This diploma thesis deals with the design of sanitary and gas installations in a boarding house for seniors and their connection to existing utilities. For the whole object there will be designed operating water supply with the use of rainwater. The diploma thesis also includes the design of a sewage pumping station, grease trap, light liquid separator, infiltration equipment and rainwater tank. The theoretical part is focused on the issues of gray water and rainwater and subsequent use as operating water. Computational part and project part solves sewerage distribution, water supply and gas pipeline in the specified object. It is a partially basement object with five floors. The object includes a surgery, a cafe and a shopping place.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research project focuses on sanitary sewer systems. When performing an analysis of a sewer drainage system with known constraints, an appropriate model needs to be chosen depending on the objectives of the analysis. Uncertainties are also present in the analysis of sewer drainage systems. The uncertainties and the errors in hydraulic models need to be understood and considered. The required level of accuracy and the type of hydraulic problem that needs to be solved may alter the complexity of the hydraulic model used to solve a drainage system. The wide variety of available simulation models further complicates model selection. With various models available, selecting the most appropriate model for a particular drainage system simulation is important. The various models for sewer drainage system analysis can be categorised in different ways. For example, it is possible to categorise models according to their purpose, which could be evaluation, design or planning. Evaluation models are mainly used to test whether existing systems or planned systems are adequate and require the highest hydraulic detail. Design models are used to determine the size of conduits within a drainage system and require moderate levels of hydraulic detail. Planning models are primarily used for strategic planning and decision making for urban or regional drainage systems and require the least amount of hydraulic detail. An understanding of the available models is required in order to choose the most suitable simulation model for the desired purpose. Some models are derived from the Saint-Venant equations of flow. The most detailed models are typically referred to as fully dynamic wave models and utilise all the components of the Saint-Venant flow equations. By removing terms from the Saint-Venant equations a kinematic wave model can be created. Some less complex models ignore basic principles of hydraulics in order to make assumptions that simplify the process of simulating flows. In this thesis three different models were compared: a detailed model using fully dynamic flow equations, a simplified model using kinematic wave equations and a basic model using contributor hydrograph routing equations. For the drainage system analysis SWMM-EXTRAN was used as the fully dynamic wave model, SWMM-TRANSPORT was used as the kinematic wave model and SEWSAN was used as the contributor hydrograph model. Two drainage systems situated in South Africa were used as case studies and are referred to as Drainage System A and Drainage System B in this thesis. The actual flow rate was recorded at two points with flow loggers, one in each of the two systems. The flow rate was continually recorded at 1 hour intervals for the period 1 July 2010 to 9 July 2010 in Drainage System A as well as in Drainage System B. The same input parameters were used for each model allowing the modelled flow rates to be compared to the measured flow rates. The models provided peak flow results that were within 2% of the measured peak flow rates and the modelled mean flows were within 8.5% of the measured mean flows in most situations. However, when rapidly varied flows occurred the kinematic wave and contributor hydrograph models returned conservative results as they were unable to account for hydraulic effects such as acceleration. The effect of acceleration became most pronounced up and downstream of drop structures and sections where the slope changed considerably. The kinematic wave and contributor hydrograph models were therefore unable to accurately simulate surcharge conditions. The results suggest that the fully dynamic wave model can be used in all scenarios. The kinematic wave model can be used for a design analysis if no hydraulic structures occur in the system. The contributor hydrograph model should not be used for an evaluation analysis, but can be used for a