(in English): The main goal of this thesis is to explain settlement development and its dynamics in mountain and piedmonts regions of Kugitang and Baysuntau ranges, southern Uzbekistan, in the High Middle Ages, as well as to evaluate archaeological material gathered by Czech- Uzbek expedition in 2014-2018. The data in question is set in historical and archaeological framework. The thesis contains evaluation of methods and of informative value of the given material. Furthermore, the previous research in region is evaluated and its results thoroughly revised. The complete list of both formerly and newly known sites in researched region has been created. Finally, settlement dynamics and factors that could influenced it are discussed and evaluated.

Yes / Lakeshore and wetland settlements of the Circum-Alpine region are well known for their excellent preservation of organic remains and their potential for accurate dating through dendrochronology. This settlement tradition spans from the Neolithic to the Early Iron Age, though several hiatuses in lake-dwelling construction are observed. Traditional models for the abandonment of lake settlements rely upon climatically deterministic models, linking declining climatic conditions to increasing lake-levels, which would have impacted upon settlements and forced the inhabitants to relocate. Recent studies of Neolithic lake-dwellings have indicated that social factors also influenced the development of these settlements, while the ‘social biography’ of settlements has been an area of increasing interest in terrestrial settlements. A review of selected Late Bronze Age (LBA) lake settlement illustrates the development sequence seen at many lake-dwellings from across the Circum-Alpine region. The proposal of a biographical model linking cultural influences to the development sequence observed in LBA lake-dwellings, and to the choice to abandon areas and relocate villages, offers further insights into the development of enigmatic settlements. / Swiss National Science Foundation

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-10-02T13:50:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lauren Waiss da Rosa_.pdf: 29682199 bytes, checksum: f6b7b69610e8e0f8b6c852d50205ac2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-02T13:50:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lauren Waiss da Rosa_.pdf: 29682199 bytes, checksum: f6b7b69610e8e0f8b6c852d50205ac2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-10 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Esta dissertação de mestrado tem por objetivo discutir as possibilidades de interpretação de um sítio arqueológico a partir da análise química do solo. Pretende-se a partir da bibliografia apresentada analisar a dinâmica de ocupação do espaço Jê, verificando a partir da análise química do solo diferentes usos do espaço dentro do que concebemos como sítio arqueológico. A análise química das amostras de solo e dos artefatos cerâmicos foram elaboradas por meio da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, executada pelo MEV EDS. Esse tipo de microscópio propicia a realização da caracterização química das amostras por meio da fluorescência de raios X. A pesquisa estrutura-se como estudo de caso da geoquímica do solo e da cerâmica, coletados durante intervenções ao sítio RS-T-126. A unidade operacional está situada ao norte da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Forqueta, marcada pela ocupação dos grupos Jê Meridionais, conhecidos por deixar na paisagem o registro físico de sua ocupação, na forma de estruturas subterrâneas, aterros, montículos e etc. O rastreamento do solo permitiu a observação do fenômeno denominado solo antropogênico tanto para as coletas realizadas no interior das estruturas subterrâneas presentes no sítio RS-T-126, quanto para os pontos de coleta realizados na superfície do sítio. O mapeamento químico permite ao arqueólogo visualizar aspectos referentes as diversas práticas do uso do espaço, como por exemplo, diagnosticar áreas de preparo de alimentos, descarte de lixo verde, descarte de rejeitos de animais e ossos, cozimento de alimentos etc. / This dissertation aims to discuss the possibilities of interpretation of an archaeological site from the chemical analysis of the soil. From the bibliography presented, it is intend to analyze the dynamics of occupation of the Jê space, verifying from the chemical analysis of the soil, different uses of space within what we conceive as an archeological site. The chemical analysis of soil samples and ceramic artifacts were elaborate by scanning electron microscopy, executed by MEV EDS. This type of microscope propitiates the chemical characterization of the samples by X-ray fluorescence. The research is structure as a case study of soil and ceramic geochemistry, collected during interventions at the RS-T-126 site. This archeological place is located to the north of the Forqueta River Basin, marked by the occupation of the Southern Je groups, known for leaving in the landscape the physical records of their occupation, in the form of pit houses, landfills, mounds, etc. The soil tracing allowed the observation of a phenomenon named as anthropogenic soil, both for the samples collected inside the pit houses present at the RS-T-126 site, as well as for the samples collected on the surface of the site. The chemical mapping allows the archaeologist to visualize aspects related to various practices of the use of space, for example, to diagnose areas of food preparation, green waste disposal, discard of animal and bone waste, food cooking, etc.

