Les entrées et sorties unimodales dans les systèmes actuels ont atteint une maturité reconnue, avec les applications tactiles ou par les services distribués pour la géo-localisation ou la reconnaissance de la parole, du son ou l’'image. Cependant, l'intégration et l’instanciation de toutes ces modalités, manque d’une gestion intelligente du contexte d’acquisition et de restitution basée sur des notions fortement formalisées mais reflétant le sens commun. Ceci demande un comportement plus dynamique du système avec une approche plus adéquate pour gérer l'environnement de l'utilisateur. Cependant,la technologie nécessaire pour atteindre un tel objectif n’est pas encore disponible de façon standardisée, tant au niveau des descriptions fonctionnelles des services unimodaux que de leur description sémantique. Ceci est aussi le cas pour les architectures multimodales, où la composante sémantique est produite par chaque projet sans un accord commun pour assurer l’interoperabilité et est souvent limitée au traitement des entrées et sorties ou aux processus de fusion/fission strictement nécessaires au projet.Pour combler cette lacune, nous proposons une approche sémantique orientée services pour une architecture multimodale générique qui vise à améliorer la description et la découverte des composants de modalité pour les services d'assistance: l'architecture SOA2m. Cette architecture se veut entièrement focalisée sur la multimodalité et enrichie avec des technologies sémantiques car nous croyons que cette orientation permettra d'enrichir le comportement autonome des applications multimodales, avoir une perception robuste des échanges, et contrôler l'intégration sémantique. / Unimodal inputs and outputs in current systems have become very mature with touch applications or distributed services for geo-localization or speech, audio and image recognition. However, the integration and instantiation of all these modalities, lack of an intelligent management of the acquisition and restitution context, based on highly formalized notions reflecting common sense. This requires a more dynamic behavior of the system with a more appropriate approach to manage the user environment.However, the technology required to achieve such a goal is not yet available in a standardized manner, both in terms of the functional description of unimodal services and in terms of their semantic description. This is also the case for multimodal architectures, where the semantic management is produced by each project without a common agreement in the field to ensure inter-operability, and it is often limited to the processing of inputs and outputs or fusion / fission mechanisms. To fill this gap, we propose a semantic service-oriented generic architecture for multimodal systems. This proposal aims to improve the description and the discovery of modality components for assistance services: this is the architecture SOA2m. This architecture is fully focused on multimodality and it is enriched with semantic technologies because we believe that this approach will enhance the autonomous behavior of multimodal applications, provide a robust perception of the user-system exchanges, and help in the control of the semantic integration of the human-computer interaction.As a result, the challenge of discovery is addressed using the tools provided by the field of the semantic web services

Service-oriented architecture is a possible solution to the increasing complexity of automotive software systems. We conduct a systematic mapping study investigating the use of service-oriented architecture in automotive software. This study aims at providing information on publication trends, available architectural solutions, main benefits and challenges in automotive service-oriented architecture. From an initial set of 341 peer-reviewed publications, we selected 28 primary studies, which we classified and analysed using a thorough protocol. We provided both quantitative and qualitative analyses using vertical and orthogonal analysis. We found that there has been a significant increase in the number of publications recently, and that the studies focused on defining functionalities and data flow between them. Functionality was found as the most recognized benefit when applying service-oriented architecture in the automotive domain, while security, safety and reliability are the most recognized challenges.

