<p>The most important prognostic factor in breast cancer is the axillary lymph node status. The sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is reported to stage the axilla with an accuracy > 95 % in early breast cancer. Tumour-related perturbation of T-cell function has been observed in patients with malignancies, including breast cancer. The down-regulation of the important T-cell activation molecules CD3-ζ and CD28 may cause T-cell dysfunction, anergy, tolerance and deletion.</p><p>The expression of CD3-ζ and CD28 was evaluated in 25 sentinel node biopsies. The most pronounced down-regulation was seen in the paracortical area, where the best agreement between both parameters was observed. CD28 expression was significantly more suppressed in CD4+ than in CD8+ T-cells.</p><p>From the Swedish sentinel node database, 109 patients with breast cancer > 3 cm planned for both SNB and a subsequent axillary dissection were identified. The false negative rate (FNR) was 12.5%. Thirteen cases of tumour multifocality were detected on postoperative pathology. The FNR in this subgroup was higher (30.8%) than in patients with unifocal disease (7.8%; P = 0.012).</p><p>From the Swedish SNB multicentre cohort trial, 2246 sentinel node-negative patients who had not undergone further axillary surgery were selected for analysis. After a median follow-up time of 37 months (range 0-75), 13 isolated axillary recurrences (13/2246; 0.6%) were found. In another 14 cases, local or distant failure preceded or coincided with axillary relapse (27/2246; 1.2%). </p><p>In conclusion, the immunological analysis of the sentinel node might provide valuable prognostic information and aid selection of patients for immunotherapy. SNB is encouraged in breast cancer larger than 3 cm, if no multifocal growth pattern is present. The axillary recurrence rate after a negative SNB in Sweden is in accordance with international figures. However, a longer follow-up is mandatory before the true failure rate of the SNB can be determined.</p>

The most important prognostic factor in breast cancer is the axillary lymph node status. The sentinel node biopsy (SNB) is reported to stage the axilla with an accuracy &gt; 95 % in early breast cancer. Tumour-related perturbation of T-cell function has been observed in patients with malignancies, including breast cancer. The down-regulation of the important T-cell activation molecules CD3-ζ and CD28 may cause T-cell dysfunction, anergy, tolerance and deletion. The expression of CD3-ζ and CD28 was evaluated in 25 sentinel node biopsies. The most pronounced down-regulation was seen in the paracortical area, where the best agreement between both parameters was observed. CD28 expression was significantly more suppressed in CD4+ than in CD8+ T-cells. From the Swedish sentinel node database, 109 patients with breast cancer &gt; 3 cm planned for both SNB and a subsequent axillary dissection were identified. The false negative rate (FNR) was 12.5%. Thirteen cases of tumour multifocality were detected on postoperative pathology. The FNR in this subgroup was higher (30.8%) than in patients with unifocal disease (7.8%; P = 0.012). From the Swedish SNB multicentre cohort trial, 2246 sentinel node-negative patients who had not undergone further axillary surgery were selected for analysis. After a median follow-up time of 37 months (range 0-75), 13 isolated axillary recurrences (13/2246; 0.6%) were found. In another 14 cases, local or distant failure preceded or coincided with axillary relapse (27/2246; 1.2%). In conclusion, the immunological analysis of the sentinel node might provide valuable prognostic information and aid selection of patients for immunotherapy. SNB is encouraged in breast cancer larger than 3 cm, if no multifocal growth pattern is present. The axillary recurrence rate after a negative SNB in Sweden is in accordance with international figures. However, a longer follow-up is mandatory before the true failure rate of the SNB can be determined.

