNicolas_D.pdf: 956037 bytes, checksum: ce1c7712a7ab2ad21d0e46479e50f04a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Matematica / Doutor em Matemática

The main study of this thesis is the holomorphic functional calculi for three classes of unbounded operators: sectorial, strip-type and half-plane. The functional calculus for sectorial operators was introduced by McIntosh as an extension of the Riesz-Dunford model for bounded operators. More recently Haase has developed an abstract framework which incorporates analogous constructions for strip-type and half-plane operators. These operators are of interest since they arise naturally as generators of C₀-(semi)groups. The theory of bounded H^∞-calculus for sectorial operators is well established and it has been found to have many applications in operator theory and parabolic evolution equations. We survey these known results, first on Hilbert space and then on general Banach space. Our main goal is to fill the gaps in the parallel theory for strip-type operators. Whilst some of this can be deduced by taking exponentials and applying known results for sectorial operators, in general this is insu_cient to obtain our desired results and so we pursue an independent approach. Starting on Hilbert space, we broaden known characterisations of the bounded H^∞-calculus for strip-type operators by introducing a notion of absolute calculus which is an analogue to the established notion for the sectorial case. Moving to general Banach space, we build on the work of Vörös, broadening his characterisation for strip-type operators in terms of weak integral estimates by introducing a new, but equivalent, notion of the bounded H^∞-calculus, which we call the m-bounded calculus. We also demonstrate that these characterisations fail for half-plane operators and instead present a weaker form of the bounded H-calculus which is more natural for these operators. This allows us to obtain new and simple proofs of well known generation theorems due to Gomilko and Shi-Feng, with extensions to polynomially bounded semigroups. The connection between the bounded H-calculus of semigroup generators and polynomial boundedness of their associated Cayley Transforms is also explored. Finally we present a series of results on sums of operators, in connection with maximal regularity. We also establish stability results for the bounded H^∞-calculus for strip-type operators by showing it is preserved under suitable bounded perturbations, which at time requires further assumptions on the underlying Banach space. This relies heavily on intermediate characterisations of the bounded H^∞-calculus due to Kalton and Weis.

In this thesis we examine properties and constructions of graph automatic semigroups, a generalisation of both automatic semigroups and finitely generated FA-presentable semigroups. We consider the properties of graph automatic semigroups, showing that they are independent of the choice of generating set, have decidable word problem, and that if we have a graph automatic structure for a semigroup then we can find one with uniqueness. Semigroup constructions and their effect on graph automaticity are considered. We show that finitely generated direct products, free products, finitely generated Rees matrix semigroup constructions, zero unions, and ordinal sums all preserve unary graph automaticity, and examine when the converse also holds. We also demonstrate situations where semidirect products, Bruck-Reilly extensions, and semilattice constructions preserve graph automaticity, and consider the conditions we may impose on such constructions in order to ensure that graph automaticity is preserved. Unary graph automatic semigroups, that is semigroups which have graph automatic structures over a single letter alphabet, are also examined. We consider the form of an automaton recognising multiplication by generators in such a semigroup, and use this to demonstrate various properties of unary graph automatic semigroups. We show that infinite periodic semigroups are not unary graph automatic, and show that we may always find a uniform set of normal forms for a unary graph automatic semigroup. We also determine some necessary conditions for a semigroup to be unary graph automatic, and use this to provide examples of semigroups which are not unary graph automatic. Finally we consider semigroup constructions for unary graph automatic semigroups. We show that the free product of two semigroups is unary graph automatic if and only if both semigroups are trivial; that direct products do not always preserve unary graph automaticity; and that Bruck-Reilly extensions are never unary graph automatic.

Semigroups of completely positive maps arise naturally both in noncommutative stochastic processes and in the dynamics of open quantum systems. Since its inception in the 1970's, the study of completely positive semigroups has included among its central topics the dilation of a completely positive semigroup to an endomorphism semigroup. In quantum dynamics, this amounts to embedding a given open system inside some closed system, while in noncommutative probability, it corresponds to the construction of a Markov process from its transition probabilities. In addition to the existence of dilations, one is interested in what properties of the original semigroup (unitality, various kinds of continuity) are preserved. Several authors have proved the existence of dilations, but in general, the dilation achieved has been non-unital; that is, the unit of the original algebra is embedded as a proper projection in the dilation algebra. A unique approach due to Jean-Luc Sauvageot overcomes this problem, but leaves unclear the continuity of the dilation semigroup. The major purpose of this thesis, therefore, is to further develop Sauvageot's theory in order to prove the existence of continuous unital dilations. This existence is proved in Theorem 6.4.9, the central result of the thesis. The dilation depends on a modification of free probability theory, and in particular on a combinatorial property akin to free independence. This property is implicit in some Sauvageot's original calculations, but a secondary goal of this thesis is to present it as its own object of study, which we do in chapter 3.