Implementera en arkitekturstil i större organisationer känns som ett självklart val där det finns större resurser kring både personal och ekonomi. Små och medelstora företag har en svår situation när det finns brist på resurser. Det finns ingen tidigare forskning i Sverige om hur implementering av arkitekturstilen ska skötas när det finns brist på resurser. Därför var syftet med studien att undersöka vilka konsekvenser och åtgärder företag hanterar när de i detta fall ska implementera en tjänsteorienterad arkitektur som arkitekturstil i de affärssystem som levereras. En kvalitativ små N-studie metod användes och det genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra respondenter. Med hjälp av en innehållsanalys kunde vi kategorisera de transkriberade intervjuerna i tre kategorier: (1) resursbrist, (2) konsekvenser och (3) åtgärder. Vidare bröts respektive kategori ner i subkategorier, (1) personal och (2) ekonomiska aspekter. Studien resulterade i en omfattande kartläggning av deras svar och i vilken utsträckning de upplevt konsekvenserna av resursbrist. Studien avslutar med en diskussion om respondenternas uppfattning om konsekvenser de måste hantera och vilka åtgärder de använder för att hantera dem. / Implementing an architectural style in larger organizations feels like an obvious choice where there are greater resources of both staff and finances. Small and medium sized companies have a difficult situation when resources are insufficient. No prior investigation in Sweden has been done about how companies manage the architectural style implementation when lacking in resources. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate what consequences and measures the company handles when choosing in this case service oriented architecture as the architectural style in the business systems they deliver. A qualitative small n-study method was used combined with semi-structured interviews. Data collection was conducted with four respondents. Using a content analysis, we were able to categorize the transcribed interviews into three categories: (1) lack of resources, (2) consequences and (3) measures. Further, these categories were broken down into subcategories of (1) staff and (2) economical aspects respectively. The study resulted in a sprawling mapping of their responses and the extent to which they experienced consequences of lack of resources. The study concludes with a mapping about the respondents' perception of consequences they have to deal with and what measures they use to handle them.

No description available.

Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) provides a standards-based conceptual framework for flexible and adaptive systems and has become widely used in the recent years because of it. The number of legacy systems has already been migrated to this platform. As there are still many systems under consideration of such migration, we found it relevant to share the existing experience of SOA migration and highlight challenges that companies meet while adopting SOA. As not all of these migrations were successful, we also look into factors that have influence on the success of SOA projects. The research is based on two methods: a literature review and a survey. The results of the thesis include identification and quantitative analysis of the challenges and success factors of SOA projects. We also compare the survey results for different samples (based on the company industry, work area, size, and respondents experience with SOA and respondents job positions). In total, 13 SOA challenges and 18 SOA success factors were identified, analyzed and discussed in this thesis. Based on the survey results, there are three SOA challenges received the highest importance scores: “Communicating SOA Vision”, “Focus on business perspective, and not only IT perspective” and “SOA Governance”. The highest scored SOA success factor is “Business Process of Company”. While comparing different samples of the survey results, the most obvious differences are identified between the results received from people with development related job positions and people with business related job positions, and the results from companies of different sizes.

In this dissertation, we propose service-oriented sensor-actuator networks (SOSANETs) as a new paradigm for building the next generation of customizable, open, interoperable sensor-actuator networks. In SOSANETs, nodes expose their capabilities to applications in the form of service profiles. A node's service profile consists of a set of services (i.e., sensing and actuation capabilities) that it provides and the quality of service (QoS) parameters associated with those services (delay, accuracy, freshness, etc.). SOSANETs provide the benefits of both application-specific SANETs and generic SANETs. We first define a query model and an architecture for SOSANETs. The proposed query model offers a simple, uniform query interface whereby applications specify sensing and actuation queries independently from any specific deployment of the underlying SOSANET. We then present μRACER (Reliable Adaptive serviCe-driven Efficient Routing), a routing protocol suite for SOSANETs. μRACER consists of three routing protocols, namely, SARP (Service-Aware Routing Protocol), CARP (Context-Aware Routing Protocol), and TARP (Trust-Aware Routing Protocol). SARP uses an efficient service-aware routing approach that aggressively reduces downstream traffic by translating service profiles into efficient paths. CARP supports QoS by dynamically adapting each node's routing behavior and service profile according to the current context of that node, i.e. number of pending queries and number and type of messages to be routed. Finally, TARP achieves high end-to-end reliability through a scalable reputation-based approach in which each node is able to locally estimate the next hop of the most reliable path to the sink. We also propose query optimization techniques that contribute to the efficient execution of queries in SOSANETs. To evaluate the proposed service-oriented architecture, we implemented TinySOA, a prototype SOSANET built on top of TinyOS with uRACER as its routing mechansim. TinySOA is designed as a set of layers with a loose interaction model that enables several cross-layer optimization options. We conducted an evaluation of TinySOA that included a comparison with TinyDB. The obtained empirical results show that TinySOA achieves significant improvements on many aspects including energy consumption, scalability, reliability and response time. / Ph. D.