La extensión linfática es el factor pronóstico más importante en el momento del diagnóstico del cáncer de mama. La Biopsia Selectiva del Ganglio Centinela (BSGC) es el procedimiento actualmente indicado para la estadificación regional de las pacientes con cáncer de mama precoz. La BSGC permite una estadificación más exacta que la linfadenectomía axilar tradicional (LDNA), gracias a la identificación de drenajes extra-axilares y de micrometástasis en el GC, de modo que el manejo terapeútico posterior de las pacientes ha de ser más acertado y la evolución clínica mejor. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar la eficiencia y seguridad de la aplicación clínica de la BSGC en las pacientes con cáncer de mama, perfilando la metodología óptima en cuanto al radiotrazador y la vía de administración, y analizando la indicación en situaciones clínicas especiales: carcinoma in situ, múltiple, o cirugía mamaria previa. Se estudian los primeros 600 procedimientos de BSGC realizados en fase clínica, a 591 pacientes con cáncer de mama estadio I y II. La eficiencia de detección gammagráfica e intraoperatoria del GC fue 94,5% y 90,5% respectivamente. El procedimiento de BSGC evita una LDNA innecesaria en el 68,9% de los pacientes, que presentan GC benigno. Después de un seguimiento medio de 47,4 meses, ha aparecido una única recaída axilar en las pacientes con GC benigno (tasa 0,24%). Este aspecto probablemente se relaciona con la exéresis sistemática de otros ganglios “sospechosos”. El 8,3 % de los pacientes incluidos han sido re-estadificados por la identificación de micrometástasis en el GC, hallando otros ganglios positivos en la LDNA en el 12,1%. La tasa de enfermedad es 8,1% en estas pacientes. La eficiencia de detección del GC no ha diferido significativamente al comparar radiotrazadores de distinto tamaño (coloide de estaño vs sulfuro de renio) y diferentes vías de administración (profunda, periareolar, combinada), aunque se debe considerar la fuerte dependencia entre ambos aspectos técnicos. Los drenajes extra-axilares son más frecuentes cuando se emplea un radiocoloide de menor tamaño. El análisis histopatológico final revela invasión en el 45,6% de los pacientes incluidos con el diagnóstico inicial de carcinoma in situ. El porcentaje de afectación del GC en estos pacientes es 6,9%. La tasa de identificación del GC en el carcinoma múltiple de mama es 95,5% en la gammagrafía y 92,1% en la detección intraoperatoria; 93,7% y 87,5% respectivamente en los tumores multicéntricos, en los que se observa además mayor número de GC por paciente y de GC extra-axilares. La eficiencia de detección gammagráfica y quirúrgica del GC en las pacientes con cirugía mamaria previa (inyección superficial) es 92,3% y 82% respectivamente. El número de GC por paciente y el porcentaje de drenajes extra-axilares son significativamente elevados, sobre todo cuando existe algún antecedente quirúrgico extenso antiguo (cirugía conservadora) y/o localizado en el CSE. En conclusión, la BSGC es una técnica eficaz, segura y fiable que permite una estadificación exacta de los pacientes y contribuye al control locorregional de la enfermedad. La inyección periareolar se confirma como método seguro y altamente eficaz, aún cuando se emplean radiocoloides de tamaño grande. El procedimiento de BSGC está indicado en cáncer in situ de alto riesgo o con indicación de mastectomía, y puede realizarse con seguridad en tumores múltiples, incluso multicéntricos, y en pacientes con antecedentes quirúrgicos, aunque sean relativamente extensos o afecten al CSE. En todas estas circunstancias es apropiada también la administración periareolar del radiocoloide. / Lymphatic status is the most important prognostic factor in breast cancer. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is the current elective procedure for regional staging in patients with early breast cancer. SLNB allows more exact staging than traditional axillary lymphadenectomy (ALDN), on the basis of the identification of extra-axillary drainages and sentinel node (SN) micrometastasis, what results in more appropriate adjuvant theraphy and better outcome of the patients. The aim of this study was to establish the efficiency and safety of SLNB in its clinical application to breast cancer patients, as well as the optimal methodology (particle size of the colloid, site of injection) and controversial indications (intraductal carcinoma, multifocal/multicentric breast cancer, patients with previous breast surgery). This study included the first 600 SLNB procedures, performed in 591 patients with breast cancer, I and II stage. The scintigraphic and intraoperative detection rate of SN were respectively 94.5% and 90.5%.The procedure avoided unnecesary ALDN in 68.9% of the patients, those without SN involvement. After a median follow-up of 47.4 months, the incidence of axillary recurrence after tumor negative SN is low (0.24%), probably related to the systematic removal of “suspicious” nodes during the surgical act. The identification of micrometastasis in SN implied the upstaging of 8.3% of patients included. The subsequent ALDN performed showed non-sentinel node metastasis in 12.1%. Disease rate in these patients is 8.1%. The efficiency of SN detection did not varied significantly when comparing radiotracers of different size (stannous fluorid vs rhenium sulphide colloid), or different sites of injection (deep, areolar or combined). However, the strong correlation between these two technical aspects must be taken into account. Extra-axillary drainages are more frequent when a smaller radiotracer is used. Final pathologic diagnosis revealed invasion in 45.6% of patients included with the initial diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ. The percentage of positive SN was 6.9% in these patients. The identification rate of SN in patients with multiple breast cancer was 93.7% in lymphoscintigraphy and 92.1% in surgical detection. These percentages were respectively 93.7% and 87.5% in multicentric cases, in that higher number of SN per patient and extra-axillary nodes were found. Scintigraphic and surgical detection rate in patients with previous breast surgery was 92.3% and 82%. The number of SN per patient and the percentage of extra-axillary drainages were higher, especially after wide ancient surgery (conservative) in outer-upper quadrant. In conclusion, SLNB is an efficient, safe and accurate procedure. It achieves an exact staging of the patients, and contributes to local control of the disease. Periareolar injection is a reliable method, even though large colloids are used. SLNB is indicated in high risk ductal carcinoma in situ or programmed to mastectomy, multiple breast cancer, multicentric included, and breast cancer in patients with prior breast surgery, even though wide or external. In these clinical circumstances, the periareolar injection is also appropiate.