design analysis if a relatively high level of confidence in the parameter set exists and no areas of rapidly varying flow or hydraulic structures exist within the system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing projek is gefokus op riool dreineringsisteme. Wanneer ʼn analise van ʼn riool dreineringsisteem met bekende beperkinge onderneem word, moet ʼn geskikte model gekies word afhangende van die doelwitte van die analise. Onbekendes is ook teenwoordig in die analise van riool dreineringsisteme. Dit word belangrik dat die onsekerhede en die foute in hidroliese modelle moet verstaan en oorweeg word. Die verwagte vlak van akkuraatheid en die tipe hidroliese probleem wat opgelos moet word mag die ingewikkeldheid van die hidroliese probleem, wat gebruik word om ʼn rioolsisteem op te los, verander. Die wye verskeidenheid van beskikbare simulasie modelle bemoeilik verder die keuse van ʼn model. Met etlike modelle beskikbaar vir seleksie, is die mees geskikte model vir ʼn spesifieke dreineringsisteem simulasie belangrik. Die verskeie modelle vir riool dreineringsisteem analise kan op verskillende wyses gekategoriseer word. Byvoorbeeld, dit is moontlik om modelle te kategoriseer volgens hulle doel, wat evaluasie, ontwerp en beplanning kan wees. Evaluasiemodelle word hoofsaaklik gebruik om te toets of huidige of beplande sisteme voldoende is en of hulle die hoogs moontlike hidroliese besonderhede benodig. Ontwerpmodelle word gebruik om die grootte van ʼn leipyp binne ʼn rioolsisteem te bepaal en benodig matige vlakke van hidroliese besonderhede. Beplanningsmodelle word hoofsaaklik gebruik vir strategiese beplanning en besluitneming vir stedelike en landelike rioolsisteme en benodig die laagste vlak van hidroliese data. ʼn Begrip van die beskikbare modelle is nodig om ʼn keuse te maak rakende die mees geskikte simulasie model vir die verlangde doelwit. Sommige modelle is afkomstig van die Saint-Venant vergelykings van vloei. Die mees gedetailleerde modelle word tipies na verwys as die volledige dinamiese golf modelle en benut alle komponente van die Saint-Venant vloei vergelykings. Deur die verwydering van terme van die Saint-Venant vergelykings kan ʼn kinematiese golf model daargestel word. Sommige minder gekompliseerde modelle ignoreer die basiese beginsels van hidrologie om aannames te maak wat die proses van golf simulering vereenvoudig. In hierdie tesis is drie verskillende modelle vergelyk; ʼn gedetailleerde model wat volledige dinamiese vloeivergelykings gebruik; ʼn vereenvoudigde model wat kinematiese golfvergelykings gebruik en ʼn basiese model wat bydraende hidroliese versending vergelykings. Vir die dreineringsisteem analise was SWMM-EXTRAN gebruik as die volledige dinamiese golfmodel, SWMM-TRANSPORT was gebruik as die kinetiese golfmodel en SEWSAN was gebruik as die bydraende hidroliese model. Twee dreineringsisteme in Suid-Afrika was gebruik as gevallestudies en word na verwys as Dreineringsisteem A en Dreineringsisteem B. Die werklike vloeikoers was aangeteken by twee punte met vloeimeters, een in elk van die sisteme. Die vloeikoers was deurlopend opgeteken met 1 uur tussenposes vir die periode 1 Julie 2010 tot 9 Julie 2010 in Dreinering Sisteem A sowel as Dreinering Sisteem B. Dieselfde inset parameters was gebruik vir elke model wat dit moontlik gemaak het dat die gemoduleerde vloeikoerse met die gemete vloeikoerse vergelyk kon word. Die modelle het spits vloeiresultate voorsien wat binne 2% van die gemete spits vloeikoerse was en, in die meeste situasies, dat die gemoduleerde gemiddelde vloei binne 8.5% van die gemete gemiddelde vloei was. Wanneer vinnig varierende vloei voorgekom het, die kinetiese golf and bydraende hidrograaf modelle konserwatiewe resultate gelewer het, aangesien hulle nie in staat was om hidroliese effekte soos versnelling te verklaar nie. Die effek van versnelling was op sy duidelikste stroomopwaarts en stroomafwaarts onder valstrukture en by gedeeltes waar die helling aansienlik verander het. Die kinetiese golf en bydraer hidrograaf modelle was gevolglik nie in staat om oorladingsomstandighede akkuraat te simuleer nie. Die resultate wys dat die volledige dinamiese vloeimiddel gebruik kan word in alle omstandighede. Die kinematiese vloeimiddel kan gebruik word vir ʼn ontwerp analise indien geen hidroliese struktuur in die sisteem voorkom nie. Die bydraer hidrograaf model behoort nie gebruik te word vir ʼn evaluerings analise nie, maar kan gebruik word vir ʼn ontwerp analise indien ʼn relatiewe hoë vlak van vertroue in die parameter stel bestaan en geen area van vinnig veranderende vloei of hidroliese strukture binne die sisteem bestaan nie.

