Flood severity and frequency have grown over the years as a result of urban development and climate change. Floods in cities cause major challenges such as property and infrastructure damage, transportation congestion, loss of life, environmental threats, and health concerns. To relieve the load on the urban drainage system and prevent flooding, effective measures to strengthen its resilience are required. Traditional design methods, which rely on past performance trends and long lifespans, usually result in infrastructure that is inflexible and unable to adapt to changing situations. Those traditional studies focused on drainage design, such as pipe slope and diameter optimization, coupling design cost limitation. Furthermore, various terminologies for the overall concept of green/grey infrastructure have been proposed in the literature. Some studies have been focused on the optimization of the suitable locations for storage tanks, which would be one of the most efficient approaches. Building storage facilities such as retention or detention basins are a cost-effective and efficient structural option to improve the resilience of urban sewerage system, reducing peak runoff in existing drainage systems in urban areas, especially compared to traditional methodologies such as increasing pipe diameter or slope providing sufficient hydraulic capacity. The basic concept is to create an optimization framework using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA II), coupling with hydraulic model SWMM, and use it to change a number of drainage system-related variables such pipe diameter, slope, and storage unit size. The main idea of the optimization framework in thesis is to combine different methods into one framework, which is a challenge in a complex system due to the dilemma between the resilience objective and financial limitation. Literature review would shows that the recent research in terms of sewerage system resilience optimization utilizing different methodologies. Application of the system would shows that optimization model has the capability to improve the resiliency of urban sewerage system. The main objective of the thesis are (i) develop a new framework to optimize volume and location of storage units in urban drainage systems; (ii) develop a two-stage multi-objective optimization framework; (iii) develop the new index to make the optimization process feasible.

Experiments were performed on samples of alum, anaerobically digested, and aerobically digested sludges to determine optimum polymer dosages for various mixing intensities produced during conditioning by a high-stress mixing unit. Mean velocity gradient (G) values were established for each of the mixing speeds used ranging from 250 sec-1 to 4,000 sec-1. Using the optimum conditioning dosages determined each mixing speed, batches of optimally, conditioned sludge were introduced into a pilot scale plate and frame filter press. Filtrate volume per unit time and final cake solids were used to characterize the press performance. Results indicated that filter press, performance can be optimized by selecting mixing. speeds during conditioning that simulate the shear conditions produced in the filter press during operation. It was shown that press performance was substantially reduced using sludge conditioned at a mixing speed of 200 rpm, corresponding to a Gt equal to 17,000. Tests using mixing speeds of 400 rpm and 1800 rpm corresponding to Gt values of 32,000 and 230,000, respectively indicated better performance and, thus, the filter press is thought to generate Gt values within this range. A substantial increase in polymer requirements is shown for sludge conditioned at a mixing speed of 1800 rpm, and therefore, it was concluded that sludge conditioned at mixing speed of 400 rpm best characterized the filter press producing optimum operational conditions. It was also postulated that the filter press may not be characterized by a single Gt value, but, by a range of values dependent on press run time. / Master of Science

The broad theme of this thesis is engineering decision-making. The various factors that shape technological development are investigated using the development of Sydney's sewerage system as a case study. The thesis focuses on various key decisions, past and present, including the choice of water-carriage technology for sewage collection, the selection of sewage treatment technologies, and on-going preference of engineers and bureaucrats for ocean disposal. Also covered are the legislative and regulatory mechanisms, the policies of the Sydney Water Board with regard to industrial waste disposal and the relationship between the Board and the public. A study was made of historical documents, engineering reports and papers, parliamentary debates, annual reports, minutes, newspaper reports and secondary sources and personal interviews were conducted. Various bodies of literature were referred to and used, including the books and articles on the history and sociology of engineers, the politics of expertise and public participation and the emerging discipline of science and technology studies. It is concluded that the development of Sydney's sewerage system has been shaped by social, political and economic factors and that engineers have played a pivotal role in the decisions made through their deliberate shaping of knowledge and the performance of predictions they have made for various options. The decisions made in this way have been defended against public opinion and public participation in the decision-making process has been kept to a minimum. This thesis supports the argument that technology is socially constructed, that the technical cannot be separated from the social, and that an interactive model of technological development is more appropriate than a linear, causal one. It shows that the role of power in the shaping of technology is crucial, and in particular the alliance of state and professional power that occurs in the shaping of public sector technology.

