The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that the conduct of judge-led commissions of inquiry in Canada could be improved, and rendered more consistent with purposive values embodied in the rule of law, were judicial commissioners to observe a principle of fidelity to adjudication. The rule of law, practically understood as a political and legal ideal, treats independence as integral to the judicial role in interpreting and applying law, safeguarding the Constitution, and honouring individual rights. Public confidence in the independence and integrity of Canada’s judiciary flows not just from constitutional safeguards, however, but from judicial observance of adjudicative procedure. So too does confidence that in exercising their functions, judges respect the boundaries commanded by the separation of powers. Contrary to categorical distinctions that are often drawn between commissions of inquiry and courts, adjudicative procedure is an essential feature of many inquiries. This is so because the participants in such inquiries legitimately demand an assurance of justice equivalent to that associated with traditional judicial proceedings. Recognizing this commonality does not mean burdening public inquiries with the evidentiary and procedural rigidity of courts. It does suggest, however, that adjudication has a valuable (if non-exclusive) role to play in the conduct of some inquiries, establishing a compelling reason why judges should be their leaders. Fidelity to adjudication directs judicial commissioners to account for this reality when confronting common dilemmas and challenges in inquiry conduct. I explore the methodological implications of fidelity to adjudication in two broad areas, first concerning procedural fairness, and second concerning the protection of a commissioner’s independence. Finally, I consider how fidelity to adjudication establishes boundaries cautioning against judicial service in inquiries that demand different conceptions of justice, or advance different notions of truth-seeking, than those in which judges are traditionally informed. A principled alignment is thus established between judicial service on commissions of inquiry, judicial methods and skills, and observance of the rule of law.

An investigation of precipitation was carried out on the system Cu-Ni-Co at temperatures varying from 600°C to 800°C over a wide range of composition . The precipitation process was studied primarily by use of X-ray diffraction techniques. The precipitation was observed to procede by a spinodal decomposition process. The initial wavelength of the modulated structure was in the range 40 to 55Å, in good agreement with the theory for spinodal decomposition. On ageing, a coarsening was observed for all alloys aged inside the spinodal. This coarsening appeared to follow a law of the form Q[superscript: m] – Qo[superscript: m] = k (t-to) where Q = wavelength at time t Qo = wavelength before the coarsening begins at time to k and m = constants The activation energy of the coarsening process was found to be 65 kcal/mole + 10 kcal suggesting that volume diffusion was the controlling factor. RESUME Le présent travail étudie la formation de précipités dans divers alliages du systéme Cu-Ni-Co au cours de vieillissements à des temperatures de 600°C a 800°C. L’évolution de la précipitation a été suivie principalement par diffraction des rayons X. On a observé que la précipitation procède par décomposition spinodale. La longeur d'onde initiale de la structure modulée est comprise entre 40 et 55Å; en bon accord avec la théorie de la décomposition spinodale de Cahn. Au cours du vieillissement on a mesuré un accroissement de la longeur d'onde pourtous les alliages traités à l'intérieur du spinodal. Cet accroissement de longeur d'onde obéit à une loi de la forme Q[superscript: m] – Qo[superscript: m] = k (t-to) ou Q = longeur d'onde au temps t Qo = longeur d’onde avant que le grossisement commence, à to k et m = constantes if energie d'activation du mécanisme de croissance des précipités a été déterminée; sa valeur, 65 kcal/mole suggére que la diffusion en volume est le facteur préponderant. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Materials Engineering, Department of / Graduate

M.Ing. / Scaling problems in a heating or cooling system can be recognised by one or more of the following symptoms. Reduction in heat transfer rate, in which the formation of an insulating deposit on a heat transfer surface significantly reduces the cooling or heating efficiency of the equipment. Reduced water flow, which results from a partial or complete blockage of pipelines, condenser tubes, or other openings. Even a small build-up of scale on a heat exchange surface reduces water flow. Scale may continue to build up in boilers until heat transfer is so low that the metal overheats, permitting the tubes to rapture under the operating pressure. Scale is usually found in water-handling equipment in which water is heated, i.e. hot-water storage tanks, boilers, etc. The magnitude of this problem may be appreciated by considering that scaling can cause degradation, or complete failure in thermal and hydraulic performance which increases initial and operating costs (Chan and Ghassemi, 1991). A fairly low-pressure boiler, with only 0.6 mm of calcium sulphate scale on the tubes results in a 180°C temperature drop. The cost involved due to heat transfer inefficiency and the removal of scale, in Britain alone, is estimated at £1 billion per annum (Darvill, 1993). Poor conductivity of a 25 mm thick CaC03 scale layer can decrease the heat transfer by 95% (Glater eta/., 1980), whereas a Si02 scale layer 0.5 mm thick results in a 90% decrease in heat transfer (Grutsch and McClintock, 1984).