A cidade de Maringá, implantada ex novo, surge com status de cidade moderna em razão do seu plano urbanístico, que apresenta ressonâncias do ideário garden city, do zoning, do movimento city beautiful e do pensamento higienista. Contudo, as redes técnicas, elementos característicos da cidade moderna, demoraram a se estabelecer, pois a CTNP/CMNP, agente privado responsável pelo plano de colonização no qual a cidade se insere, não tinha as infraestruturas urbanas como prioridade nas cidades que implantara. Entendendo a cidade por meio da interação entre tecnologia e sociedade, propõe-se a análise da cidade de Maringá por meio da inter-relação das redes técnicas sanitárias com o desenvolvimento e crescimento urbano. As principais fontes documentais advieram da análise de notícias veiculadas em jornais da época e de projetos dos sistemas sanitários, que permitiram identificar algumas fases na administração dos serviços de saneamentos, e que guiaram a discussão do estudo, sendo estas: a fase de poços e fossas, marcada pelas ações individuais e pela ação da iniciativa privada na exploração do abastecimento de água; a fase das redes municipais, quando o município se apresenta como novo ator hegemônico no controle dos serviços sanitários; e a fase de administração dos sistemas pela concessionária estadual, transição ocorrida em 1980, ano que marca o encerramento da pesquisa por entender que, neste momento, a lógica de implantação das infraestruturas sanitárias já se encontrava estabelecida. Os resultados apontam para a capacidade de as redes técnicas sanitárias materializar no território relações de desigualdade de oportunidades, acesso e distribuição de riquezas que, no caso de Maringá, contribuíram para a criação de uma dicotomia entre a área planejada e a área pós-plano. / Owing to its urban plan echoing the ideals of a garden city, zoning features, city beautiful movement and hygienist thought, the ex novo implanted city of Maringá has been founded as a modern city. However, the technical networks, characteristics of the modern city, belatedly arrived, since the CTNP/CMNP, the private agency for the colonization plan in which the city was inserted, did not give priority to the urban infrastructure in the towns and cities it had established. Since the city is an interaction between technology and society, the city of Maringá is analyzed on its inter-relationships between sanitary technical networks and urban development and growth. The main documentary sources have been retrieved from the newspapers of the period and from the projects of sanitary systems, which identified several phases in the management in sanitary services on which this study is foregrounded: the wells and cesspools phase through individual initiatives for water supply and drainage; the phase of municipal networks in which the township was the new hegemonic agent in the control of sanitary services; the phase of outsourcing state systems as from 1980. In fact, this is the year in which current research ends since the logical implantation of sanitary infrastructure was established. Results show the capacity of sanitary technical networks to favor unequal relationships in opportunities, in the access and distribution of wealth. Inequality in Maringá contributed towards the establishment of a dichotomy between the planned area and the post-plan area.

Sampling data of many surface water bodies in Broward County tend to reveal abnormal levels of bacterial concentrations for total coliform, Escherichia coli and Enterococcus. Given the presence of septic systems in geohydrologically sensitive areas throughout the County, several studies (Morin 2005 and Bocca 2007) suggested a correlation in the high bacterial densities and the septic sites. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2015-05-11T12:13:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristine Galante.pdf: 2179542 bytes, checksum: 271fb9c0732466054cde0ba5f209ecd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-11T12:13:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cristine Galante.pdf: 2179542 bytes, checksum: 271fb9c0732466054cde0ba5f209ecd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-08 / INTRODUCTION: The region of Santos and São Vicente estuary covered by the hospitalization for acute diarrhea disease and their correlation with the distribution of water to the population. In the municipalities of Bertioga, Cubatão, Guarújá, Santos e São Vicente there are many isolated areas with neighborhoods that are not served by the local water and sewer company. The local company serves 100% of the regular areas, but the isolated areas don´t receive any service from the company. OBJECTIVES: Evaluating the temporal distribution of severe cases of diarrhea in the region of Baixada Santista between 2000 and 2010. Analiying the pattern of occurrence of diarrhea cases by age group. Evaluating the annual correlation of the hospitalization for diarrhea disease with the standard of water quality. METHODS: Ecological study of temporal sequence of severe cases of diarrhea occurred in five