In the last years, we indicated progress in use of alternative methods for drainage. Thanks the information from abroad we started design vacuum and pressure methods of drainage instead gravity ones. The main content of this script is especially point out deficiencies of nowadays used alternative methods for drainage, which we can defuse. Another important part is also design of suitable technical indicators describing these drainages.

The diploma thesis deals with the assessment of the existing condition of the sewerage system and the proposal of measures for disposal of sewage in the village Prasklice. Submits a proposal for three options for improving the condition of the drainage and resolve the disposal of sewage. Option 1. consists in the design of new separate system and reconstruction of existing stormwater, the original combined system. To this option, including the proposal of the central sewage treatment plant. Option 2. includes the design of the pumping station for the diversion of sewage effluent to wastewater treatment plant that is proposed in the next village Pačlavice. Option 3. describes the reconstruction of the existing combined system and design of the central sewage treatment plant. The individual proposed technological solutions to the drainage and treatment of waste, is created overview of the economic performance. The object is to determine what the least economically demanding variant and show how subsidies can be used. Economically least demanding option was evaluated option 3. From an operational point of view it is most advantageous to variant 1., which will prevent future operating costs. The diploma thesis brings the village Prasklice a convenient solution for sewerage and sewage disposal in the village.

The subject of the master's thesis is study of variants of sewer network of Nezamyslice by gravity, pressure and vacuum sewers. The proposed alternative solutions are then techno-economically evaluated.

O trabalho consiste em entender o papel de uma empresa de saneamento, a Sabesp, Companhia de Saneamento Básico de São Paulo, na sustentabilidade da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, RMSP, através de seus projetos estruturantes: Projeto Tietê, Projeto Vida Nova, Córrego Limpo e o PURA. Para tanto, foram analisados os dados oficiais dos programas desenvolvidos pela companhia paulista juntamente com depoimentos dos profissionais envolvidos com os projetos, com especialista do Instituto de Pesquisas Tecnológicas - IPT e do responsável pelo Programa Vida Nova da PMSP. A partir de então, pôde-se concluir que, apesar do bom encaminhamento dos programas e de suas ações serem multidisciplinares, é necessário que, para que se tenha um resultado efetivo, todas as ações sejam pensadas e desenvolvidas de forma ampla e sistemática, com participação intensa e colaborativa de toda a sociedade bem como de agentes públicos e privados e em longo prazo. / The work consists in understanding the role of a sanitation company, Sabesp, the Basic Sanitation Company of São Paulo, at the sustainability of São Paulo´s Metropolitan Region (RMSP), by means of its structuring projects: Projeto Tietê, Projeto Vida Nova, Córrego Limpo and PURA. In order to do that, the official data of the developed programs by the São Paulo´s company have been analyzed, together with the statements of the professionals involved with the projects, with the expert of the Instituto de Pesquisa Tecnológica - IPT and the responsible for the Programa Vida Nova of São Paulo´s City Hall. From then on, it was possible to conclude that, despite the good management of the programs and that their actions are multitasks, it is necessary that, in order to achieve an effective result, all actions are reasoned and developed in a broad and systematic way, with an intense and collaborative participation of all society as well as the public and private players and in the long term.