The current understanding of the atomic scale phenomenon associated with the influence of beta phase instabilities on the evolution of microstructure in titanium alloys is limited due to their complex nature. Such beta phase instabilities include phase separation and precipitation of nano-scale omega and alpha phases in the beta matrix. The initial part of the present study focuses on omega precipitation within the beta matrix of model binary titanium molybdenum (Ti-Mo) alloys. Direct atomic scale observation of pre-transition omega-like embryos in quenched alloys, using aberration-corrected high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography (APT) was compared and contrasted with the results of first principles computations performed using the Vienna ab initio simulation package (VASP) to present a novel mechanism of these special class of phase transformation. Thereafter the beta phase separation and subsequent alpha phase nucleation in a Ti-Mo-Al ternary alloy was investigated by coupling in-situ high energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction with ex-situ characterization studies performed using aberration corrected transmission electron microscopy and APT to develop a deeper understanding of the mechanism of transformation. Subsequently the formation of the omega phase in the presence of simultaneous development of compositional phase separation within the beta matrix phase of a Ti-10V-6Cu (wt%) alloy during continuous cooling has been investigated using a combination of transmission electron microscopy and atom probe tomography. The results of these investigations provided novel insights into the mechanisms of solid-state transformations in metallic systems by capturing the earliest stages of nucleation at atomic to near atomic spatial and compositional resolution.

SPIONs have unique material properties: ultra-small size and high magnetic susceptibility. These properties give SPIONs advantages to be used in a wide range of applications such as NMR/MRI contrast agents, cancer hyperthermia therapy, and cell- targeted and magnetically-triggered intracellular uptake. However, research has found that it is challenging to develop a SPION system that has controllable colloidal stability. This thesis endeavored to develop a SPION surface coating that allowed creation of a SPION system with known surface properties, hence enabling the study of its colloidal stability with a combination of computational and experimental methods. With the knowledge of colloidal behavior of nanoparticles, this thesis further explored the magnetic properties of SPIONs by designing lipid nanoparticles encapsulating (LNPs) that target and isolate a rare type of immune cell.

This film examines the phenomenon of a family divided by the U.S.-Mexico border. Saul, the head of the family, migrated north in search of a better life for his wife and children while they stayed behind in Mexico. Not having the documents to cross the border has resulted in being apart from his family for more than ten years. This is a story about separation, pain, and the ultimate sacrifice a family makes as a means of survival.

Allt fler barn upplever en föräldraseparation, vilket kan anses vara ett växande jämlikhetsproblem då tidigare forskning redogjort för de negativa effekter en separation för med sig i exempelvis skolresultat och utbildningsnivå. En separation innebär ofta att mindre tid spenderas med en utav föräldrarna, vilket kan förklara de negativa effekterna. Colemans teori om socialt kapital förklarar detta genom att den disponibla tiden föräldrarna har för att föra vidare kunskap och stötta barnet i dess skolgång minskar vid en separation. Internationella studier har visat att tid med föräldrar påverkar den obligatoriska utbildningen, men få svenska studier har övervägt de långsiktiga effekter tid med föräldrar under barndomen kan ha på högre utbildning. Denna kvantitativa studie utgår från hypotesen En högre grad av umgängesfrekvens har ett samband med en större sannolikhet att ha en högskoleexamen och ämnar att öka kunskapen om hur separationens konsekvenser kopplat till utbildningsnivå skiljer sig åt beroende på hur umgängestiden fördelades mellan föräldrarna under uppväxten. Detta analyserades med hjälp av data från 2010 års Levnadsnivåundersökningen. Fyra linjära sannolikhetsregressioner användes för att testa sambandet mellan umgängesfrekvens med den särlevande föräldern och utbildningsnivå. Stegvis justerades det för periodeffekter, föräldrars utbildningsnivå och slutligen förhållanden under uppväxten. Studiens resultat styrker delvis hypotesen att en högre grad av umgängesfrekvens har ett samband med en större sannolikhet att ha en högskoleexamen. Specifikt var mötet med båda föräldrarna i allmänhet, i förhållande till att aldrig träffa en förälder, förknippat med en större sannolikhet att ha en högskolexamen. Umgängestid verkar därmed ha ett samband med utbildningsnivån men i svensk kontext verkar det inte spela någon roll hur pass mycket tid som spenderas med den särlevande föräldern, bara att tid spenderas.