cities. Standard and nonstandard rates were used for the population considering hospitalizations for acute diarrhea diseases by age group. The Linear regression correlation was analyzed between the standardized and nonstandardized rates and water quality. Pearson product ¿ moment correlation coefficient with the hospitalization cases for diarrhea disease and the water quality parameter. RESULTS: Among 6355 cases of hospital admission for acute diarrhea diseases between 2000 and 2010, a seasonal pattern was observed in all municipalities. Bertioga and Cubatão, mainly in the first years of study, showed the most cases of hospitalization, mainly among children and elderly. There was not significant correlation of the indicator of water quality with the hospitalization rate. There was a reduction of hospital admissions for acute diarrhea diseases throughout the studied period with a higher incidence in Bertioga and Cubatão. Children that are more likely to be infected are those und four years of age. CONCLUSION: There was a reduction of cases of acute severe diarrhea disease throughout the studied period. A more visible reduction was observed in Bertioga and a less visible one in Cubatão. / INTRODUÇÃO: A região do Estuário de Santos e São Vicente pelo estudo das internações por doenças diarréicas agudas e sua correlação com a qualidade da água para a população. Nas cidades de Bertioga, Cubatão, Guarujá, Santos e São Vicente existem inúmeras áreas desconformes que não estão entre os bairros onde a companhia de saneamento local atende com água encanada e esgoto. A companhia de saneamento local atende cem por cento das áreas regulares, mas as desconformes estão à própria sorte. OBJETIVOS: Descrever o perfil temporal de casos graves de diarréia nas cinco cidades estudadas na região da Baixada Santista entre 2000 e 2010 e sua correlação com a qualidade da água disponibilizada à população. Analisar o padrão de ocorrência dos casos de diarréia por faixa etária. Avaliar a correlação anual dos casos de internação por diarreia com os padrões de qualidade da água nos municípios analisados. METODOS: Estudo Ecológico de séries temporais dos casos graves de diarréia ocorridos nas cidades de Bertioga, Cubatão Guarujá, Santos e São Vicente. Foi feita a análise de distribuição temporal mensal entre janeiro 2000 e dezembro 2010. Foram calculadas Taxas Padronizadas e Não Padronizadas para a população por faixa etária das internações hospitalares de doenças diarréicas agudas. Foi Analisada a Correlação de Regressão Linear entre as entre as Taxas Padronizadas, Não Padronizadas e a qualidade da água. Coeficiente de Correlação de Pearson entre as taxas de internação hospitalar por doenças diarréicas e os parâmetros de qualidade da água. Modelos de Regressão Linear entre as taxas de internação os parâmetros de qualidade da água. RESULTADOS: Dos 6.355 casos de internações hospitalares por doenças diarréicas agudas entre 2000 e 2010, constatou-se o mesmo padrão sazonal em todos os municípios. Bertioga e Cubatão principalmente nos primeiros anos do estudo apresentaram mais casos de internações principalmente nas faixas etárias infantis e nas mais idosas. Não houve correlação significativa entre os indicadores de qualidade de água e as taxas de internação. Houve uma redução dos casos de internação por doenças diarréicas agudas ao longo do período estudado com incidência maior em Bertioga e Cubatão. As crianças mais susceptíveis são menores de quatro anos. CONCLUSÕES: Houve ao longo do período estudado uma redução por doenças diarréicas aguda sendo esta redução mais percebida em Bertioga e em menor proporção em Cubatão.

As a modern metropolis, Shanghai has a registered population of 18.8 million in 2011, and the permanent population has been more than 20 million. As a result, Shanghai produces more than 6.3 million cubic meters of sewage per day which is considered as a massive test for Shanghai’s sewerage treatment system. Given the high proportion of time spent on the literature review, this study has investigated how the whole system works in Shanghai. To do this, Shanghai sewerage systems were divided into two parts – the drainage system and the sewage treatment system, and they were introduced respectively following the track of history development process. It was done by combining previously published theses, study reports, governmental documents, overt information by companies and news reports. It showed that, in 2009, Shanghai’s government established a basic formation of six centralized sewage treatment systems in co-existence with 52 sewage treatment plants. In the same year, the sewage treatment rate reached 78.9%, which can be considered a leap compared with the 62.8% figure in 2003. In spite of that, the gap between sewage treatment in Shanghai and that in developed countries still exists. By comparing Shanghai Bai Longgang sewage treatment plant with Halmstad Västra Stranden's waste water treatment plant, it can be concluded that the gap was embodied in differences of inflow condition, relative low discharge standards and poor treatment capability.

