<div>The dynamic performance of the momentum and thermal boundary layer linked to the acoustic response dictate the efficiency of heat exchangers and the operational limits of fluid machinery. The specific time required by the boundary layer to establish or adapt to the free stream variations is vital to optimize flow control strategies as well as the thermal management of fluid systems. The proper understanding of the wall fluxes, separated flow regions and free stream response to transient conditions becomes the fulcrum of the further improvement of fluid machinery performance and endurance. Throughout this dissertation the establishment sequence and the main parameters dictating the acoustic response and the boundary layer settlement are quantified together with their implication on the wall fluxes and boundary layer detachment. </div><div><br></div><div>Unsteady Reynolds Average Navier Stokes evaluations, Large Eddy Simulations, Direct Numerical Simulations and wind tunnel experiments are exploited to analyze the transient behavior of attached and detached flow aerodynamics. The core of the research is built upon URANS simulations allowing the realization of multiple detailed parametric analyses. Thanks to its reduced computational cost, hundreds of transient flow evaluations are carried out, enabling the determination of the establishment sequence, the main flow features and relevant non-dimensional numbers. The URANS methodology is verified against experimental and analytic results on the flow conditions of the study. The Large Eddy Simulations and Direct Numerical Simulations allow further characterization of the near wall flow region behavior with much higher resolution while providing an additional source of verification for the coarser numerical tools. An experimental campaign on a novel full visual access linear wind tunnel explores the impact of mean flow sudden accelerations on the boundary layer detachment and reattachment phenomena over an ad-hoc wall mounted hump. The wind tunnel is designed based on the premises of: full visual access, spatial and temporal stability of total and static pressure together with the total temperature and fast flow settlement, minimizing the start-up phase duration of the wind tunnel. A wall mounted hump that mimics the behavior of the aft portion of a low pressure turbine is inserted in the wind tunnel guaranteeing a 2D flow separation phenomena. After steady state test article characterization series of sudden flow discharge experiments reveal the impact of mean flow transients on the boundary layer detachment inception. Finally, taking advantage of the knowledge on transient flow performance, optimum flow control mechanisms to abate boundary layer detachment are proposed. The recommended control approach effectively prevents the boundary layer separation while minimizing the energy requirement.</div>

Viscous drag reduction plays a vital role in increasing the performance of vehicles. However, there are only so many measurement techniques that can quickly and accurately measure this when compared to pressure drag measurement techniques. The current study makes use of one of the direct and robust measurement techniques that exist, called the Oil Film Interferometry (OFI) to estimate skin friction on the NASA/Virginia Tech BeVERLI (Benchmark Validation Experiment for RANS and LES Investigations) hill. This project aims to develop a detailed database of non-equilibrium, separated turbulent boundary layer flows obtained through wind tunnel experiments for CFD validation. Skin friction measurements are obtained at specific critical locations on the hill and in its close proximity. The challenges involved in obtaining skin friction data from these locations are discussed in detail. Detailed discussions on the experimental setup and data processing methodology are presented. Qualitative and quantitative results from each measurement location are discussed along with uncertainties to explain certain key flow physics. Additionally, skin friction coefficients from selected overlapping measurement locations from another experimental flow measurement technique called Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) are compared with OFI, and a cross-instrument study is performed. Finally, results from well-refined RANS CFD simulations are assessed with the experimental results, and critical improvement areas are identified. / Master of Science / Drag force is a parameter that significantly contributes to the performance efficiency of any vehicle moving in a fluid. This force is categorised into two types - pressure and viscous drag- both of which need to be minimised as much as possible to contribute towards higher vehicle performance. While there are numerous measurement techniques and documentation currently available to measure pressure drag, this is not the case with the measurement of viscous drag. Skin friction measurement directly relates to the estimation of viscous drag, but accurate and quick measurement of this quantity highly challenging with countable measurement techniques currently available. Through this project, BeVERLI (Benchmark Validation Experiment for RANS and LES Investigations), a detailed documentation is developed for accurate measurement of skin friction through Oil Film Interferometry (OFI). The results obtained through this measurement is explained with a detailed experimental procedure as well as using a data processing code. The accuracy of these results are then discussed with the results from another flow measurement technique called Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) and from Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD).

