Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1993. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, Deerfield, Ill., 1998. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 140-141).

The issue of the criminalization of prostitution raises all kinds of legal questions, especially in South African law. Governments have adopted different positions regarding prostitution. South Africa has tried, by means of law, to crack down on prostitution. This dissertation discusses the question of prostitution as provided by s 20 (1)(aA) of the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957. Whether criminalization is the indicated way to lessen or eliminate prostitution determines the focus of the discussion. It seemed necessary to understand the topic, to present the most important systems for addressing prostitution, the South African model and its evaluation. A legal comparison is presented. The discussion looks also at international instruments, which place the emphasis on forced prostitution. There is, in South African law, a pressing need to enact laws in accordance with the Bill of Rights, and with the international norms to which South Africa is party. / Criminal and Procedural Law / LL. D. (Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure)

Magister Legum - LLM / Sexual violence leaves the victims psychologically traumatised and stigmatised in the eyes of its community. Used on a large scale, sexual violence can destabilise a society as a whole and when used during armed conflicts, it serves as a powerful weapon against members of a community. During armed conflicts, sexual violence is widespread and systematically used as a tool of war and this makes sexual violence amount to crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. This research paper critically analyses and evaluates sexual violence as an international crime, as well as its prosecution under international criminal law mainly by the International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (hereafter ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (hereafter ICTR). It discusses the problem of selectivity that can be observed in prosecuting sexual violence that has in fact, left many victims of sexual violence dissatisfied. By doing so, it analyses the law as it is to determine whether the law applied during sexual violence prosecutions is sufficient. The paper also states recommendations that can contribute to the effective prosecution of sexual crimes under international criminal law. / South Africa

Child sex tourism is tourism organised with the primary purpose of facilitating a commercial sexual relationship with a child. It involves a segment of the local child sex industry that is directly connected to both an international and domestic tourist market. The increase of tourism has brought with it complications in that tourism is being used as a means for sex tourists to initiate contact with children. Aside from child sex tourists who are paedophiles, there are those who engage in the opportunistic exploitation of children while travelling on business or for other reasons. There are a number of social and economic factors leading to child sex tourism and the effect is that child victims are exposed to immediate harm, irreversible damage and even death. As South Africa's tourism industry expands into one of the country’s top earners of foreign currency, it is unfortunate to note that its child sex tourist trade is also on the increase. Reports show that sex tours are as easily organised as wine route tours in Cape Town. Commercial sexual exploitation of children is prevalent in South Africa and has become more organised in recent years. A comprehensive response to the problem is essential to ensure that South Africa does not become a “safe haven” for child sex tourists. Effective laws at home and the extraterritorial application of these laws to prosecute South African nationals for crimes committed abroad are imperative. Significant steps are being taken both nationally and internationally to target child sex tourism. South Africa has ratified several international instruments on children’s rights, trafficking in persons, child labour, and discrimination against women and young girls, all of which relate to child sex tourism. In doing so, South Africa has made an international commitment to uphold the provisions of these instruments and give effect to them. South Africa is therefore under an international obligation to create the necessary structures and apply mechanisms and resources to combat child sex tourism.

No description available.

Le mouvement social #Metoo a bouleversé les mœurs et les façons de penser quant aux enjeux liés au harcèlement sexuel et aux abus sexuels. En effet, en automne 2017, une vague de dénonciations déferle sur la place publique et peu à peu, les frontières de ce qui est acceptable ou pas semblent se redéfinir au sein de plusieurs sociétés. En partant de cette constatation sociétale, nous avons cru remarquer une reprise des enjeux entourant le mouvement social #Metoo dans les séries télévisées américaines de fiction. Ce mémoire souhaite illustrer et analyser l’évolution des représentations des crimes sexuels et du harcèlement sexuel inspirée par le mouvement #Metoo. En reprenant les grandes lignes de ce mouvement, cette étude s’attarde sur son impact sur la société nord-américaine. Cette étude se penche également sur un cadre sociologique afin de constater le fonctionnement des représentations sociales et ainsi mieux saisir leur impact sur une société donnée. De plus, en comparant deux corpus télévisuels marqués par l’avant et l’après #Metoo, ce mémoire désire faire ressortir les points de similitudes et les disparités entre ces deux périodes évocatrices de bouleversement des mœurs dans ce domaine. Une analyse filmique d’un épisode exemple complémente cette argumentation. / The social movement #Metoo has changed the way people think about sexual harassment and sexual abuse issues. Indeed, in the fall of 2017, a wave of denunciations broke out in the public sphere and since, the boundaries of what is acceptable and what is not seem to have been redefined within several societies. Based on this societal observation, we thought we noticed a revival of the issues surrounding the social movement #Metoo in American fiction television series. This paper aims to illustrate and analyze the evolution of representations of sexual crimes and sexual harassment inspired by the #Metoo movement. Considering the key milestones of this movement, this study focuses on its impact on North American society. This study also looks at a sociological framework in order to observe the way social representations work and thus, better understand their impact on a given society. In addition, by comparing two television corpuses characterized by the before and the after #Metoo, this paper wishes to highlight the points of similarities and disparities between these two periods evocative of the upheaval of morals around this issue. A film analysis of an episode example complements this argument.

Using archival and oral history sources, my dissertation examines the emergence of what is now known as “sexual violence” and responses to it on American college campuses in the post-World War II period. This history has yet to receive a full account of its own. It demands one, national in scope but with campus-specific detail. Bridging historiographies of rape, higher education, and postwar feminisms, among others, my analysis features cases of sexual violence, activism, and institutional and legal developments throughout the US. These cases include early responses to campus sexual violence at the University of Chicago; anti-rape organizing at the University of Michigan, Barnard College, and Columbia University; Title IX litigation in the case of Alexander v. Yale (2d Cir., 1980); and the proliferation of a national campus anti-harassment movement through the advocacy work of the Project on the Status and Education of Women and student organizing at the University of California, Berkeley. Across cases, I show how student activists leveraged feminist and sometimes anti-racist analyses to fundamentally shift understandings of sexual violence and force universities and the state to address the problem. I argue that unprecedented growth in women’s college enrollment and entry into previously closed-off professions, the new feminist movements, and emerging anti-discrimination regulations provided women a context and tools to mold the American university. After World War II, when Black Americans moved in record numbers from the South to Northern cities, campus sexual violence was understood in thinly veiled racist terms as part of a broader crime problem. The perceived crime problem and specter of interracial rape sparked calls for universities to ensure safer campuses. In response, urban universities advanced robust neighborhood renewal and campus security programs. Shortly thereafter, feminists of the 1960s and 1970s developed an anti-rape consciousness and new theories of sexual violence. Students used feminist analyses of gendered power and new knowledge about experiences of sexual violence to shift who was perceived as a threat to campus women, from Black and brown strangers to university faculty and peers. By changing how campus sexual violence was understood, from a threat outside the university to a threat within, activists placed responsibility for rape and sexual harassment with university administrators. Students leveraged anti-discrimination law – namely Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 – to force university administrators and the state to recognize and address campus sexual violence as illegal sex discrimination. In response to student demands, the state began to grapple with the full regulatory implications of Title IX. And universities established policies prohibiting harassment, grievance procedures, and institutions to serve people who experienced sexual violence.