Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV10MA034.pdf: 1439904 bytes, checksum: 4db5cc7ffec224395655a5207d466072 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-12-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivated under conventional production systems are frequently disturbed by insects and diseases. Synthetic organic pesticides that are used to manage tomato crops have been harmful to human being and environment as well. Fruits of tomato are very sensitive to handling and its quality is highly influenced by the crop system and post-harvest practices. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of high dilution preparations to manage pest and disease, and post-harvest conservation of tomatoes under organic production systems. Experiments were conducted as follow: a) Two experiments under field conditions; b) one experiment in greenhouse; c) one bio-assay concerning post-harvesting; d) twelve bio-assays in vitro conditions. The experiments were conducted in the Lages Experimental Station area of EPAGRI and at Centro Agroveterinario of University of Santa Catarina State, SC. Treatments consisted of high dilutions of Staphysagria, Arsenicum album, Sulphur at 12CH (centesimal hahnemaniana dilution), and Arnica montana, Sulphur, tomato, and jua (Solanum aculeatissimum), nosodes at 12 and 24DH. Bourdoux mixture at 0.3%, Cupric formulation EEC at 50 ppm, and Bacillus thuringiensis were included as standard treatments. Data were from field experiments consisted of septoriosis incidence (Septoria lycopersici), insect occurrence, damage caused by Agathomerus sellatus, yields, and fruit quality attributes. Data analysis was performed throughout statistical package. Results showed that Staphysagria 12CH and Arnica Montana 12DH could increase tomato fruit weigh. Damage caused by tomato caterpillars were reduced by spraying Sulphur 12CH and Bacillus thuringiensis. B. thuringiensis reduced also the incidence of septoriosis. High dilution preparation interfered to insect occurrence and reduced the damage of Agathomerus sellatus in the stages of larvae and adults. Tomato plants treated by jua nosodes at 12 and 24CH increased the SST (° Brix) contents, which gives better qualities of processing and palatability, as well. In the greenhouse experiment, it was evaluated the treatments of Arnica montana, Sulphur, tomato and jua nosodes, all at 12 and 24DH dinamization. Bourdoux mixture at 0.3% and cupric formulation EEC at 50 ppm were considered as standard treatments. It was observed that tomato nosodes at 12DH and 24DH supressed the septorioris incidence. In the post-harvest bio-assay, fruits were treated with Calcarea carbonica at 6, 12, 24CH dinamizations. The evaluation was concerning chemical contents and physical attributes. Calcarea carbonica post-harvest treatment did not affected the acidity, SST (° Brix), hardness or the weight losses of tomato fruits. However, Calcarea carbonica 24CH delayed the fruit maturation in such way that the kind sauce fruit was reduced. In the laboratory bio-assays the follow high dilution preparations were studied: Staphysagria, Arsenicum album, and Nitricum acidum at 6, 12, 25, 30, 50, 60, 80, and 100CH 11 dinamizations. All preparations were tested in two media combined by two application methods into Petry dishes with colonies of the fungus Alternaria solani. Bioassay was studied by measuring the diameter of the colonies. The measurements were made from 24h until the 10th day after install the assays. It was observed that the media with basic composition were more suitable to screening high dilution preparations against A. solani before to test in the field. The application method of high dilution preparations over the fungus colony was better than incorporated one. The use of high dilution preparations has the potential effect to replace pesticide used on tomato crops and it would be a suitable management strategy to fill legal requirements for organic production systems. / O tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum L.) sob sistema de produção convencional está constantemente sujeito à pragas e doenças. Pesticidas orgânicos sintéticos usados para seu manejo podem causar graves pertubações ao meio ambiente e a saúde humana. Frutos de tomateiro também são sensíveis ao manuseio e sua qualidade é afetada pelo sistema de cultivo e pelas práticas de conservação pós-colheita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de preparados em altas diluições no manejo fitossanitário e pós-colheita da cultura do tomateiro sob sistema orgânico de produção. Foram conduzidos (a) dois experimentos em condições de campo, (b) um experimento em casa de vegetação, (c) um ensaio de conservação pós-colheita em laboratório e (d) doze bioensaios in vitro. