The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention proposes that universities/colleges implement comprehensive sexual violence prevention programming (SV-PP). Data suggest intimate partner violence (IPV) exceeds campus sexual violence (SV) rates with rape culture (RC) creating an environment conduce to SV; with limited information on graduate students’ SV and IPV experiences. To improve university/college SV-PP, counseling, and mental health services for all students, studies of IPV and SV, and a contributing factor, RC, are needed. This dissertation is a secondary data analysis of the American College Health Association-National College Health Assessment IIc comparing responses from Spring 2016 to Spring 2019 to illuminate the relationship between IPV and SV. Specific aims were to: 1) explore the relationship between IPV and SV amongst students; 2) compare IPV and SV experiences between undergraduate and graduate students; and, 3) develop an instrument assessing students’ RC perceptions. Analyses (SPSS Version 26) illustrated that SV was correlated (2016: r=.25, p<.001; 2019: r=.29, p<.001) with IPV; with rates of IPV exceeding SV. Undergraduates had disproportionately higher experiences of SV and IPV than graduate students. Factors that increased odds for SV and IPV: being female, transgender, non-White, non-heterosexual, lower GPA, and/or drug use. Non-White subgroups of the college population, such as American Indian/Alaskan Native/Native Hawaiian students, had higher rates and increased odds of experiencing SV (OR: 1.47, 95% CI [1.29, 1.67], p<.001) and any form of IPV (OR: 1.53, 95% CI [1.34, 1.74], p<.001) than other subgroups. Among variables analyzed using logistic regression, drug use (excluding marijuana) within the last 30 days was associated with the highest odds of SV (OR 5.29, 95% CI [3.11, 9.01], p<.001) and IPV (OR 6.02, 95% CI [3.62, 10.03], p<.001). To improve resources, educate the campus community, and support survivors, it is imperative campuses understand the relationship between SV, IPV, RC, and those at increased risk for victimization. Colleges and universities can facilitate systemic change by accurately naming the culture that supports violence against women as “rape culture,” measuring RC on campus, and engaging in multitiered PP at all levels of the institution.

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This study investigates the level of social competency and presence of behavioral problems associated with young sexually abused children ages 4 to 8, as compared to those among a comparable sample of nonabused young children. Thirty-two parents or guardians, 16 in each group, completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist for each child. Characteristics of the abuse were addressed on an additional questionnaire. Data was collected on 12 female and 4 male children in each group. The results indicated that the amount and severity of behavior problems was greater and social competency levels were lower among the sexually abused children than that of the nonabused sample. However, sexually abused children were perceived to exhibit significantly higher levels of each problem than nonabused children with the exception of the problem identified as somatic complaints. Nonsignificant results were found when comparisons were made of the behavior problem level and characteristics of the abuse. These findings are consistent with previous research and further support the existence of problem behaviors among young sexually abused children. Suggestions for future research in this area and the clinical utility of the current findings are discussed.

The issue of the criminalization of prostitution raises all kinds of legal questions, especially in South African law. Governments have adopted different positions regarding prostitution. South Africa has tried, by means of law, to crack down on prostitution. This dissertation discusses the question of prostitution as provided by s 20 (1)(aA) of the Sexual Offences Act 23 of 1957. Whether criminalization is the indicated way to lessen or eliminate prostitution determines the focus of the discussion. It seemed necessary to understand the topic, to present the most important systems for addressing prostitution, the South African model and its evaluation. A legal comparison is presented. The discussion looks also at international instruments, which place the emphasis on forced prostitution. There is, in South African law, a pressing need to enact laws in accordance with the Bill of Rights, and with the international norms to which South Africa is party. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL. D. (Criminal Law and Criminal Procedure)

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka huruvida kvällspressens rapportering om sexbrott reproducerar stereotypa könsroller. Det är också att granska hur genusmedveten kvällstidningsjournalistiken är. Då medier besitter en maktposition och har inverkan på människor är det relevant att kritiskt undersöka hur könsrollerna gestaltas och genom det främja både demokrati och den feministiska forskningen. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk består av Yvonne Hirdmans genusteori samt gestaltningsteori som den förklaras av Jesper Strömbäck och Robert Entman. Vidare förklaras nyhetsvärdering och nyhetsurval som ett komplement till förståelse om vad som blir nyheter. Undersökningen har begränsats till två kvällstidningar, Aftonbladet och Expressen, då de är de två största rikstäckande kvällstidningarna i Sverige. I uppsatsen representerar dessa två tidningar kvällspressen överlag. Den tidsperiod som har undersökts är 1 juni 2016 till 31 augusti 2016. Uppsatsen bygger på en kvantitativ innehållsanalys där ett kodschema har utformats och variabler har arbetats fram för att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Variablerna är baserade på tidigare forskning inom fältet för brottsjournalistik. Artiklarna som har undersökts faller inom bestämda urvalskriterier. Resultaten visar att artiklar om sexbrott får lite utrymme jämfört med den totala rapporteringen, trots att ämnen som berör brott och sex ofta prioriteras på kvällstidningsredaktioner. Vidare visar resultaten att offret i de flesta fall är en kvinna och att männen vanligtvis är förövare, och att offret – kvinnan, är den som får störst utrymme och främst får komma till tals. Detta bidrar till att kvinnor får uttala sig mer i sexbrottsrapporteringen, vilket genererar i att sexbrott ses som ett kvinnoproblem. Etnicitet var främst förekommande i beskrivningen av förövaren och gör att hen porträtteras som en stereotyp förövare, i linje med tidigare forskning. Slutsatsen är dock att kvällspressen i vissa aspekter bedriver en någorlunda genusmedveten journalistik, vilket sett till tidigare forskning är en förbättring. Samtidigt måste varje enskild journalist ta ansvar för att inte reproducera en stereotyp bild av sexbrott.