Šiame darbe analizuojama Širvintų rajono vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė. Analizei panaudota UAB “Širvintų vandenys“ informacija, bei Širvintų kaimo gyventojų apklausos duomenys. Aktualiausia problema - vandentiekio ir nuotekų tinklų būklė Širvintų rajone. Gyventojai, gyvenantys individualiuose namuose miestuose bei nedidelėse priemiestinėse gyvenvietėse dažnai neturi galimybių naudotis vandens tiekimo ir nuotekų šalinimo paslaugomis. Jie savo reikmėms vandenį ima iš individualiai įrengtų šachtinių šulinių bei gręžinių. Šie gyventojai nuotekas dažniausiai išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes. Išanalizavus esamą situaciją galima teigti, kad dauguma Širvintų rajono gyventojų vandenį gauna iš centralizuotų vandentiekio tinklų, o nuotekas išleidžia į išsėmimo duobes arba į individualius valymo įrenginius. / The aim of thesis is to analyse the condition of water-supply and sewerage systems of Sirvintai District. The survey data of Sirvintai district people was used to carry out the analysis. The most relevant problem is the condition of water-supply and drainage systems of Sirvintai District. People, who live in their own houses in towns and small suburban villages, often do not have access to water-supply and wastewater disposal services. They receive water from their individually built wells and bores for their own consumption. These people usually drain wastewater into the exhausting holes. Having analysed the current situation we can declare that most Sirvintai district people receive water from public water systems but drain wastewater into the exhausting holes or individual wastewater treatment facilities.

Krav om förbättrad spillvattenrening och städer som förgrenar sig över större områden är några av anledningarna till att dagens avloppsledningsnät får allt längre ledningssträckor. Att med gravitationens hjälp föra avloppsvatten framåt kräver ett kontinuerligt fall som vid långa avstånd kan innebära mycket schaktning, den ekonomiskt mest belastande delen vid nyinstallation av avloppsledningsnät. Ett fördelaktigt alternativ kan vara trycksatt avloppssystem, som sedan 70-talet har kompletterat de traditionella självfallssystem i kuperade och bergiga områden. På senare tid har trycksatt avloppsystem fått större användningsområde utanför sina etablerade bruksområden med anledning av skärpta krav på rening och kostnadseffektivitet. Självfallssystem är dock det mest använda avloppssystemet i urbana områden. För ett bostadsområde i utkanten av centrum, utanför de båda systemens vedertagna användningsområden, vore det därför intressant att undersöka vilket av avloppssystemen som är bäst lämpat. För VA-branschen generellt vore det också intressant att utreda hur de båda systemen står sig vid en jämförelse. Med anledning av detta var syftet med examensarbetet att jämföra trycksatt avloppssystem med självfallssystem på grundval av ekonomi, miljö och kapacitet. I tillägg undersöktes om några generella slutsatser kunde fastställas utifrån fallstudien. Undersökningen baserades på ett bostadsområde i utkanten av Fredrikstad centrum, som nyligen projekterats med självfall. Ett teoretiskt trycksatt avloppssystem projekterades. Ekonomi värderades utifrån drift- och underhållskostnader samt grund- och reinvesteringskostnader. Kapaciteten jämfördes numeriskt och via dimensioneringsmodeller. Vad gäller den miljömässiga jämförelsen utvärderades systemet med hjälp av rapporter utgivna av Svenskt Vatten och Norsk Vann. Det planerades en utbyggnad för området till dubbla antalet fastigheter vilket visade sig bli avgörande för det ekonomiska resultatet. Den vitala faktorn var de höga investerings- och driftskostnaderna för pumpenheterna vilket gjorde självfallssystemet mer ekonomiskt lämpligt. Även ur ett miljömässigt perspektiv var självfallssystemet marginellt bättre, givet att riskeffekterna inte rankades inbördes. Kapacitetsmässigt dimensioneras självfallssystem för nästan det dubbla flödet jämfört med trycksatt system, vilket ger det trycksatta systemet en kapacitet mer anpassad till behovet. Generellt sett antydde resultatet att trycksatt system var mer gynnsamt vid glesare bebyggelse. / As a result of stricter treatment requirements and city expantion the length of the sewer network is steadily increasing. To drain wastewater by gravity requires a continuous slope which often results in great excavation - a very costly part in the process. An advantageous alternative could be a pressurized sewer system, which has been a useful complement to traditional gravity systems in hilly or rocky areas since the 70’s. Even though pressurized sewer systems lately have tended to be more frequently used outside their common application area due to stricter requirements on treatment and cost-efficiency, gravity systems are still the most common sewer system in urban areas. Concerning this, it would be intresting to investigate which of the two systems that suites a residental area on the outskirts of a city center best, since the area is outside the traditional usage of the two established systems. In addition it would be interesting for the wastewater industry in general to investigate how the two systems compare.  