The Coquihalla Serpentine Belt extends north-northwest forty miles from a point southeast of Hope, British Columbia to just south of Boston Bar. Sections of the northern part of this belt and the surrounding rocks from Spuzzum to Boston Bar were mapped. The serpentine belt here consists of partially serpentinized harzburgite with generally more intense serpentinization toward the margins. North of a point east of Spuzzum the belt is found entirely within the probable Permian Hozameen Group of spilitic lava and tuff, chert, and argillite. South of the point where mapped, the serpentine is found between the Hozameen and Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Ladner Group of predominantly slate with some graywacke. Several sills and a small stock of granitic rock were found in the mapped areas. Field evidence and laboratory data favor intrusion of the material in the serpentine belt into a pre-existing fault either by plastic deformation of solid harzburgite or by squeezing up in the fault. Serpentinization occurred probably during intrusion and most likely involved a volume for volume reaction whereby water from outside was added to the harzburgite and silica and magnesia were carried away. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks of the area show the effects of low grade regional metamorphism. Minerals formed include albite, epidote, calcite, stilpnomelane and tremolite-actinolite. Much of the albite in the spilitic rocks is believed to have formed from a more calcium-rich feldspar whereby the sodium was derived from water and/or included sediments during or after extrusion. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

The primary problems which plants growing on serpentine soil must overcome are high magnesium concentrations and calcium deficiency. The ability of Allium cratericola to successfully exploit both serpentine and non-serpentine habitats may be due to physiological adaptations which compensate for unusual mineral composition of the soil. Although the Table Mountain soil is described as non serpentine, it bears ionic similarities to the three serpentine soils studied in this investigation. With the advent of modern biochemical techniques in plant physiology, there are ample opportunities to expand on past work concerning plant growth on serpentine soil. Investigations into the biochemical nature of tolerance mechanisms, especially those involving the mechanics of ion transport and translocation, could further elucidate the nature of plant growth on this soil type.

No description available.

An experimental investigation was conducted in a static ground test facility to determine the flow quality of a serpentine inlet duct incorporating active flow control for several simulated flight conditions. The total pressure distortion at the aerodynamic interface plane (AIP) was then used to predict the resulting stability for a compression system. This study was conducted using a model of a compact, low observable, engine inlet duct developed by Lockheed Martin. A flow control technique using air injection through microjets at 1% of the inlet mass flow rate was developed by Lockheed Martin to improve the quality of the flow exiting the inlet duct. Both the inlet duct and the flow control technique were examined at cruise condition and off-design simulated flight conditions (angle of attack and asymmetric distortion). All of the experimental tests were run at an inlet throat Mach number of 0.55 and a resulting Reynolds number of 1.76*105 based on the hydraulic diameter at the inlet throat. For each of the flight conditions tested, the flow control scheme was found to improve the flow uniformity and reduce the inlet distortion at the AIP. For simulated cruise condition, the total pressure recovery was improved by ~2% with the addition of flow control. For the off-design conditions of angle of attack and asymmetric distortion, the total pressure recovery was improved by 1.5% and 2% respectively. All flight conditions tested showed a reduction in circumferential distortion intensity with flow control. The cruise condition case showed reduced maximum circumferential distortion of 70% with the addition of flow control. A reduction in maximum circumferential distortion of 40% occurred for the angle of attack case with flow control, and 30% for the asymmetric distortion case with flow control. The inlet total pressure distortion was used to predict the changes in stability margin of a compression system due to design and off-design flight conditions and the improvement of the stability margin with the addition of flow control. A parallel compressor model (DYNTECC) was utilized to predict changes in the stability margin of a representative compression system (NASA Stage 35). Without flow control, all three cases show similar reduced stability margins on the order of 30% of the original stability margin for NASA Stage 35 at 70% corrected rotor speed. With the addition of flow control, the cruise condition tested improved the stability margin to 80% of the original value while the off-design conditions recover to 60% of the original margin. Overall, the flow control has been found to be extremely beneficial in improving the operating range of a compression system for the same inlet duct without flow control. / Ph. D.