The topic of my diploma thesis is Sexual coercion (section 186 of the Criminal Code) and other crimes against human dignity in the sexual field deals with, besides the fundamental topic of sexual coercion and other crimes, which are mentioned in the third chapter of the special part of Act. No. 40/2009 Coll., Criminal Code. Although these typical sexual offences constitute only a tiny fraction of total criminality, we can label them as the most serious offenses of all, since the consequences they leave for victims are often irreparable. Although the offense of sexual coercion has been introduced into the legal systém for a short time, it has been found in a few cases for a short time and has confirmed that it is very appropriate tool for supplementing rape (§ 185 CC) and sexual abuse (§ 187 CC). The main aim of this thesis is to clarify the facts of the offense sexual coercion, to discuss its object, the physical elements (actus reus), the perpetrator (subject) and the mental elements (mens rea). For this reason, the introductory part is devoted to the historical context and the overall development of sexual offenses in our territory. After this introductory chapter on history, another chapter is dedicated to the current treatment of sexual offenses. The purpose of this chapter is in particular to...

Thesis ((M. A. (Clinical Psychology)) --University of the North, 2000 / Refer to the document

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<p>Sexual violence leaves the victims psychologically traumatised and stigmatised in the eyes of its community. Used on a large scale, sexual violence can destabilise a society as a whole and when used during armed conflicts, it serves as a powerful weapon against members of a community. During armed conflicts, sexual violence is widespread and systematically used as a tool of war and this makes sexual violence amount to crimes against humanity, genocide and war crimes. This research paper critically analyses and evaluates sexual violence as an international crime, as well as its prosecution under international criminal law mainly by the International Criminal Court (hereafter ICC), International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (hereafter ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (hereafter ICTR). It discusses the problem of selectivity that can be observed in prosecuting sexual violence that has in fact, left many victims of sexual violence dissatisfied. By doing so, it analyses the law as it is to determine whether the law applied during sexual violence prosecutions is sufficient. The paper also states recommendations that can contribute to the effective prosecution of sexual crimes under international criminal law.</p>

In an attempt to eradicate biases in substantive law and evidentiary procedures, legislative changes were implemented for sexual offences in 1983. Historically, biases in rape law had resulted in high attrition of cases at each stage of criminal justice processing, low conviction rates, and poor treatment of victims. The new legislation, which included the introduction of the offence 'sexual assault', was designed to emphasize the violent nature of sexual aggression rather than the sexual nature.<p> Law reform, however, is influenced by the response of the criminal justice personnel who must implement the new legislation. Judges are critical personnel within this framework because they both implement the reform in individual court cases and interpret the meaning of the new law. It is critical, therefore, to examine judicial understanding of the social, political, and economic meaning of the law, and more specifically, to examine their understanding of the nature of sexual violence.<p> Using a content analysis of 109 'remarks at sentencing', this study examines the impact of the 1983 reform on judicial definitions of sexual violence. The sentencing 'transcripts' are drawn from 66 sexual offence cases heard at the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan between 1975-1988. Transcripts are analyzed for the absence or presence of references to each of 9 themes (violence, coercion, physical impact of the offence on the victim, psychological impact of the offence on the victim, breach of trust, the significance of penetration, the accused's criminal history, the role of alcohol or drug abuse, and the accused's control over his sexual drive). Each theme reflects an influential variable in judicial decision-making concerning sexual offences.<p> The results of the study indicated that since 1983,frequently and suggest that judges are attempting to reflect the 3 tier classification of sexual assault outlined in the new legislation. At the same time, however, judicial definitions of these variables continue to reflect stereotypes and myths associated with sexual violence. Judicial responses to sexual violence tend to minimize the culpability of sexual offenders and to minimize the seriousness of the offence. One of the most significant findings was that the 'sexual' element continues to dominate judicial definitions of sexual aggression rather than the 'violent' element. This emphasis implies that 'coercive' sexual acts have the same sexual character as 'consensual' sexual acts.<p> It appears, therefore, that the reform has been unsuccessful in meeting its objectives at the judicial level. However, the small change which has occurred may lay the groundwork for further change in the future.