Separated flows about single and multi-element airfoils are featured in many scenarios of practical interest, including: stall of fixed wing aircraft, dynamic stall of rotorcraft blades, and stall of compressor and turbine elements within jet engines. In each case, static and/or dynamic stall can lead to losses in performance. More importantly, modeling and analysis tools for stalled flows are relatively poorly evolved and designs must completely avoid stall due to a lack of understanding. The underlying argument is that advancements are necessary to facilitate understanding of and applications involving static and dynamic stall. The state-of-the-art in modeling stall involves numerical solutions to the governing equations of fluids. These tools often either lack fidelity or are prohibitively expensive. Ever-increasing computational power will likely lead to increased application of numerical solutions. The focus of this thesis is improvements in numerical modeling of stall, the need of which arises from poorly evolved analysis tools and the spread of numerical approaches. Technical barriers have included ensuring unsteady flow field and vorticity reproduction, transition modeling, non-linear effects such as viscosity, and convergence of predictions. Contributions to static and dynamic stall analysis have been been made. A hybrid Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes/Large-Eddy-Simulation turbulence technique was demonstrated to predict the unsteadiness and acoustics within a cavity with accuracy approaching Large-Eddy-Simulation. Practices to model separated flows were developed and applied to stalled airfoils. Convergence was characterized to allow computational resources to be focused only as needed. Techniques were established for estimation of integrated coefficients, onset of stall, and reattachment from unconverged data. Separation and stall onset were governed by turbulent transport, while the location of reattachment depended on the mean flow. Application of these methodologies to oscillating flapped airfoils revealed flow through the gap was dominated by the flap angle for low angles of attack. Lag between the aerodynamic response and input flap scheduling was associated with increased oscillation frequency and airfoil/flap gap size. Massively separated flow structures were also examined.

Tails, fins, scales, and surface coatings are used by organisms for various tasks, including locomotion. Since millions of years of evolution have passed, we expect that the design of surface structures is optimal for the tasks of the organism. These structures serve as an inspiration in this thesis to identify new mechanisms for flow control. There are two general categories of fluid-structure-interaction mechanisms. The first is active interaction, where an organism actively moves parts of the body or its entire body in order to modify the surrounding flow field (e.g., birds flapping their wings). The second is passive interaction, where appendages or surface textures are not actively controlled by the organism and hence no energy is spent (e.g., feathers passively moving in the surrounding flow). Our aim is to find new passive mechanisms that interact with surrounding fluids in favourable ways; for example, to increase lift and to decrease drag. In the first part of this work, we investigate a simple model of an appendage (splitter plate) behind a bluff body (circular cylinder or sphere). If the plate is sufficiently short and there is a recirculation region behind the body, the straight position of the appendage becomes unstable, similar to how a straight vertical position of an inverted pendulum is unstable under gravity. We explain and characterize this instability using computations, experiments and a reduced-order model. The consequences of this instability are reorientation (turn) of the body and passive dispersion (drift with respect to the directionof the gravity). The observed mechanism could serve as a means to enhance locomotion and dispersion for various motile animals and non-motile seeds. In the second part of this thesis, we look into effective models of porous and poroelastic materials. We use the method of homogenization via multi-scale expansion to model a poroelastic medium with a continuum field. In particular, we derive boundary conditions for the velocity and the pressure at the interface between the free fluid and the porous or poroelastic material. The results obtained using the derived boundary conditions are then validated with respect to direct numerical simulations (DNS) in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional settings. The continuum model – coupled with the necessary boundary conditions – gives accurate predictions for both the flow field and the displacement field when compared to DNS. / Många djur använder sig av fjäll, päls, hår eller fjädrar för att öka sin förmåga att förflytta sig i luft eller vatten. Eftersom djuren har genomgått miljontals år av evolution, kan man förvänta sig att ytstrukturernas form är optimala för organismens uppgifter. Dessa strukturer tjänar som inspiration i denna avhandling för att identifiera nya mekanismer för manipulering av