Each year, falls from elevated structures, like scaffolding, kill or seriously injure over a thousand construction workers (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2007). To prevent such falls, the development of a robotic system is proposed that can climb and navigate on the complex structures, performing hazardous inspection and maintenance in place of humans. In this work, a serpentine robotic system is developed that will be able to climb pole-like structures, such as scaffolding and trusses, commonly found on work sites. Serpentine robots have been proven to be effective at traversing unstructured terrains and manipulating complex objects. The work presented in this thesis adds a new method of mobility for serpentine robots, specifically those with actuated universal joint structures. Movement is produced by inducing a wobbling motion between adjacent modules through oscillatory motions in the actuated axis of the universal joint. Through the frictional interactions between the modules of the serpentine and the surface of the pole, the wobbling motion lets the serpentine effectively roll up the pole's surface. This work investigates theoretical and experimental results for a serpentine robot climbing a pole structure. It discusses the structure and design parameters of the robot and develops relationships between them. These geometric and performance-based relationships are then used to create a design space that provides a guide for choosing a combination of module dimensions for a desired set of performance parameters. From this, case studies are shown which give examples of how the design space can be used for several different applications. Based on the design space procedure, a serpentine robot, HyDRAS (Hyper-Redundant Discrete Robotic Articulated Serpentine) was designed and built. The robot was used to prove the validity of the design space procedure and to validate the climbing motion algorithms. Several tests were performed with HyDRAS that showed the practicality of the helical rolling motion, as well as the feasibility of serpentine pole climbing. Observations and discussion based on the experiments are given, along with the plans for future work involving pole-climbing serpentine robots. / Master of Science

Les plantes hyperaccumulatrices de métaux ont développé des mécanismes spécifiques de prélèvement de la fraction disponible des métaux du sol, conduisant à leur accumulation dans les parties aériennes. L’utilisation agronomique de ces plantes pourrait être une voie de dépollution des sols contaminés en métaux. Ce travail a pour objectif de contribuer à la compréhension des mécanismes chimiques et biologiques qui conditionnent l’accumulation du Ni par les plantes hyperaccumulatrices, en réponse à la disponibilité du métal dans le sol. Après observation du fonctionnement naturel du système sol ultramafique-plante hyperaccumulatrice, nous avons étudié, en laboratoire, l’altération de trois phases minérales nickélifères modèles communes des sols ultramafiques (chrysotile, smectite, goethite) soumises à l’influence de trois Brassicacées hyperaccumulatrices de Ni natives de sites de serpentine d’Europe (Leptoplax emarginata, Alyssum murale et Thlaspi caerulescens). Les résultats montrent que dans les sols ultramafiques, le Ni phytodisponible provient majoritairement de l’altération des minéraux nickélifères silicatés ferromagnésiens, hérités de la roche mère. Les hyperaccumulateurs ont un comportement différent en fonction de la disponibilité du Ni des sols. Dans les milieux à forte disponibilité du Ni, les hyperaccumulateurs accumulent le Ni proportionnellement à la disponibilité du Ni du milieu. Elles réduisent ainsi significativement la fraction de Ni initialement disponible du milieu, et ne semblent pas favoriser la dissolution des minéraux porteurs de Ni. A l’inverse, dans les milieux à faible disponibilité du Ni, la présence des hyperaccumulateurs accélère la dissolution de phases minérales nickélifères silicatées, en favorisant la solubilisation du métal. Dans ce cas la plante prélève la quasi-totalité du Ni solubilisé. Ces résultats sont essentiels à l’élaboration d’un modèle de culture qui permettra de faciliter l’application du procédé de phytoextraction du Ni à grande échelle / Metal hyperaccumulator plants developed specific mechanisms to extract available metals from the soil and consequently accumulate them in aerial parts. The agronomic use of these plants for the decontamination of metal polluted soils is under study worlwide. This work was undertaken to better elucidate the chemical and physiological mechanisms that influence Ni accumulation by hyperaccumulators in response of Ni availability in soils. To answer these questions we undertook two approaches. Firstly, a site study to determine the natural functioning of the ultramafic soil-Ni hyperaccumulators system. Secondly, a lab-scale set of experiments that were designed to study the weathering of three ultramafic Ni-minerals (chrysotile, smectite, goethite) in the rhizosphere of three Ni-hyperaccumulating species naturally growing on European serpentine soils (Leptoplax emarginata, Alyssum murale et Thlaspi caerulescens). Results showed that, in ultramafic soils, phytoavailable Ni derives from the weathering of primary nickeliferous ferromagnesian silicates. Hyperaccumulators show a different behaviour depending of Ni availability in the environment of the culture. In environments showing high available Ni, hyperaccumulators accumulate Ni proportionally to Ni availability. In this way, they can significantly reduce the initially available fraction of Ni but do not seem to enhance the weathering of unavailable Ni forms. Contrarily, in environments with extremely low Ni availability, hyperaccumulators may strongly enhance the dissolution of nickeliferous silicate minerals and so favour Ni solubilisation. If so, hyperaccumulators absorb the majority of Ni solubilised. These results are of considerable interest for the elaboration of a crop model designed for the optimisation of the phytoextraction concept and high scale application