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na Estação Experimental da EPAGRI de Lages e, no Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias da UDESC. Os tratamentos avaliados nos experimentos a campo foram os preparados em altas diluições de Staphysagria, Arsenicum album, Sulphur na dinamização 12CH (centesimal hahnemaniana); Arnica montana, Sulphur, nosódios de tomateiro e de juá (Solanum aculeatissimum), nas dinamizações 12 e 24DH (decimal hahnemaniana). Calda bordalesa 0,3%, Calda cúprica EEC a 50 ppm e Bacillus thuringiensis foram incluídos em doses ponderais e considerados tratamentos padrões. Nos experimentos a campo avaliou-se a incidência de septoriose (Septoria lycopersici), ocorrência e danos por insetos, produtividade e atributos químicos de qualidade dos frutos. A análise dos dados mostrou que os preparados Staphysagria 12CH e Arnica montana 12DH proporcionaram a maior peso de frutos. Danos causados por brocas foram reduzidos com a aplicação de Sulphur 12CH igualando a Bacillus thuringiensis. B. thuringiensis também reduziu a incidência de septoriose. Observou-se que os preparados em altas diluições interferiram na ocorrência de insetos em plantas de tomateiro e reduziram os danos causados por Agathomerus sellatus, tanto na fase larval quanto na fase adulta. Tomateiros tratados com nosódio de juá 12 e 24DH tiveram incremento no teor de SST (° Brix) dos frutos, atributo que melhora a palatabilidade e a qualidade para a industrialização. No experimento em casa de vegetação, avaliou-se Arnica montana, Sulphur, nosódios de tomateiro e de juá, nas dinamizações 12 e 24DH. Calda bordalesa 0,3% e calda cúprica EEC a 50 ppm também foram incluídas em doses ponderais e considerados tratamentos padrões. Observou-se que o nosódio de tomateiro na 12DH e 24DH suprimiram a incidência de septoriose nas plantas tratadas. No ensaio em laboratório de conservação pós-colheita, frutos foram tratados com Calcarea carbonica nas dinamizações 6, 12, 24CH. Avaliou-se atributos químicos e físicos dos frutos. Calcarea carbonica em tratamento pós-colheita não interferiu na acidez, SST (° Brix), firmeza e perda de massa fresca dos frutos. Embora, Calcarea9 carbonica 24CH retardasse a formação de frutos do tipo molho. Nos estudos in vitro foram avaliados os preparados Staphysagria, Arsenicum album e Nitricum acidum nas dinamizações 6, 12, 25, 30, 50, 60, 80 e 100CH, em meios de cultivo básico e enriquecido e, em dois métodos de aplicação. Nos bioensaios foi avaliado o diâmetro das colônias do fungo Alternaria solani iniciando-se 24 horas após a instalação do ensaio e estenderam-se até o décimo dia. Observou que meios de cultivo com composição básica foram mais adequados para o screening de preparados em altas diluições e suas dinamizações, em estudos in vitro com A. solani. A aplicação dos preparados em altas diluições sobre a colônia do fungo foi o método mais adequado para estudos in vitro. Preparados em altas diluições tem potencial para serem eficazes na substituição de agrotóxicos que são utilizados na cultura do tomateiro, e poderiam ser adequados para preencherem requisito legal em sistemas orgânicos de produção

Kentucky reported a solid 13.1% growth in certified organic land from 1997 to 2002. The relative lack of research on disease management practices in Kentucky consistent with organic regulations is an issue that needs to be addressed to provide more reliable information to local farmers. Thus, the first objective of this research was to investigate the potential disease control obtained with natural, organically certifiable spray materials against Colletotrichum orbiculare in vitro and in vivo. The second objective was to test certifiable spray materials in combinations to identify synergistic interactions. The third objective was to evaluate Organic Material Review Institute (OMRI)-certified materials for managing Septoria leaf spot and early blight in tomato under field conditions. The fourth objective was to evaluate chitosan-based products against C. orbiculare in vitro and in vivo. Essential oils, Trilogy®, and Actinovate®, failed to suppress C. orbiculare in vitro as well as cucurbit anthracnose. Bicarbonate salts, Regalia®SC, Sonata®, copper based-products, lime sulfur and water-soluble chitosan showed high antifungal activity in vitro. Bicarbonate salts, Sonata®, Serenade Max®, Soil Gard 12G®, copper based-products and lime sulfur reduced anthracnose disease severity in vivo. In the synergism experiments only a limited number of mixtures showed synergistic interactions, but even in those cases, the effect was not consistent between experiments. The main response obtained was antagonism. In field experiments the most effective fungicides for managing Septoria leaf spot and early blight of tomato were copper-based fungicides. None of the biological-based products (Sonata® and Serenade Max®)), plant-based extracts (Trilogy® and Regalia® SC), chitosan, ammonium bicarbonate nor horticultural lime sulfur provided a significant reduction in disease severity. For the fourth objective, water-soluble chitosan with a molecular weight between 3 to 10 kDa (80 and 85% deacetylated) showed the highest antifungal activity among all chitosan-based products evaluated in vitro. Also, combining the in vitro and in vivo results suggest that the antifungal activity of chitosan-based products is molecular weight- and concentration-dependent. These results provide a significant advance in the evaluation of the efficacy of OMRI-certified materials and natural materials to help organic farmers in Kentucky and the USA to manage diseases.