strömning. Samverkan mellan fluider och strukturer (så kallad fluid-struktur-interaktion) kan delas upp i två kategorier. Den första typen av samverkan är aktiv, vilket innebär att en organism aktivt rör hela eller delar av sin kropp för att manipulera det omgivande strömningsfältet (till exempel fåglar som flaxar sina vingar). Den andra typen är passiv samverkan, där organismer har utväxter (svansar, fjärdar, etc.) eller ytbeläggningar som de inte aktivt har kontroll över och som således inte förbrukar någon energi. Ett exempel är fjädrar som passivt rör sig i det omgivande flödet. Vårt mål är att hitta nya passiva mekanismer som växelverkar med den omgivande fluiden på ett fördelaktigt sätt, exempelvis genom att öka lyftkraften eller minska luftmotståndet. I den första delen av detta arbete undersöker vi en enkel modell för en utväxt (i form av en platta) bakom en cirkulär cylinder eller sfär. Om plattan är tillräckligt kort och om det finns ett vak bakom kroppen kommer det upprätta läget av plattan att vara instabilt. Denna instabilitet är i princip samma som uppstår då man försöker balansera en penna på fingret. Vi förklarar den bakomliggande mekanismen av denna instabilitet genom numeriska beräkningar, experiment och en enkel modell med tre frihetsgrader. Konsekvenserna av denna instabilitet är en omorientering (rotation) av kroppen och en sidledsförflyttning av kroppen i förhållande till tyngdkraftens riktning. Denna mekanism kan användas djur och frön för att öka deras förmåga att förflytta eller sprida sig i vatten eller luft. I den andra delen av avhandlingen studerar vi modeller av porösa och elastiska material. Vi använder en mångskalig metod för att modellera det poroelastiska materialet som ett kontinuum. Vi härleder randvillkor för både hastighetsfältet och trycket på gränssnittet mellan den fria fluiden och det poroelastiska materialet. Resultaten som erhållits med de härledda randvillkoren valideras sedan genom direkta numeriska simuleringar (DNS) för både två- och tredimensionella fall. Kontinuumsmodellen av materialet kopplad genom randvillkoren till den fria strömmande fluiden predikterar strömnings- och förskjutningsfält noggrant i jämförelse med DNS.

Les travaux présentés dans le cadre de cette thèse de doctorat concernent la problématique d’arrachement de bâches de semi-remorques convoyés par le réseau d’autoroutes ferroviaires. En effet, les phénomènes turbulents générés autour d’un tel convoi provoquent d’importantes fluctuations de pression sur les parois bâchées, entrainant des mouvements de forte amplitude menant à la rupture sur de longues périodes de sollicitation. Ce phénomène pouvant provoquer plusieurs types d’incidents pour l’exploitant du réseau (embrasement par contact caténaire, retard des trains, perte de marchandise, etc...), il est nécessaire de comprendre les phénomènes physiques mis en jeu et de dégager une solution de contrôle de l’écoulement satisfaisant les contraintes de l’industrie ferroviaire. Pour ce faire, une étude expérimentale et numérique de l’écoulement autour d’une configuration bidimensionnelle de marche montante a été réalisée afin de caractériser l’influence des différentes zones décollées sur les fluctuations de pression pariétale induites en aval de la marche. A cet effet, une série de mesures de champs de vitesse et de pression pariétale ont été réalisées dans la soufflerie du Lamih. Les résultats observés expérimentalement ont pu être confrontés à ceux obtenus par une approche numérique dans des conditions équivalentes. L’analyse de l’écoulement s’est principalement focalisée sur deux points. Le premier concerne la dynamique des zones de recirculation en interaction avec la couche de cisaillement. Une approche stochastique a été déployée, et a permis de mettre en évidence les mécanismes prépondérants à l’origine du phénomène. Le second point porte sur les liens entretenus entre ces mécanismes et les fluctuations de pression pariétale. Une approche modale, basée sur une décomposition orthogonale aux valeurs propres étendue, a permis de révéler l’importante contribution des basses fréquences dans ce cas de figure. Enfin, une solution de contrôle passive (déflecteur) a été testée et a permis de montrer que la suppression de ces mécanismes basse fréquence permet d’obtenir un gain en termes de pression pariétale pouvant aller jusqu’à 36% selon les configurations. / The work presented in the framework of this doctoral thesis concerns the problem of the tarpaulins tearing off of semi-trailers conveyed by the motorways network. Indeed, the turbulent phenomena generated around such a convoy cause large pressure fluctuations on the walls, resulting in high amplitude movements leading to breakage over long periods of stress. This phenomenon can cause several types of incidents for the operator of the network (ignition by catenary contact, train delay, loss of goods,...), it is necessary to understand the physical phenomena involved and to define a flow control solution that take into account the rail industry constraints. To do this, an experimental and numerical study of the flow around a two-dimensional forward facing step configuration was carried out in order to characterize