Esta dissertação visa entender as implicações do projeto arquitetônico no momento da execução de obras efêmeras, bem como busca elucidar os paradigmas essenciais a este projeto frente ao estágio avançado de depredação dos meios naturais em que o planeta se encontra. Entretanto, ainda que com a escassez de referências bibliográficas sobre o tema, na busca por esse pensamento analisaremos três pavilhões de verão da Galeria Serpentine executados por arquitetos de grande importância no cenário atual acreditamos que o conceito em arquitetura fica plasmado na obra. A leitura desses objetos, organizados não verbalmente, necessita de um referencial capaz de elucidar a sintaxe do pensamento que o orienta, revelando através de dados icônicos e indiciais o repertório de seu projetista. Neste momento mostra-se fecunda a teoria da semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, não apenas para revelar o repertório do arquiteto e os paradigmas de projeto que o orientam, mas também para pesquisar de que maneira estes profissionais materializam seus pensamentos através da linguagem não-verbal da arquitetura. Por outro lado, o que se vê à exaustão em eventos comerciais é a utilização de semelhantes sistemas construtivos industrializados, dos quais o OCTANORM é o mais conhecido, o que garante a continuidade do processo moderno e a elevação da capacidade de montagem e desmontagem como valor principal da obra. As hipóteses aqui levantadas tomam estes sistemas como uma manifestação da continuidade e apontam para outras arquiteturas, ainda efêmeras, mas alheias a essa dinâmica e com especificidades que caracterizam um campo particular de estudo. A base epistemológica deste trabalho veicula muito a semiótica peirciana e a bibliografia fundamental que dá orientação à pesquisa tem origem na filosofia da arquitetura e na psicologia da percepção com diversos teóricos. / This dissertation intends to understand the architectural project implications in the moment of the execution of ephemeral works, and tries to elucidate the essential paradigms to this project due to the advanced stage of depredation found within the planets natural resources. However, even facing a bibliographic shortage on the theme, searching this thought, we will analyze three summer pavilions inside Serpentine Gallery, executed by well-known architects we believe that the concept in architecture remains in this work. The reading of these objects, non-verbally organized, needs a reference capable of elucidating the thought syntax that guides it, revealing the designer repertory through iconic and inkling data. In this moment, Charles Sanders Peirces theory is shown to be abundant, not only to reveal the architectural repertory and the projects paradigms that guide it, but also to find the way that these professionals turn their thoughts into matter through non-verbal architectural language. On the other hand, what is exhaustively seen throughout commercial events is the use of similar industrialized constructive systems, from which OCTANORM is the most known, what guarantees the continuity of the modern process and the elevation of the mounting an dismounting capability as the main value of the work. The hypotheses raised in here consider these systems as a manifestation of continuity and point to other architectures, still ephemeral, but disconnected to this dynamic and owners of specificities that characterize a particular field of study. The basis of this work, regarding the use of epistemology, features peircians semiotics a lot and, the fundamental bibliography, that gives the research an orientation, has its origin in the architecture philosophy and in the psychology of perception defended by many theorists.

This research mainly investigated how the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of gas diffusion layer, and the different open ratio of the flowfield may affect the performance of the micro proton exchange membrane fuel cell (£gPEMFC). The flow plate used in this experiment was made through deep UV lithography manufacturing processes and micro-electroforming manufacturing processes. Four different open ratios, 52.8 %, 50.8 %, 75.2 % and 75.75 %, of the flowfield were designed for the flow plate composed of serpentine-parallel and serpentine geometrical micro configurations. Acrylic (PMMA: Polymethylmethacrylate) was used to make the terminal plate placed on both sides of the micro proton exchange membrane fuel cell. By varying values of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties of the anode gas diffusion layer, the effects of these two parameters on the polarization curve and power density of the cell were explored. All results obtained in the experiment are presented by P-I curve and V-I curve. The experiment results show that, with 1: 5 flow ratio of anode to cathode, a design with the gas diffusion layer made of the material with hydrophobic factor 20 wt.% and with open ratio of 50.8 % for anode flow channel as well as open ratio of 75.75 % for cathode flow channel may have the best performance.