Nuevas áreas de aplicación como comercio electrónico, aplicaciones para provisión de servicios y computación P2P (peer-to-peer) requieren de sistemas de software complejos que puedan soportar procesos de negocio en línea . Actualmente, los ingenieros de software han descubierto la efectividad de usar técnicas de modelado organizacional para guiar el proceso de producción de este tipo de sistemas complejos. En este contexto, el framework i* es una de las técnicas de modelado organizacional mejor fundamentadas hoy en día. i* se enfoca en dos aspectos principales: a) la representación de las relaciones sociales e intencionales que existen entre la red de actores de un negocio. b) la representación del comportamiento interno requerido para satisfacer las dependencias entre actores. El framework i* permite describir una organización como una red de actores que tienen libertad de acción, pero que dependen de otros actores para lograr sus metas y objetivos. Sin embargo, a pesar de las bien conocidas ventajas de i*, existen ciertos problemas que necesitan ser resueltos para asegurar su efectividad en ambientes reales de desarrollo. En este sentido, el framework necesita ser evaluado en la práctica con el objetivo de identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades en casos de estudio reales. Uno de los objetivos de esta tesis fue realizar una evaluación empírica que nos permitiera identificar y analizar los problemas prácticos de i*. Se presentan las lecciones aprendidas en términos de fortalezas y de puntos débiles que necesitan ser resueltos. Además, la tesis presenta soluciones a los puntos débiles que fueron detectados en la evaluación empírica. Consideramos que la orientación a servicios es un paradigma muy prometedor para enfrentar la complejidad del modelado de sistemas de tecnologías de información actuales. En este sentido, el principal objetivo de esta tesis fue definir una arquitectura orientada a servicios que nos permitiera resolver los problemas de complejidad de i*. / Estrada Esquivel, H. (2008). A service-oriented approach for the i* framework [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/3305

L’activité de chantier se caractérise par un mode de production in situ. Dès lors, nombreux sont les dysfonctionnements qui peuvent apparaître. La coordination du chantier repose sur un mélange subtil entre interactions implicites et explicites, où l’organisation prend de multiples configurations (hiérarchique, adhocratique ou transversale), et où la qualité du processus collectif repose sur l’autonomie et le sens des responsabilités de chacun des intervenants. Nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’un tel contexte est largement fondé sur la notion de confiance, car celle-ci a la capacité de réduire la perception du risque et de permettre l’action dans un environnement incertain. En conséquence, nous suggérons un rapprochement entre les outils d’assistance à la coordination et la notion de confiance, et nous proposons une nouvelle approche du pilotage de l’activité collective à partir de la représentation de la confiance. Ce travail de doctorat se structure autour de la notion de « confiance dans le bon déroulement de l’activité ». Notre méthode consiste d’abord en l’identification des divers critères de confiance, consolidés par une étude de terrain. Puis, nous établissons un modèle mathématique destiné à évaluer cette confiance à partir des informations issues d’un contexte de coopération. Sur base de ces éléments, s’en suit la proposition d’un prototype dénommé Bat’iTrust. La navigation au sein de ce prototype est guidée par un tableau de bord centré sur le concept de confiance. Enfin, la validation de cette proposition repose sur des enquêtes et une phase d’expérimentation qui nous ont permis de confronter nos résultats à des sujets expérimentaux représentatifs du domaine / The building construction is an “on-site” production activity. Therefore numerous dysfunctions can appear during the activity. The coordination of building construction depends on a subtle combination between explicit vs. implicit interactions, where organization takes various forms (i.e. hierarchic, adhocratic and transversal). Quality of the collective process is thus largely dependent on autonomy capability and responsibility sharing of each of the involved actors. Our hypothesis is that such a collective context is mainly based on the notion of trust. Indeed trust has the capability to reduce the perception of risk and to enable action in uncertain environments. Consequently, we suggest applying trust notion to the issue of design of cooperation support tools, towards a new vision of collective activity management based on trust representation. This Ph.D. research introduces the notion of “trust in the good progress of the activity”. Our methodology consists firstly in identifying the various trust criterions that we validate through a terrain survey. Secondly we establish a mathematical model aiming at evaluating trust level based on cooperation context information. Then the proposition suggests a prototype tool, called Bat’iTrust. User-navigation inside the prototype is guided by a dashboard view centred on the trust concept. Finally the validation is assessed through both surveys and an experimentation stage. These ones allow us to confront our results to experimenters subjects representative of the construction domain