For this reason the aim of this master thesis was to compare pressure sewer systems with gravity systems on the basis of economy, environment and capacity. In addition, it was examined whether any general conclusions could be determined from the case study. The survey was based on a residental area in the outskirts of Fredrikstad city center, recently designed with a gravity system. A theoretical pressure sewer system was designed. Economy was evaluated based on the operating and maintenance costs and basic and reinvestment costs. The capacity was compared numerically and through design templates. As for the environmental comparison, an evaluation was done on the basis of reports from the Swedish Water & Wastewater Association and Norwegian Water BA. An expansion to double the number of real properties was planned for the area of study, which proved to be crucial to the financial results. The gravity system was most appropriate from an economic standpoint and the vital factor was the high investment and operating costs for the pumping units. Even from an environmental point of view, the gravity system was maginally better. Given that the risk effects are not ranked relative to each other. In terms of capacity the gravity system was dimensioned for almost twice the flow compared to the pressure sewer systems, which gave the pressure sewer system a more adusted capacity. The result indicated that the pressure sewer system is favorable in densely built flexible areas.

Det övergripande syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur förskolebarn kan lära om tekniska system, närmare bestämt avloppssystemet och hur deras uppfattningar förändrats efter en pedagogisk aktivitet. Frågeställning: Vilka uppfattningar har barn i 4 till 5-årsåldern om avloppssystemet innan och efter en pedagogisk aktivitet? I studien ingick sex barn, kvalitativa intervjuer användes för att ta reda på barnens uppfattningar om avloppssystemet innan och efter en pedagogisk aktivitet. I den pedagogiska aktiviteten användes bilder för att visa barnen hur ett förenklat avloppssystem kan se ut och fungera. De fick sedan konstruera och testa ett förenklat avloppssystem flera gånger. Efter detta fick de själva försöka lägga ihop bilderna så att det blev ett komplett avloppssystem. Aktiviteten avslutades med ett besök till toaletterna där rören uppmärksammades och avloppssystemet diskuterades. Resultaten visar att barnens uppfattningar om avloppssystem utvecklades. Till en början kände barnen främst till de synliga delarna av avloppssystemet, som toaletten och spolknappen. De kände inte till många funktioner som avloppssystemet har till exempel gallret och sanden som renar vattnet. Efter den pedagogiska aktiviteten hade barnens individuella förståelse för avloppssystemet förbättrats både när det gäller avloppssystemets komponenter och också dess funktioner. / The purpose of this study is to show how preschool children can learn about technical systems, in particular the sewerage system and how their perceptions of it changes after a pedagogical activity. The question this study intends to investigate is: What perceptions do 4-5 year olds have about the sewerage system before and after a pedagogical activity? The study is based on six children´s perceptions of the sewerage system. Qualitative interviews were used before and after a pedagogical activity to get an understanding of the children´s perceptions. In the pedagogical activity pictures of a simplified sewerage system were shown to explain how it could work. They then got to construct and test a simplified sewerage system several times. After this the same pictures were presented and the children had to put them together by them self to get a complete sewerage system. The activity was concluded with a visit to the toilets to look at the plumbing and discussions about the sewerage system.  The results of the study show that the children´s perceptions of the sewerage system developed. Initially the children primarily had knowledge about the visible parts of the system, like the toilet and the flush button. Their understanding of the functions of a sewerage system was also poor. After the pedagogical activity the children´s individual perceptions of the sewerage system had developed both regarding to the components and the functions of the sewerage system.