<p>Ova disertacija se bavi analizom slabo postavljenih apstraktnih Cauchyjevih problema. U prvoj glavi su proučavane konvolucione, ultradistribucione i hiper&shy; funkcione polugrupe, njihove medjusobne veze kao i veze sa lokalno integrisanim C-polugrupama.&nbsp; U drugoj glavi su date strukturne osobine C-distribucionih polugrupa, dok su u trećoj glavi dati rezultati vezani za klasu [r]-polugrupa i njihovih primena u teoriji funkcionalnih računa.<br />U sledećoj glavi je sistematski izložena teorija distribucionih kosinus funkcija, dok se peta glava bavi analizom analitičkih integrisanih polugrupa. &Scaron;esta glava je posvećena analizi konvolucionih C-polugrupa i konvolucionih C-kosinus funk&shy;cija, dok su u sedmoj glavi prezntovani rezultati vezani za analitičke konvolu&shy;cione polugrupe, konvolucione kosinus funkcije i njihove veze sa ultradistribucionim i hiperfunkcionim sinusima.</p>

<p> A finiteness criterion is given for finitely generated positively ordered semigroups and this is used to show that various semigroups of operators in universal algebra are finite.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Let S be a semigroup with zero and let a S\O. Denote by V(a) the set of all inverses of a, that is, V(a) = (x ∈ S: axa=a. xax=x). Let n be a fixed positive integer. A semigroup S with zero is said to be homogeneous n regular if the cardinal number of the set V(a) of all inverses of a is n for every nonzero element a in S. Let T be a subset of S. We denote by E(T) the set of all idempotents of S in T. The next theorem is a generalization of R. McFadden and Hans Schneider's theorem [1] . Theorem 1. Let S be a 0-simple semigroup and let n be a fixed positive integer. Then the following are equivalent. (i) S is a homogeneous n regular and completely 0-simple semigroup. (ii) For every a≠0 in S there exist precisely n distinct nonzero elements (xᵢ)_{i [= symbol with an n on top]l} such that axᵢa=a for i=1, 2, ..., n and for all c, d in S cdc=c≠0 implies dcd=d. (iii) For every a≠0 in S there exist precisely h distinct nonzero idempotents (eᵢ)_{i [= symbol with an h above]l} Eₐ and k distinct nonzero idempotents (fⱼ)_{j[= symbol with a k above]}= Fₐ such that eᵢa=a=afⱼ for i =1, 2, …, h, j = 1, 2, …, k hk=n, Eₐ contains every nonzero idempotent which is a left unit of a, Fₐ contains every nonzero idempotent which is a right unit of a and Eₐ ⋂ Fₐ contains at most one element. (iv) For every a≠0 in S there exist precisely k nonzero principal right ideals (Rᵢ)_{i[= symbol with a k above]1} and h nonzero principal left ideals (Lⱼ)_{j[= symbol with h above]1} such that Rᵢ and Lⱼ contain h and k inverses of a, respectively, every inverse of a is contained in a suitable set Rᵢ ⋂ Lⱼ for i = 1, 2, .., k, j = 1, 2, .., h and Rᵢ ⋂ Lⱼ for i = 1, 2, .., k, j = 1, 2, .., h, and Rᵢ ⋂ Lⱼ contains at most one nonzero idempotent, where hk = n. (v) Every nonzero principal right ideal R contains precisely h nonzero idempotents and every nonzero principal left ideal L contains precisely k nonzero idempotents such that hk=n, and R⋂L contains at most one nonzero idempotent. (vi) S is completely 0-simple. For every 0-minimal right ideal R there exist precisely h 0-minimal left ideals (Li)_{i[= symbol with an h above]1} and for every 0-minimal left ideal L there exist precisely k 0-minimal right ideals (Rj)_{j[= symbol with a k above]1} such that LRⱼ=LiR=S, for every i=1,2,..,h, j=l,2,.. ,k, where hk=n. (vii) S is completely 0-simple. Every 0-minimal right ideal R of S is the union of a right group with zero G°, a union of h disjoint groups except zero, and a zero subsemigroup Z uhich annihilates the right ideal R on the left and every 0-minimal left ideal L of S is the union of a left group with zero G’° a union of k disjoint groups except zero, and a zero subsemigroup Z' which annihilates the left ideal L on the right and hk=n. (viii) S contains at least n nonzero distinct idempotents, and for every nonzero idempotent e there exists a set E of n distinct nonzero idempotents of S such that eE is a right zero subsemigroup of S containing precisely h nonzero idempotents, Ee is a left zero subsemigroup of S containing precisely k nonzero idempotents of S, e (E(S)\E) = (0) = (E(S)\E)e, and eE⋂Ee = (e), where hk=n. S is said to be h-k type if every nonzero principal left ideal of S contains precisely k nonzero idempotents and every nonzero principal right ideal of S contains precisely h nonzero idempotents of S. W. D. Munn defined the Brandt congruence [2]. A congruence ρ on a sernigroup S with zero is called a Brandt congruence if S/ρ is a Brandt semigroup. Theorem 2. Let S be a 1-n type homogeneous n regular and complete:y 0-simple semigroup. Define a relation ρ on S in such a way that a ρb if and only if there exists a set (eᵢ) _{i[=symbol with an n above]1} of n distinct nonzero idempotents such that eᵢa=ebᵢ≠0, for every i=1, 2, . , n. Then ρ is an equivalence S\0. If we extend ρ on S by defining (0) to be ρ-class on S, then ρ is a proper Brandt congruence on S, then ρ ⊂ σ. Let P=(pᵢⱼ) be any n x n matrix over a group with G°, and consider any n distinct points A₁, A₂, . , A_n in the plane, which we shall call vertices. For every nonzero entry pᵢⱼ≠0 of the matrix P, we connect the vertex Aᵢ to the vertex Aⱼ by means of a path [a bar over both AᵢAⱼ] which we shall call an edge (a loop if i = j) directed from Aᵢ to Aⱼ. In this way, with every n x n matrix P can be associated a finite directed graph G(P). Let S=M°(G;In,In;P) be a Rees matrix semigroup. Then the graph G(P) is called the associated graph of the semigroup S, or simply it is the graph G(P) of S. Theorem 3. A Rees matrix semigroup S=M°(G;In,In;P) is homogenous m² regular if the directed graph G(P) of the semigroup S is regular of degree m [3, p. 11]. / Doctor of Philosophy