Since the 1990s, South Korea has enthusiastically developed and applied digital technologies to every sector of economic and social life, and constructed the most intensively connected society in the world. This thesis explores the impact of Digital Korea on the country s cultural industries, focussing particularly on the main audio-visual industries of broadcasting and film. While the push to digitalise Korea has been enthusiastically pursued by successive national governments with the aim of ensuring that Korea maintains its status as a key world economy as the leading edge of capitalism shifts from an industrial to an information base, to fully understand the forms it has taken and its impacts national initiatives have to be placed in the wider context of shifts in the global trading system. With the rise of neo-liberalism across the globe and the perceived ineffectiveness of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in extending multi-lateral trade, both emerging and developed economies have increasingly embraced Free Trade Agreements (FTAs). In line with this trend, South Korea has signed FTAs with the USA, the European Union (EU) and The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This thesis explores the interplay between national initiatives and global trade through a detailed case study of the US-led FTA with South Korea (KORUS-FTA) focusing particularly on its implications for the Audiovisual Sector and the accompanying, and pivotal, debates around Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs). The KORUS FTA simultaneously opened the Korean market to American audiovisual content and strengthened existing national IPR laws to match the provisions prevailing within the US. Both these moves were opposed within Korea on the grounds that they operated unequally, to the advantage of the US and the detriment of national production that had, in recent years, enjoyed considerable success in export markets, creating what came to be known as the Korean Wave . In addition utilising the extensive corpus of available public documentation the analysis presented here draws on two original research exercises: in depth interviews with experts in international trade and intellectual property rights, conducted in South Korea, the UK and Switzerland (in Geneva, at the WTO Forum 2008), and a web-based survey of a cross section of professionals working in the Korean broadcasting industry. The results obtained show that while Korean economists followed the government in arguing that signing the FTA with the US was essential if Korea was to remain a major player in the global economy, a majority of those working in the audiovisual sector believed that the terms of the agreement, particularly the imposition of US-style IPR laws, disproportionately favoured US interests and would weaken the strong position the sector had achieved in recent years and impede its future growth.

一九八○年代初期，全球經濟景氣衰退，保護主義日漸抬頭，已開發國家由於傳統製造業逐漸喪失競爭力，為求突破經濟困境，乃積極推動服務業貿易談判，於一九八六年關稅暨貿易總協定(GATT)第八次多邊貿易談判－烏拉圭回合談判終於將服務業貿易納入，自此服務業貿易正式登上國際貿易舞台，經過七年的談判，烏拉圭回合談判始於一九九三年十二月十五日獲致協議。第一章：緒論：說明研究動機與目的、研究方法與限制、及論文之架構。第二章：銀行服務業貿易介紹：本章首先針對銀行服務業的定義及特性作一介紹，其次說明銀行服務業之貿易類型；繼而分析銀行服務業之貿易障礙來源及其必須管制的原因和種類；最後則介紹全球銀行服務業之國際化和自由化趨勢，俾對銀行服務業有一完整了解。第三章：烏拉圭回合談判：本章首先對金融服務業於烏拉圭回合之談判過程作一歷史回顧，此有助於了解開發中國家和已開發國家的對峙立場；其次分析開發中國家和已開發國家立場差異之原委和其所持論點；再則探討各國於金融服務業談判時之細部爭議，俾便於了解GATS關於銀行服務業之規範重心。第四章：銀行服務業於GATS中之一般性義務規範和例外規定：本章在進行GATS各條文規定之論述前，首先針對GATS各部分規範效力作一說明，其次逐一討論各種一般性義務規定、防衛條款、例外規定等，最後作一小結說明。第五章：銀行服務業於GATS中之特定義務－市場開放與國民待遇：本章先針對市場開放原則和國民待遇原則作一說明；其次介紹比較GATS對於銀行等金融服務業之特定承諾義務的雙軌規定；再則分析八個國家的銀行服務業特定承諾表；末則論及特定承諾表之撤回與修改規定。第六章：我國銀行服務業法規現狀及修改方向：本章主要目的在檢視我國現行法規有否和GATS相悖之處。在檢視前，本章首先探討GATS與國內法之相互關係；繼而論述我國現行與GATS相扞格之法規，由於GATS特別規定承認金融服務業之審慎監管規定，對我國此類必要性，故在本章一併論之；最後則對現行法規措施之調整因應提出建議。第七章：結論與建議。

服務貿易的管制密集，因此管制也最有可能形成主要的貿易障礙，然而服務貿易總協定第6條第4項國內規章準則的談判卻幾近停滯。本文探究其中原因，著眼於管制、國內規章準則的共同點皆在於「管制」，而好的管制必然植基於成本效益評估，因此必要性測試即成為國內規章準則的核心。必要性測試的核心為管制目的、成本效益評估，本文觀察必要性測試的談判歷程，認為必要性測試的談判實不應透過管制目的的限縮，而應著重於成本效益的衡量，因此著重於成本效益評估要件的設計方有可能於必要性測試的議題取得突破。 / As service sector is heavily regulated, domestic regulation might become the major trade barrier. However, the negotiation under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) article 6.4 is almost stalled. The paper aims at analyzing the challenges in the negotiation. Focusing on the common nature of “governance” between domestic regulation and trade governance in GATS article 6.4, the paper argues that good governance must be based on impact analysis, which makes necessity test the core of GATS article 6.4 negotiation. The paper examines the negotiation history of necessity test, and argues that the focus of negotiation should be the necessity analysis, rather than the scope of objectives in necessity test. The solution of the negotiation challenge is therefore focusing on the elements of necessity analysis, particularly the trade restrictiveness.

Magister Administrationis - MAdmin / Through South African labour legislation, bargaining councils are empowered to conclude collective agreements between employers and trade unions. While bargaining councils were created for virtually every sector within the South African private sector, only one bargaining council exists for the public sector. This public sector bargaining council is known as the Public Service Co-ordinating Bargaining Council (PSCBC). The PCSBC subsequently established four sectoral councils to further collectively bargain on matters pertaining to sectoral issues relevant to the sector it represents. However, the PSCBC remains the apex of these four public service sectoral bargaining councils. This thesis focuses on how the Public Service Co-ordinating Bargaining Council (PSCBC) contributes to social dialogue within South African public service. This thesis seeks to fill a significant literature gap on collective bargaining as accomplished by the PSCBC. The thesis briefly examines the history of collective bargaining in the South African public service. The research methodology utilised includes information gleaned from annual reports published by the PSCBC. Interviews of selected stakeholders such as government officials and labour organisations involved in the PSCBC were conducted. The PSCBC objectives are identified and analysed against the performance of the PSCBC for the period 1997 to 2007. The relevant PSCBC role players are identified. The power realities between these role players are reflected. The criteria for remaining a party to these PSCBC will be explained. The thesis holds that historically an adversarial relationship existed between the state as employer and the recognised trade unions. The establishment of the PSCBC created the opportunity for the historical adversaries between an employer and trade union to be converted into social dialogue interactions, which are commonly believed to be a better approach in resolving their differences. / South Africa