Le Moustérien se présente au Proche-Orient comme un technocomplexe qui associe des tendances générales dans la succession des industries lithiques, à une diversité technique difficile à cerner dans un cadre unitaire. Dans cette aire du bassin méditerranéen, témoin de dynamiques de peuplement complexes entre les continents, les modèles de la variabilité du Moustérien ont été élaborés à partir des sites de la zone côtière. Les sites de la zone steppique ont toujours été interprétés en relation à ces modèles. Pourtant, les données semblent témoigner d’une diversité technique plus importante. Nous proposons une lecture géographique de cette diversité à partir de la comparaison de trois séquences : Umm el Tlel, dans l’aire semi-aride de Syrie ; Yabroud I, dans les montagnes au nord de Damas ; et Ksar ‘Akil, sur la côte libanaise. A l’intérieur de la mosaïque paléoenvironnementale qui caractérise le Proche-Orient, chacun de ces sites rend compte d’un milieu particulier et permet d’appréhender la question des changements techniques dans différents contextes. L’analyse technologique met en évidence que, au-delà de la continuité d’un système de débitage unique, le système Levallois, chaque industrie témoigne d’objectifs et de méthodes différentes. La comparaison montre que les changements techniques ne se produisent pas partout de la même façon : à Umm el Tlel et Yabroud I, chaque couche présente une industrie différente, alors qu´à Ksar ‘Akil, une continuité technique est partagée par les industries de plusieurs couches, les changements se produisant à travers de grands ensembles successifs dans le temps. Nous proposons que ces différentes modalités de changements dans le temps soient liées à une diversité techno-culturelle plus importante des populations qui se sont succédées dans la zone steppique que dans la zone côtière. Des dynamiques d’occupation spécifiques de l’espace macro-régional sont alors proposées, qui peuvent expliquer ces différences. / The Near Easter Mousterian technocomplex shows some large chronological trends in the lithic industry changes, and also an internal technical diversity which is difficult to explain in a homogeneous framework. In this area of the Mediterranean basin, place of complex population dispersals between the continents, the first definitions and models of Mousterian variability, have been developed starting from sites in the coastal area. The steppic semi-arid area has always been interpreted using this model framework, but the data we have in this area suggest a deeper technical diversity. We introduce a geographical perspective to go through this technical diversity, based on the comparison of three Mousterian sequences: Umm el Tlel, in the semi-arid area of Syria, Yabroud I, in the mountainous area in the north of Damascus, and Ksar ‘Akil, on the Lebanese coast. In the paleoenvironmental mosaic which is the peculiarity of the Near Eastern region, each one of these sites belongs to a specific milieu, and documents the issue of technological changes in different contexts. Technical analyses show the continuity of the same production system, the Levallois débitage, shared by the industries of the three sites. In a comparative perspective, technical changes don’t appear at the same rhythm in the three sequences: in Umm el Tlel and Yabroud I, each layer has a different technological organisation; on the other side at Ksar ‘Akil a technical continuity is shared by several layers and changes appear following progressive trends during time. We suggest that these different change modalities are the result of a deeper techno-cultural diversity of human groups populating the steppic area. Specific settlement dynamics of the macro-regional space are suggested to explain these differences.

15 Abstract The following thesis summarizes results of the archaeological research in the microregion of the Zarabag Oasis in the South Uzbekistan. The non-destructive research focused on the collection and evaluation of the archaeological data that allow to reconstruct the settlement dynamics in the oasis during the ages. Previously, there was not archaeological evidence available in the region. The fieldwork in the oasis and its closest surroundings was conducted by way of extensive surface survey (global coverage of the oasis focused on the detection of archaeological evidence), and intensive one (systematic surface survey on a closely defined area). The extensive survey proved to be more suitable for the studied environment in terms of the quality and quantity of the collected archaeological data. One part of the survey consisted in detection of the water sources (springs, surface canals and even remains of the karez systems). The basic units of extensive survey were represented by polygons (gardens, fields, cemeteries, tepas etc.), to which the finds collected during the research were attributed. Their dating in the combination with their spatial distribution allowed then to reconstruct the settlement processes and dynamics in the microregion of the oasis. One part of the research deals also with the...