Micron size non-treated / silane coupling agent (SCA) treated serpentine filled acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composite preparation and characterization of composites in terms of mechanical, thermal, flow properties and morphology were studied in this work. First step of the study was the size reduction of the as collected serpentine mineral. Secondly, three types of silane coupling agent treatments were applied to serpentine which were gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (A-174), beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimethoxysilane (A-186) and gamma-mercapto-propyltrimethoxysilane (A-189). Non-treated and three different types of SCA treated serpentine minerals were melt mixed with ABS. Non-treated serpentine filled ABS composites had the serpentine weight fractions of 2%, 5%, 10% and 20%. On the other hand, SCA treated ones had serpentine weight fractions of 2%, 5% and 10%. Morphological analysis showed that SCA treatment was partly effective in interface interaction enhancement and A-186 gave the best results according to micrographs. There wasn&amp / #8217 / t any critical mechanical property loss up to 20% serpentine addition. Tensile tests revealed that SCA treatment increased the yield strength values of composites compared to non-treated serpentine filled composites. In accordance with morphological study, best result was obtained from 5% A-186 treated serpentine filled ABS as 12.9% improvement in yield strength value. Percent elongation at break values were increased with filler addition and greatest increase was observed in A-189 treated samples. Serpentine addition had no net effect on Young&amp / #8217 / s Modulus values. According to the impact testing results, A-189 treated samples had improved toughness compared to non-treated samples in accordance with elongation at break values. However increasing filler content resulted with decrease in impact strength values. DSC analysis showed that glass transion temperatures, especially for SCA treated samples, were decreased compared to neat ABS with filler addition. This result suggests that SCA may had the plasticizing effect on the composite. Flow properties of composites were not different from neat ABS up to 2% addition, when the filler concentration was further increased melt flow index values were dramatically decreased.

Esta dissertação visa entender as implicações do projeto arquitetônico no momento da execução de obras efêmeras, bem como busca elucidar os paradigmas essenciais a este projeto frente ao estágio avançado de depredação dos meios naturais em que o planeta se encontra. Entretanto, ainda que com a escassez de referências bibliográficas sobre o tema, na busca por esse pensamento analisaremos três pavilhões de verão da Galeria Serpentine executados por arquitetos de grande importância no cenário atual acreditamos que o conceito em arquitetura fica plasmado na obra. A leitura desses objetos, organizados não verbalmente, necessita de um referencial capaz de elucidar a sintaxe do pensamento que o orienta, revelando através de dados icônicos e indiciais o repertório de seu projetista. Neste momento mostra-se fecunda a teoria da semiótica de Charles Sanders Peirce, não apenas para revelar o repertório do arquiteto e os paradigmas de projeto que o orientam, mas também para pesquisar de que maneira estes profissionais materializam seus pensamentos através da linguagem não-verbal da arquitetura. Por outro lado, o que se vê à exaustão em eventos comerciais é a utilização de semelhantes sistemas construtivos industrializados, dos quais o OCTANORM é o mais conhecido, o que garante a continuidade do processo moderno e a elevação da capacidade de montagem e desmontagem como valor principal da obra. As hipóteses aqui levantadas tomam estes sistemas como uma manifestação da continuidade e apontam para outras arquiteturas, ainda efêmeras, mas alheias a essa dinâmica e com especificidades que caracterizam um campo particular de estudo. A base epistemológica deste trabalho veicula muito a semiótica peirciana e a bibliografia fundamental que dá orientação à pesquisa tem origem na filosofia da arquitetura e na psicologia da percepção com diversos teóricos. / This dissertation intends to understand the architectural project implications in the moment of the execution of ephemeral works, and tries to elucidate the essential paradigms to this project due to the advanced stage of depredation found within the planets natural resources. However, even facing a bibliographic shortage on the theme, searching this thought, we will analyze three summer pavilions inside Serpentine Gallery, executed by well-known architects we believe that the concept in architecture remains in this work. The reading of these objects, non-verbally organized, needs a reference capable of elucidating the thought syntax that guides it, revealing the designer repertory through iconic and inkling data. In this moment, Charles Sanders Peirces theory is shown to be abundant, not only to reveal the architectural repertory and the projects paradigms that guide it, but also to find the way that these professionals turn their thoughts into matter through non-verbal architectural language. On the other hand, what is exhaustively seen throughout commercial events is the use of similar industrialized constructive systems, from which OCTANORM is the most known, what guarantees the continuity of the modern process and the elevation of the mounting an dismounting capability as the main value of the work. The hypotheses raised in here consider these systems as a manifestation of continuity and point to other architectures, still ephemeral, but disconnected to this dynamic and owners of specificities that characterize a particular field of study. The basis of this work, regarding the use of epistemology, features peircians semiotics a lot and, the fundamental bibliography, that gives the research an orientation, has its origin in the architecture philosophy and in the psychology of perception defended by many theorists.