Der Austausch zwischen Grundwasser und Kanalnetz kann in die Prozesse der Grundwasserinfiltration in Kanalnetze und der Abwasserexfiltration aus Kanalnetzen unterteilt werden. Generell entstehen durch die In- und Exfiltration (I/E) erhöhte Kosten der Abwasserentsorgung und eine Belastung für Boden, Grundwasser und Oberflächenwasser. Für Einschätzungen zur Dynamik und Quantität der In- und Exfiltration ist die Nutzung von Modellen sinnvoll, da zahlreiche Einflussfaktoren in die Betrachtungen einfließen können und dadurch eine komplexe Erfassung der Prozessmechanismen ermöglicht wird. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden physikalisch basierte Modelle zur Abbildung der In- und Exfiltrationsprozesse hinsichtlich erforderlicher Parameter und Randbedingungen analysiert und angewandt. Anhand detaillierter 3D-Modelle, kleintechnischer Versuche, Datenanalysen und statistischer Verfahren erfolgte die Modifizierung und Entwicklung von I/E-Modellen sowie die Parameteridentifikation zur Abbildung der In- und Exfiltration. Des Weiteren wurden die entwickelten Modellansätze mit einem hydrodynamischen Kanalnetzmodell verknüpft und großräumige Langzeitsimulationen durchgeführt. Die Untersuchungen zeigen bezüglich der Infiltration von Grundwasser in das Kanalnetz, dass eine physikalisch basierte Prozessmodellierung einer Abstraktion bedarf, um die 3-Dimensionalität des Prozesses in einem 1D-Modell wieder zu geben und dadurch die Anbindung an ein Kanalnetzmodell zu ermöglichen. Anhand von Simulationsrechnungen wurde festgestellt, dass die quantitative Betrachtung der Infiltration auf Einzugsgebietsebene keine hydrodynamische Modellierung erfordert. Signifikante quantitative Änderungen der Grundwasserinfiltration aufgrund der Wasserstandsschwankungen in den Kanälen sind nur lokal oder temporär von Bedeutung. Die Grundwasserinfiltration kann jedoch deutliche Auswirkungen auf die Ergebnisse der hydrodynamischen Simulation haben. Anhand von Datenanalysen im Einzugsgebiet Dresden konnte des Weiteren ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Infiltrationsparametern und Kanalzustand ermittelt werden. Der Exfiltrationsprozess kann durch ein 1D-Modell gut abgebildet werden, wobei der Prozess der Bodenkolmation anhand eines zeit- und potenzialabhängigen Modells implementiert werden kann. Ferner konnte durch die Verknüpfung mit Infiltrationsanalysen eine Ableitung der Schadensfläche erfolgen, die als Parameter in die Exfiltrationsmodellierung eingeht. Die hydrodynamischen Berechnungen zeigen, dass für die Exfiltrationsmodellierung eine möglichst exakte Berechnung der Wasserstände in Kanalnetzen essentiell ist. / The water exchange between groundwater and sewer system can be characterized by the processes of groundwater infiltration and sewerage exfiltration. Infiltration and exfiltration (I/E) cause an increase of the costs of sewerage management and a deterioration of soil, groundwater and the receiving surface water. In order to assess the dynamics and quantities of I/E, model applications can be used in order to include influencing factors and to afford a complex consideration of the process mechanisms. Within this work I/E-approaches were analyzed and modified in order to assess parameters and boundary conditions. The parameter identification and model development was realised according to the application of a detailed 3D-model, the realization of experiments, data analyses and the application of statistical methods. Furthermore the developed and modified approaches were coupled with a hydrodynamic sewer network model and long term simulations were performed. It was found that a physical based description of the infiltration process requires the implementation of the 3-dimensionality of the process. A hydrodynamic modelling of the sewer flow processes is not necessary to quantify infiltration rates on catchment scale, but the results of hydrodynamic modelling can be influenced significantly by groundwater infiltration. Furthermore data analyses of data of Dresden show a significant relationship between infiltration parameters and the condition class of the sewer pipes. The exfiltration process can be described by a 1D-model, whereat the processes of soil clogging are simulated by a time and potential based approach. Using the infiltration analyses it was possible to calculate the leak area, which is an important parameter of the exfiltration modelling. Hydrodynamic simulations show that the exfiltration modelling requires an accurate calculation of water levels in sewers.