Accurate detection of the spread of cancer is critical for planning the best treatment strategy for a patient. Currently, an invasive sentinel lymph node biopsy is commonly used to detect metastases after a primary tumor is detected. This procedure results in patient morbidity, requires weeks of waiting, and is prone to sampling error. This dissertation presents new developments in an emerging biomedical imaging modality – photoacoustic imaging – and their application to improving the detection of metastases in the lymphatic system in a metastatic mouse model of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity. Label-free spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging is demonstrated to detect hypoxia that results from the development of sub-millimeter cancer foci in the lymph node. In order to improve the sensitivity to micrometastases, molecularly-activated plasmonic nanosensers which are targeted to the epidermal growth factor receptor are introduced. The nanosensors are demonstrated to detect metastases consisting of only a few tens of cells. Improvements to spectroscopic photoacoustic imaging are then demonstrated by selecting imaging wavelengths based on the spectral properties of the optical absorbers. Finally, a new contrast agent – silica-coated gold nanoplates – are used to map the sentinel lymph node with high contrast. The final result is a set of tools that can be used to noninvasively detect micrometastases and improve molecular photoacoustic imaging. / text

No description available.

<p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2001. Härtill 6 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of South Florida, 2006. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 86 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Eventos de inundação são fenômenos geralmente associados a eventos de chuvas intensas. Nesses eventos a cobertura de nuvens, normalmente, prejudica o mapeamento com uso de imagens ópticas. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os resultados de mapeamento de áreas de inundação utilizando imagens SAR e SRTM. Para aplicação dos métodos foram analisadas as áreas de inundação nas cidades de Santa Fe e Parana, na Argentina. Embora a maior inundação registrada tenha sido no ano de 2003, registros de inundação são frequentemente observados nas províncias de Santa Fé e Entre Ríos. Foi utilizado imagens do satélite Sentinel-1, equipado com sensor C-SAR com dupla polarização (VV/VH). As imagens obtidas são do tipo Interferométrico (IW) Ground Range Detected (GRDH) com resolução espacial de 10 m. Foram utilizadas imagens em períodos com e sem eventos de inundação entre 2016 e 2017, calibradas e coregistradas. Sobre as imagens foram aplicadas técnicas de limiarização e de análise temporal para mapear a mancha de inundação. Também foi elaborado mapa a partir do Modelo Digital de Elevação (MDE) utilizando como referência estações de medição de nível da água dos rios. A validação de todos os métodos foi totalmente remota, baseando-se em um mapeamento da inundação de abril de 2003 na cidade de Santa Fe. Além disso, imagens publicadas de eventos de inundação complementaram a validação e foi possível comparar os resultados com uma imagem óptica Landsat – 8 com resolução de 15 m do dia 22 de fevereiro de 2016, quando o nível do rio Paraná estava acima do nível de alerta Os resultados dos três mapeamentos foram somados para formar uma única imagem com a mancha de inundação em comum. Entre as melhores acurácias, o método de análise do MDE atingiu o melhor resultado, 82% da área de inundação, no entanto, considerando os três métodos, a acurácia atinge mais de 91% de precisão. A técnica de limiarização foi mais eficiente em áreas sem alvos verticais, como áreas urbanas por exemplo. O MDE foi eficiente para simular a inundação em todos os alvos, no entanto em modelos de elevação com melhor resolução, o resultado final do mapeamento será mais preciso. A análise temporal mostrou ser uma técnica promissora para mapeamentos de inundação, no entanto um mapa detalhado de uso de solo é fundamental para aprimorar o resultado desta análise. Todos os processos foram feitos remotamente, possibilitando o desenvolvimento no futuro de um sistema automático para detecção de evento de inundação que pode ser aplicado em áreas com características similares. / Flood events usually go hand in hand with intensive rainfall during which clouds compromise any mapping attempts with optical imagery. Thus, this thesis aims at evaluate the results of mapping flood areas using SAR and SRTM images. For this purpose, flood areas in the cities Santa Fe and Parana in Argentina were analyzed. While the worst flood was registered in 2003, flood events