Orientador: Jorge de Lucas Júnior / Coorientador: Valéria Cristina Rodrigues Sarnighausen / Banca: Marco Antonio Martin Biaggioni / Banca: Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva / Banca: Adriano Luiz Tonetti / Banca: João Gabriel Thomaz Queluz / Resumo: A falta de tratamento de esgoto sanitário ainda é um dos principais problemas socioambientais da população brasileira, principalmente no contexto dos moradores da zona rural, onde há grande déficit de cobertura. A partir dessa realidade, buscou-se na literatura experiências de sistemas de baixo custo que contemplassem a demanda para o tratamento de esgoto unifamiliar. Identificou-se que as experiências existentes, principalmente no Brasil, são pouco relatadas frente à grande demanda por este tratamento. Neste sentido, a presente pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência de duas tecnologias de baixo custo para o tratamento de esgoto unifamiliar, a Fossa Séptica Econômica (FSE) e o reator anaeróbio de fluxo ascendente (RAFA ou, em inglês, Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanquet, UASB), tendo em vista identificar vantagens e desvantagens de suas aplicações. Foram realizadas análises laboratoriais de amostras do afluente e da saída dos sistemas. Primeiramente os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva, por meio de gráficos e medidas resumo. Para avaliar a eficiência foi realizado o teste t - student e obtidos os intervalos de confiança. Tanto a FSE como o reator UASB evidenciaram-se com desempenho satisfatório quando comparados aos tanques sépticos convencionais, que seguem os parâmetros de dimensionamento da norma brasileira, e com reatores UASB operando com vazões maiores. Para a FSE que tratou todas as águas residuárias de uma residência, com exceção da máquina de lavar rou... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The lack of sanitary sewage treatment remain one of the main socio-environmental problems of the Brazilian population, especially in the context of rural dwellers, where there is a huge deficit of coverage. From this reality, we searched in the literature experiences of low cost systems that contemplated the demand for the treatment of single-family sewage. It was identified that the existing experiences, mainly in Brazil, are little reported in face of the great demand for this treatment. In this sense, the present research had the objective of evaluating the efficiency of two low-cost technologies for the treatment of single-family sewage, the Fossa Séptica Economica (FSE) and the Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanquet (UASB), in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of their applications. Laboratory analyzes of tributary and outlet samples were performed. First, the data were analyzed in a descriptive way, by means of graphs and summary measures. To evaluate the efficiency, the student T test was performed and the confidence intervals were obtained. Both the FSE and the UASB reactor showed satisfactory performance when compared to conventional septic tanks, which follow the design parameters of the Brazilian standard, and with UASB reactors operating at higher flow rates. For the ESF that treated all household wastewaters, except for the washing machine, the removal efficiencies for the SST, BOD5 and COD parameters were 77.0 ± 23.7%, 58.4 ± 22.1% and 63.0 ± 22.9%, respectively. The FSE, which treated only black water, had SST, BOD and COD removal efficiencies of 76.2 ± 18.9%, 55.3 ± 19.2% and 60,0 ± 15.6, respectively. The UASB reactor, which also treated only black water, presented efficiencies of removal of SST, BOD5 and COD of 77.8 ± 17.5%, 57.2 ± 19.0 and 50.0 ± 21.7%, respectively. It expected that the present study to contribute to the dissemination of these technologies ... / Doutor