the influence of the different separated zones on the wall pressure fluctuations induced downstream of the step. For this purpose, a series of velocity field and wall pressure measurements were carried out in the Lamih wind tunnel. The experimental results could be compared with those obtained by a numerical approach under the same conditions. The flow analysis focused mainly on two points. The first concerns the dynamics of the recirculation zones interacting with the shear layer. A stochastic approach has been used, and has made it possible to highlight the dominant mechanisms at the origin of the phenomenon. The second point concerns the dynamical links between these mechanisms and the wall pressure fluctuations. A modal approach, based on an extended orthogonal decomposition, revealed the important contribution of the low frequencies in this case. Finally, a passive control solution (deflector) was tested and showed that the low frequency mechanisms suppression provide a wall pressure gain up to 36 % depending on configurations.

O escoamento estratificado óleo-água é comum na indústria de petróleo, em particular em poços direcionais e oleodutos. Estudos recentes mostram que o fenômeno de transição de padrões de escoamento de fases separadas pode estar relacionado à estrutura ondulatória da interface do escoamento (problema de estabilidade hidrodinâmica). A transição do padrão estratificado ao padrão estratificado com mistura na interface foi estudada por diversos autores sendo que a física envolvida está clara, e o fenômeno ocorre pelo arrancamento de gotículas da crista da onda interfacial. Técnicas baseadas na análise temporal da estabilidade hidrodinâmica para a proposição de critérios de transição são comumente encontradas na literatura. Entretanto, para certas condições de escoamento, foi observado que o padrão de escoamento estratificado muda ao longo da tubulação. O escoamento adentra a tubulação como estratificado ondulado e alguns diâmetros após a entrada ocorre a transição para o padrão bolhas alongadas. Foi também observado que o ponto no espaço em que o fenômeno ocorre varia com a elevação ou decréscimo das velocidades superficiais das fases. Aparentemente, tal fenômeno ocorre devido a efeitos de tensão interfacial e ângulo de contato. O modelo de dois fluidos unidimensional, a teoria da estabilidade hidrodinâmica linear (análise espacial) e dados experimentais das propriedades da onda interfacial são utilizados para estudo do escoamento, levando a um novo critério de transição em função da velocidade da onda interfacial. O fenômeno de transição espacial do padrão estratificado ocorre fora da região delimitada como estável pela teoria linear; assim, efeitos não lineares são predominantes e uma teoria que leve em consideração tais efeitos se faz necessária. O método das características foi utilizado e buscou-se prever o ponto no espaço em que a transição ocorre. O estudo experimental foi realizado em montagem experimental do Laboratório de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos; dados experimentais permitiram a obtenção de uma nova carta de fluxo óleo-água e propriedades da onda interfacial. As comparações entre dados e previsões dos modelos são encorajadoras. / The stratified oil-water flow pattern is of common occurrence in the petroleum industry, especially in offshore directional wells and pipelines. Previous studies have shown that the phenomenon of flow pattern transition in stratified flow can be related to the interfacial wave structure (problem of hydrodynamic instability). The transition from stratified flow to stratified with mixture at the interface has been studied by several authors and the physics behind the phenomenon has been already explained, basically by the tearing of droplets from the interfacial wave crest. Techniques based on a temporal analysis of the hydrodynamic stability for the proposition of transition criteria are often found in the literature. However, at certain inlet flow conditions, it was observed that the flow pattern changes along the test line. The flow enters the test line as wavy stratified flow and then, several diameters from the pipe inlet, the transition to elongated-bubbles flow occurs. It was also observed that the location where the transition occurs also changes depending on the phases superficial velocities. It seems that this phenomenon occurs due to interfacial tension and contact angle effects. The one-dimensional two-fluid model, linear stability theory (spatial approach) and experimental data of the interfacial wave properties are used to study the flow and a new transition criterion based on the wave celerity is proposed. The stratified-flow spatial transition occurred outside the region delimitated as stable by the linear theory; so nonlinear effects are prominent. The method of characteristics was used as an attempt to predict the point in space at which the transition occurs. The experimental work was done at the experimental facility of the Thermal-fluids Engineering Laboratory; experimental data allowed a new oil-water flow map and interfacial wave properties were acquired. The agreement between data and prediction is encouraging.