none / The term “service orientation” has been explained in different ways in the literature and is often associated with terms such as market orientation, customer orientation, and being customer centered—all while never deviating from the firm’s core purpose—in order to satisfy customers’ needs and offer services that they want. A service-oriented organization focuses on what customers really need and want in order to make them feel satisfied. Considerable research has shown that organizations are more successful when they focus on a service orientation. Information technology plays an important role in the development of business orientation. Cases like Walmart involve such things as the application of the barcode, RFID, and a Continuous Replenishment System to ensure that the company has the right product shipped on time, to any store in the world. Information technologies with different functions, including business integration, business analysis, mobile communication, and collaboration, have played different roles in enabling service orientation in a firm. On the other hand, industries with different customer requirements have applied these functions in different ways. There is a need for a broad understanding of how these diverse kinds of information technologies enable service orientation in various types of firms. The study attempts to build insights about what a service-oriented organization is and what the roles information technology plays in a service-oriented organization to satisfy customers’ needs and wants. First, we study the characteristics of service orientations, then we analyze the use of information technology in these kinds of organizations. Next, multiple case studies are conducted to trace IT use in these organizations. Based on cross-industry and cross-case analysis, we examine the motivation for IT use for service orientation, the management of IT adoption, the difference of the IT role to enable service orientation in organizations, and the paths of IT use for service orientation in different industries.

Utility Computing is one of the most discussed business models in the context of Cloud Computing. Service providers are more and more pushed into the role of utilities by their customer's expectations. Subsequently, the demand for predictable service availability and pay-per-use pricing models increases. Furthermore, for providers, a new opportunity to optimise resource usage offers arises, resulting from new virtualisation techniques. In this context, the control of service quality and profit depends on a deep understanding of the representation of the relationship between business and technique. This research analyses the relationship between the business model of Utility Computing and Service-oriented Computing architectures hosted in Cloud environments. The relations are clarified in detail for the entire service life cycle and throughout all architectural layers. Based on the elaborated relations, an approach to a delivery framework is evolved, in order to enable the optimisation of the relation attributes, while the service implementation passes through business planning, development, and operations. Related work from academic literature does not cover the collected requirements on service offers in this context. This finding is revealed by a critical review of approaches in the fields of Cloud Computing, Grid Computing, and Application Clusters. The related work is analysed regarding appropriate provision architectures and quality assurance approaches. The main concepts of the delivery framework are evaluated based on a simulation model. To demonstrate the ability of the framework to model complex pay-per-use service cascades in Cloud environments, several experiments have been conducted. First outcomes proof that the contributions of this research undoubtedly enable the optimisation of service quality and profit in Cloud-based Service-oriented Computing architectures.