P-xylene is one of the highly influential commodities in the petrochemical industry. It is used to make 90% of the world’s third largest plastic production, polyethylene terephthalate (PET). With a continuously increasing demand, the current technology’s high energy intensity has become a growing concern. Membrane separation technology is a potential low-energy alternative. Polymeric membranes were investigated in a pervaporation experiment to separate xylene isomers. Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) as well as polyimides (PIM-PI), including thermally cross-linked PIM-1, PIM-6FDA-OH and thermally-rearranged PIM-6FDA-OH were investigated as potential candidates. Although they exhibited extremely high permeability to xylenes, selectivity towards p-xylene was poor. This was attributed to the polymers low chemical resistance which was apparent in their strong tendency to swell in xylenes. Consequently, a perfluoro-polymer, Teflon AF 2400, with a high chemical resistance was tested, which resulted in a slightly improved selectivity. A super acid sulfonated perfluoro-polymer (Nafion-H) was used as reactive membrane for xylenes isomerization. The membrane exhibited high catalytic activity, resulting in 19.5% p-xylene yield at 75ᵒC compared to 20% p-xylene yield at 450ᵒC in commercial fixed bed reactors. Nafion-H membrane outperforms the commercial technology with significant energy savings.

The objective of this study was to investigate the transport properties and the microstructure of CMS membranes derived from a carbon-rich intrinsically microporous polyimide precursor. CMS membranes were prepared by a heat treatment of the polyimide precursor using a well-defined heating protocol in a horizontal tube furnace up to 1000 °C. A nitrogen purge was kept inside the furnace to remove all the evolved by-products as the precursor started to decompose and carbonize. The microstructures of the carbon molecular sieve membranes (CMSMs) were examined using wide-angle x-ray diffraction, Raman spectra, N2 adsorption and CO2 adsorption. The average interlayer spacing (d002) between the graphite plates was estimated using the data obtained by the WXRD. The average d002 decreased as a result of increasing the pyrolysis temperature; average d002 distances for CMS prepared at 700 and 1000 °C were estimated to be 0.40 to 0.38 nm, respectively. Raman spectra confirmed the progressive structural ordering as heat-treatment temperature increased. A substantial decrease in the intensity of the D band was observed as a function of pyrolysis temperature, indicating a decrease in the disordered structure. Graphitic structure and turbostratic carbon coexist in the as-prepared carbon membranes, of which the microcrystal size La and the stacking height Lc were increasing as a function of pyrolysis temperature. N2 adsorption showed a remarkable increase in the BET surface area as a function of pyrolysis temperature. BET surface areas for the pristine and CMSs prepared at 700 to 900 °C were in the range of 650 to 680 m2/g with a remarkable shift in the pore size distribution toward the ultra- microporous region. CO2 adsorption was used to estimate the surface area for pores with sizes of less than 1 nm. Surface areas were observed to increase from 350 m2/g at 500 °C to 857 m2/g at 800 °C, and then started dropping slightly from 857 to 650 m2/g at 800 to 1000 °C, respectively. This is believed to be caused by pore shrinkage effect being severe after 800 °C, which caused some pores to be hard to spot by the CO2 adsorption technique. The transport properties of the pristine and CMS membranes were tested using pure gases He, H2, N2, CH4, CO2, and O2. From the pristine to SBFDA-DMN-700°C, the selectivity increased significantly, with a massive loss in the permeability except for He and H2. From SBFDA-DMN- 700 °C to 900 °C, a substantial increase in selectivity with a moderate decline in permeability was observed. Beyond 900 °C, the permeability again decreased moderately, but a tremendous increase in the selectivity for N2/CH4, CO2/CH4, and H2/CH4 was observed.

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol) / Squalus acutipinnis and S. bassi may be the most common dogfish species around South Africa, and show overlap in their latitudinal and bathymetric distributions. Even though these sharks are likely endemics, they are also the common bycatch species and still, species-specific studies are lacking. The overall objective of this thesis was to understand the intraspecific and interspecific variability in the distribution and feeding ecology of these two species around the West and South coasts of South Africa. All species catch records and samples were collected during routine demersal hake biomass research surveys, conducted by the Department of Forestry Fisheries and the Environment (DFFE). Distributional patterns were evaluated using catch records, dating from 1984 to 2015. These results indicated that S. acutipinnis were commonly caught on the South coast whereas S. bassi was more abundant on the West coast.