O escoamento estratificado óleo-água é comum na indústria de petróleo, em particular em poços direcionais e oleodutos. Estudos recentes mostram que o fenômeno de transição de padrões de escoamento de fases separadas pode estar relacionado à estrutura ondulatória da interface do escoamento (problema de estabilidade hidrodinâmica). A transição do padrão estratificado ao padrão estratificado com mistura na interface foi estudada por diversos autores sendo que a física envolvida está clara, e o fenômeno ocorre pelo arrancamento de gotículas da crista da onda interfacial. Técnicas baseadas na análise temporal da estabilidade hidrodinâmica para a proposição de critérios de transição são comumente encontradas na literatura. Entretanto, para certas condições de escoamento, foi observado que o padrão de escoamento estratificado muda ao longo da tubulação. O escoamento adentra a tubulação como estratificado ondulado e alguns diâmetros após a entrada ocorre a transição para o padrão bolhas alongadas. Foi também observado que o ponto no espaço em que o fenômeno ocorre varia com a elevação ou decréscimo das velocidades superficiais das fases. Aparentemente, tal fenômeno ocorre devido a efeitos de tensão interfacial e ângulo de contato. O modelo de dois fluidos unidimensional, a teoria da estabilidade hidrodinâmica linear (análise espacial) e dados experimentais das propriedades da onda interfacial são utilizados para estudo do escoamento, levando a um novo critério de transição em função da velocidade da onda interfacial. O fenômeno de transição espacial do padrão estratificado ocorre fora da região delimitada como estável pela teoria linear; assim, efeitos não lineares são predominantes e uma teoria que leve em consideração tais efeitos se faz necessária. O método das características foi utilizado e buscou-se prever o ponto no espaço em que a transição ocorre. O estudo experimental foi realizado em montagem experimental do Laboratório de Engenharia Térmica e Fluidos; dados experimentais permitiram a obtenção de uma nova carta de fluxo óleo-água e propriedades da onda interfacial. As comparações entre dados e previsões dos modelos são encorajadoras. / The stratified oil-water flow pattern is of common occurrence in the petroleum industry, especially in offshore directional wells and pipelines. Previous studies have shown that the phenomenon of flow pattern transition in stratified flow can be related to the interfacial wave structure (problem of hydrodynamic instability). The transition from stratified flow to stratified with mixture at the interface has been studied by several authors and the physics behind the phenomenon has been already explained, basically by the tearing of droplets from the interfacial wave crest. Techniques based on a temporal analysis of the hydrodynamic stability for the proposition of transition criteria are often found in the literature. However, at certain inlet flow conditions, it was observed that the flow pattern changes along the test line. The flow enters the test line as wavy stratified flow and then, several diameters from the pipe inlet, the transition to elongated-bubbles flow occurs. It was also observed that the location where the transition occurs also changes depending on the phases superficial velocities. It seems that this phenomenon occurs due to interfacial tension and contact angle effects. The one-dimensional two-fluid model, linear stability theory (spatial approach) and experimental data of the interfacial wave properties are used to study the flow and a new transition criterion based on the wave celerity is proposed. The stratified-flow spatial transition occurred outside the region delimitated as stable by the linear theory; so nonlinear effects are prominent. The method of characteristics was used as an attempt to predict the point in space at which the transition occurs. The experimental work was done at the experimental facility of the Thermal-fluids Engineering Laboratory; experimental data allowed a new oil-water flow map and interfacial wave properties were acquired. The agreement between data and prediction is encouraging.

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