frequently occur in both provinces Santa Fé and Entre Ríos. The employed Sentinel-1 satellite carrying a C-SAR sensor with dual polarization (VV/VH) provided interferometric (IW) Ground Range Detected (GRDH) imagery with a spatial resolution of 10 meters. Images from periods with and without flood events between 2016 and 2017 were calibrated and co-registered. Subsequently on the images were applied threshold and time analysis techniques, as well as a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) analysis with data from stations which measure the rivers’ water levels. The validation of all methods was totally remote, based on a flood mapping of April 2003 in the city of Santa Fe. In addition, published images of flood events complemented the validation and it was possible to compare the results with an optical image Landsat - 8 with 15 m resolution of February 22, 2016, when the level of the Paraná River was above the alert level The three maps were summed to form a single image with the flood spot in common. Among the best accuracy, the MDE analysis method achieved the best result, 82% of the flood area, however, considering all three methods, the accuracy reaches more than 91% accuracy. The thresholding technique was more efficient in areas with no vertical targets, such as urban areas. The DEM was efficient to simulate flooding on all targets, however using elevation models with better resolution, the final result of the mapping will be more accurate. The temporal analysis showed to be a promising technique for flood mapping, however a detailed map of land use is fundamental to improve the results of this analysis. All processes were done remotely, allowing the future development of an automatic flood event detection system that can be applied in areas with similar characteristics.

Objetivos: Avaliar a eficácia da injeção intraoperatória para identificação do linfonodo sentinela (LS) em câncer de mama com o uso do Dextran 500-99m-Tecnécio (Tc) e azul patente. Analisar se as doses do radiofármaco, o IMC (índice de massa corporal) e o volume da mama influenciam no tempo para migração ao LS. Metodologia: Estudo prospectivo, realizado entre abril de 2008 e junho de 2009, que incluiu 74 biópsias de LS em pacientes com câncer de mama em estádios T1N0 e T2N0. Injetou-se, após indução anestésica, de 0,5 a 1,5 mCi de Dextran 500-99m-Tc filtrado 0,22 μm na região subareolar num volume de 5 ml e 2 ml de azul patente. Resultados: Identificou-se o LS em 100% dos casos. Um LS (1,35%) estava marcado apenas com o azul patente. A taxa de identificação com o “probe” foi de 98% (73/74 casos). A dose média de radiofármaco aplicada foi 0,97 mCi + 0,22. O tempo médio para marcação do LS foi de 10,7 minutos (+ 5,7min). Identificamos em média 1,66 LS com o radioisótopo. A dose aplicada não apresentou relação com o tempo para captação (p=0,73). Quanto maior o volume da mama e IMC, maior o tempo para captação na região axilar (Pearson Correlation r=0,393 p<0,01; r=0,469 p<0,01 - respectivamente). Conclusão: A injeção intraoperatória do radiofármaco é eficaz para identificação do LS em câncer de mama. O tempo para marcação do LS é maior em pacientes com IMC elevado e mamas volumosas. Doses maiores de radiofármaco não diminuem o tempo de migração. / Objectives: To determine the identification of sentinel lymph node (SLN) in breast cancer after intraoperative injection of Dextran 500‐99mTechnetium (Tc) and blue dye. To analyze if the doses of the radioisotope, body mass index (BMI) and breast volume influence the migration time of the SLN. Methodology: Prospective study between april 2008 and june 2009, which included 74 biopsies of SLN in patients with breast cancer in stages T1N0 and T2N0. Intraoperative injection after induction of general anesthesia, 0.5 to 1.5 mCi of dextran 500‐99m‐Tc filtered 0.22 μm in the subareolar region in a volume of 5 ml and 2 ml of blue dye. Results: We identified the SLN in 100% of cases. In one case (1.35%) the SLN was marked only with the blue dye. The SLN identification rate with the probe was 98% (73/74 cases). The mean dose of radioisotope injected was 0.97 + 0.22 mCi. The average time to mark the SLN was 10.7 minutes (+ 5.7 min). We identified an average 1.66 SLN with the radioisotope. The dose had no effect on the time to capture (p = 0.73). The larger breast volume and BMI, the greater the capture time in the axillary region (Pearson Correlation r=0.393 p <0.01, r=0.469 p <0.01 - respectively). Conclusion: Intraoperative injection of the radioisotope is effective for the identification the SLN in breast cancer. Time to mark the SLN is higher in patients with high BMI and large breasts. Higher doses of radioisotope do not decrease the migration time.