Este trabalho teve por objetivo relacionar a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica com as variáveis físicas, físico-químicas e químicas das Lagoas de Maturação da Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos da Universidade de Caxias do Sul, no período de um ano. Foram considerados os atributos da comunidade (riqueza, composição, densidade, diversidade e eqüitabilidade), suas relações com as variáveis abióticas (temperatura do ar e da água, turbidez, transparência da água, pH, condutividade elétrica, OD, DBO5 total e solúvel, DQO total e solúvel, sólidos suspensos totais e voláteis, nitrato, nitrito, nitrogênio amoniacal e fósforo total), além da precipitação pluviométrica e da intensidade do vento. As amostragens foram mensais no período de agosto/05 a julho/06. As análises quali-quantitativas do fitoplâncton foram realizadas em microscópio binocular, sendo que, para a quantificação, utilizou-se a câmara de Sedwick-Rafter. Na análise quali-quantitativa foram identificados 242 táxons em níveis genérico, específico e infra-específico.A comunidade fitoplanctônica mostrou-se semelhante nos doze meses amostrados, sendo que as classes Chlorophyceae e Zignematophyceae foram as mais representativas nos períodos mais quentes. No período de temperaturas mais baixas, predominaram as classes Cianophyceae, Bacillariophyceae e Euglenophyceae. Os gêneros com maior densidade anual, dentre as classes estudadas, foram representados por: Chlamydomonas, Synechocystis, Surirella, Euglena e Cosmarium. As espécies com maior densidade anual, dentre os gêneros registrados, foram: Chlorella miniata, Synechocystis aquatilis, Surirella ovata, Lepocinclis fusiformis e Cosmarium sp c. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreu uma variação sazonal no "standing-stock" com um máximo no outono e verão e um mínimo na primavera e no inverno. O "standing-stock" foi de 589.060 ind./mL a 1.181.498 ind./mL, com o valor médio anual de 898.166 ind./mL. Os índices de diversidade e eqüitabilidade, bem como os valores de riqueza, apresentaram uma pequena diferença entre as estações do ano e entre as estações amostradas, porém revelaram uma maior diferença entre os meses amostrados.Na análise de agrupamento, tanto a riqueza quanto a abundância de indivíduos encontradas na Entrada da Lagoa de Maturação 1 (ELM1) e Saída da Lagoa de Maturação 1 (SLM1) foram similares entre si, no entanto diferiram da encontrada na Saída da Lagoa de Maturação 2 (SLM2). Essa diferença foi determinada, provavelmente, pelas variações existentes entre as variáveis ambientais estudadas da Lagoa de Maturação 1 (LM1) e da Lagoa de Maturação 2 (LM2) e pelo tempo de detenção hidráulica de cada Lagoa de Maturação. Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, constatou-se que a turbidez foi a única variável que influenciou diretamente na riqueza, abundância e diversidade fitoplanctônica. Isso ocorreu, provavelmente, porque essa variável reduz a penetração da luz, fator que controla a temperatura e a fotossíntese, alterando, com isso, a estrutura da comunidade fitoplanctônica. / The aim of this paper is to establish a relationship between the phytoplanktic’s community structure with the physical, physical-chemical and chemical variables of the Maturation Lakes from Station Sewerage Treatment of Caxias do Sul University, over a year. It has been considered the community’s features (richness, composition, density, diversity and equitability), their relationships between the abiotic variables (air and water temperature, turbidity, water transparency, pH, eletric conductivity, DO, total and soluble BOD5, total and soluble COD, total and volatile suspendend solids, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium nitrogen and total phosphorus), as well as the rainfalls and the wind’s intensity. The samples were taken monthly from August 2005 to July 2006. The quali-quantitative phytoplankton analysis were carried out in a binocular optic microscope and for the quantification a of Sedwick-Rafter’s chamber was used as well. In the quali-quantitative analysis were identified 242 taxa in generic levels, specific and infra-specific. The phytoplanktic community was similar all over the 12 months sampled, however the Chlorophyceae and Zignematophyceae were more significant in the hot months. In the low temperature months it could be perceived the Cianophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and the Euglenophyceae more significantly.The genre with higher annual density among the classes been studied were: Chlamydomonas, Synechocystis, Surirella, Euglena and Cosmarium. The species with highest annual density among the classes been studied were: Chorella miniata, Synechocystis aquatilis, Surirella ovata, Lepocinclis fusiformis and Cosmarium sp c. The results showed a seasonal variation in the standing-stock with a maximum in the fall and summer and a minimum in the spring and winter. The standing-stock was 589.060 ind./mL a 1.181.498 ind./mL, with the medium annual rate of 898.166 ind./mL. The diversity and equality levels, as well as the richness values showed a slight difference among the seasons of the year themselves and the seasons sampled, however, they showed a bigger difference in the sampled months. In the grouping analysis, either the richness or the abundance of individuals found in the entrance of Maturation Lake 1 (EML1) and the exit of the Maturation Lake1 (SML1), were alike each other, however, they differ from those found in the exit of the Maturation Lake 2 (SML2). This difference was probably defined by the remaining environmental variables studied from Maturation Lake 1 (ML1) and from the Maturation Lake 2 (ML2) and for the time of hydraulical retention of each Maturation Lake. In the linear multiple regression analysis, the results showed that the turbidity was the only variable that influenced directly in the phytoplanktic’s richness, abundance and diversity. That probably might have happened due to the turbity which reduces the light penetration, a factor which controls the temperature, the photosyntesis, changing that way the structure of the phytoplanktic community.

Today’s rapid growth in population on sub-urban areas has caused an increase in fecal coliforms to be discharged to down-streams and lakes. The unaffordability of conventional sewerage systems makes it inaccessible to big part of the population of rural communities to receive proper sanitation. Since population growth is only projected to increase during the next few years, action is necessary to change the course of the future of rural communities, more specifically described on this report, Louisiana’s communities. One option to offer affordable sewerage systems to the Louisiana region is that we utilize of the Simplified Sewerage technology. Simplified Sewerage has been tested on several municipalities around the globe, especially in Brazil. The results of its application have proven to be conclusive and beneficial to communities.