Master of Science / Department of Horticulture, Forestry, and Recreation Resources / Edward E. Carey / With acceptance and utilization of chemical pesticides declining, some vegetable producers are turning to alternative methods to manage plant health issues. Compost tea (CT) has provided control of some foliar pathogens and may provide benefits beyond disease suppression. Despite an increasing body of popular and scientific literature focusing on CT as a biological control option for growers, information on the efficacy of CT is still lacking for many pathosystems. In this study, field trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of CT on Septoria lycopersici, causal agent of Septoria leaf spot on tomato, in Kansas, in 2006 and 2007. Previous research done at KSU with a similar CT showed adequate control of this pathogen in field and greenhouse studies conducted. Additional work to develop a rapid screening method for efficacy of CT formulations was carried out in the greenhouse at Manhattan, KS. CT sprayed weekly on tomato plants prior to and after disease onset led to no significant difference in control of the pathogen compared to untreated controls. A contact fungicide (chlorothalonil) provided significant control of the pathogen in 2007, but not in 2006. These results contrast with those obtained in previous K-State research. It is difficult to assess why such striking differences were obtained, but the variation in these results point to the need to identify optimal recipes of CT for this pathosystem. Preliminary investigations standardized plant age, inoculum concentration, incubation conditions, and incubation interval for measurable Septoria leaf spot disease development on young tomato plants in the greenhouse. Ingredients of the field-tested CT were used to make a variety of CTs to test using the greenhouse-screening assay. Further work on identifying effective CT recipes is needed to substantiate the validity of this screening protocol and to evaluate the correlation of this method with disease suppression in the field.

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Submitted by Gabriela Lopes (gmachadolopesufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-20T16:50:30Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação Dediel.pdf: 766607 bytes, checksum: 1d7fec62b5b0587e0accd22056511b85 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-06-21T18:58:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Dediel.pdf: 766607 bytes, checksum: 1d7fec62b5b0587e0accd22056511b85 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-21T18:58:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Dediel.pdf: 766607 bytes, checksum: 1d7fec62b5b0587e0accd22056511b85 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / A busca por alternativas no controle de doenças em substituição ao uso intensivo de agrotóxicos tem sido objeto da pesquisa agrícola. Rizobactérias são conhecidas pelo biocontrole de doenças e promoção de crescimento em diversos cultivos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar a eficácia de seis rizobactérias, pré- selecionadas, no controle de Ralstonia solanacearum e Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL), em casa de vegetação e relacionar este comportamento a produção de compostos “in vitro”, bem como avaliar a proteção de plantas de tomate contra doenças da parte aérea que ocorreram naturalmente em condições de campo. Foi avaliada a capacidade destas rizobactérias em produzir quitinases, amilases, lipases, compostos antibióticos e de solubilizar fosfato. A microbiolização das sementes com a rizobactéria DFs1420 (Bacillus sp.) reduziu a severidade da murcha bacteriana em 66% aos 14 dias após a inoculação, no primeiro ensaio e valores de AACPD em 70%, no segundo ensaio. Este controle pode ser associado à produção de compostos responsáveis pela antibiose observada “in vitro”. Streptomyces (DFs1296 e DFs1315) e Bacillus sp. (DFs1414) reduziram significativamente a murcha de fusário. O controle observado pode ser atribuído à atividade quitinolítica e/ou antibiótica por compostos voláteis. Foram instalados três ensaios de campo. A severidade das doenças foliares foi monitorada ao longo do tempo. As rizobactérias foram capazes de proteger as plantas contra Septoria lycopersici. DFs1414 e DFs1421 (Pseudomonas sp.) foram as mais estáveis, proporcionando proteção em dois ensaios consecutivos. As rizobactérias DFs1296 e DFs1420 foram capaz de controlar a requeima (Phytophthora infestans) em dois ensaios. A bactéria DFs1296 também apresentou capacidade de proteção contra estas e outras doenças quando pulverizada semanalmente na parte aérea. De modo geral, o controle alcançado por estas bactérias, microbiolizadas às sementes ou em aplicação foliar, não diferiu dos tratamentos utilizando produtos químicos recomendados para a cultura em aplicações semanais. / The search on alternative control of diseases to replace the use of pesticides has been the subject of agricultural research. Rhizobacteria are known by controlling diseases and promoting growth in several crops. The objectives of this work were to evaluate the efficacy of six rhizobacteria pre-selected for the control of Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (FOL) in greenhouse, and to relate this behavior with the production of compounds "in vitro", as well as evaluate the protection of tomato plants against foliar diseases under field conditions. It was evaluated the ability of these rhizobacteria to produce chitinases, amylases, lipases, antibiotic compounds and to solubilize phosphate. The seed microbiolization with rhizobacterium DFs1420 (Bacillus sp.) reduced the severity of the bacterial wilt 66% at 14 days after inoculation and AUDPC 70%, respectively, the first and second assays. This control may be associated with the production of compounds responsible for the antibiosis observed "in vitro". Streptomyces (DFs1296 and DFs1315) and Bacillus sp. (DFs1414) significantly reduced fusarium wilt. The control observed can be attributed to the chitinolytic activity and/or antibiosis in the presence of volatile compounds. Three field trials were carried out in field. The foliar diseases severity was monitored over time. The rhizobacteria were capable of protecting plants against Septoria lycopersici. DFs1414 and DFs1421 (Pseudomonas sp.) were the most stable, providing protection in two consecutive trials. The rhizobacteria DFs1296 and DFs1420 were able to control late blight (Phytophthora infestans) in two trials. DFs1296 also had the ability to protect against these and other diseases when sprayed weekly in the plant canopy.In general, the control achieved by these rhizobacteria, by seed microbiolization or by foliar application, did not differ from treatments using recommended chemical in weekly applications.