Undoubtedly the historical settings and aspects of the Nazi Holocaust have been examined for many decades. Research has focused much on the victims of the Holocaust. However, the examination of the perpetrators of the Nazi Holocaust continues to cause anxiety and controversy. In my thesis I examine what possible constraints are imposed on authors/narrators and also readers by the sensitive and explosive subject of the representation of Holocaust perpetrators. I compare four texts of German Väterliteratur with Jonathan Littell’s “The Kindly Ones” to examine the questions of aesthetics and ethics in the literary representation of Holocaust perpetrators, and if we can deduce their motives and motivations from these representations. The examination of these Holocaust perpetrator representations is an important contribution to our understanding of the past as well as a contribution to the formation of public cultural memory and identity. All of the examined narratives form part of a continuously growing body of literary expressions of the Holocaust perpetrator and highlight a distinct obligation to the history they narrate – be it fictional or real. My research includes a comparative literary analysis of authentic narratives featuring fictional perpetrators in order to find meaning in these representations that enable the reader to form not only a connection with a dark part of the German past but also with post-war and post-unification debates on the representation of the Holocaust. It also demonstrates a recognition that Holocaust perpetrators are as multifaceted and multidimensional as the narratives they occupy. My thesis is not an exhaustive compilation but rather forms a small sample discussion that enables the reader to emphasise the Holocaust perpetrator. The narratives representing Holocaust perpetrators in contemporary literature serve to transmit history into the future as part of public and personal memory discourse, and the remembrance of history.

Despite the vast body of research on outcomes of sexual violence victimization, little is known about the psychological outcomes of sexual violence perpetration. This omission is significant, due to the fact that preventing recidivism may depend on treatment of identified perpetrators. The purpose of the current thesis is to examine the psychological responses to perpetrating sexual violence with a qualitative analysis of first-hand accounts of sexual violence perpetration, obtained from anonymous posts on Reddit.com. The analysis revealed four primary emotional outcomes to perpetrating sexual violence: shame, remorse, depression, and anger. The four themes appeared independently and were associated with different contextual themes. Remorse, unlike the other themes, co-occurred with reports of self-growth, indicating that remorse may be a more adaptive outcome. The results also indicated that the social context played an important role in perpetrator outcomes. These findings have important clinical implications for the treatment of perpetrators.

The relationships between sexual arousal, attributional style, attributions of blame for child sexual abuse (CSA) and psychopathology were investigated in a non-clinical sample. One hundred female undergraduates completed a questionnaire incorporating the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, (Rosenberg, 1965), the Symptom Checklist 90-R (Derogatis, 1996), the Extended Attributional Style Questionnaire (Peterson et al., 1988) and questions about CSA experiences. Participants reporting CSA also completed the Attributions of Responsibility and Blame Scales (McMillen and Zuravin, 1997), and were asked if they had experienced sexual arousal during their CSA. Twenty five per cent of participants reported a history of CSA, and of this group, 32% reported experiencing sexual arousal during CSA. The CSA group had higher levels of symptomatology and negative attributional style than the Comparison non-abused group. Within the CSA group, symptomatology was positively associated with self-blame and negative attributional style, and negatively associated with selfesteem. Self-blame for CSA was positively associated with family/other blame, and negatively associated with self-esteem. The Aroused group experienced greater frequency and severity (number of types) of CSA, and showed higher levels of selfblame for the CSA than the Non-Aroused group. No evidence was found in the current study for a connection between sexual arousal and psychopathology. Further research using a larger sample size is indicated. The importance of including frequency, severity and sexual arousal as possible characteristics of CSA experiences during clinical assessment and interventions with adult survivors and focussing treatment strategies accordingly is discussed.

On October 22, 2015, a masked man entered the primary school Kronan in Trollhättan and stabbed three people to death with a knife and a sword. Shortly after the attack the perpetrator was shot to death by the police. The event received a great deal of spatial attention in Swedish media and has been called the worst school attack in Swedish history. The twenty-one-year-old perpetrator had grown up in Trollhättan and it is his origin that is of interest in this study. The aim of this study is to examine how a perpetrator of native origin is portrayed in a Swedish medium. Previous research, which shows that there is a difference between how a perpetrator of native origin is portrayed compared to a foreign one, is used as background. According to these studies media often focuses on the perpetrator’s ethnicity and descent if the person is of foreign origin. Through a qualitative framing analysis we examine how the perpetrator in Trollhättan is portrayed in Sweden’s largest news website, namely aftonbladet.se. We explore how the perpetrator's ethnicity and origin are expressed and which of the perpetrator's characteristics are focused on by Aftonbladet. Through framing analysis we also explore how the perpetrator is portrayed from an us-and-them perspective, and how ideas and concepts are personalized through him. The results of this study show that the male perpetrator who is of native origin in the case Trollhättan is portrayed as a lone maniac who committed an act of evil and that Aftonbladet focused on his personal circumstances, for example that he had issues socializing.

This diploma thesis deal with the theme: woman as victim in a collection of stories Simultan from the Austrian author Ingeborg Bachmann. The motif of a victim occurs the later work of Ingeborg Bachman, in consequence of it this thesis applies not only with work Simultan, but also with works from Todesarten cycle. The term of victim and connected terms of perpetrator and liberator are described in the second chapter. There is also the analysis of the term ,,simultan?, the whole collection of stories were called after it. Another chapters analyzes the stories ,,Simultan?, ,,Probleme Probleme?, ,,Ihr glücklichen Augen? and ,,Das Gebell?. There are described the perspective of narration and the theme of victim in comparison with other works of Todesarten cycle.

Masters of Art / This study examines the effects of domestic violence on adults who witnessed abuse as children in their homes. It seeks to ascertain if the childhood emotional trauma of domestic violence influences the growth and social adaptation of children in their later years. Despite the growing awareness of domestic violence worldwide, there is nevertheless an alarming number of women reporting abuse, and there are those who are reportedly beaten or inflicted with bodily harm at the hands of their abusers. However, most of these domestic or household conflicts take place in situations where children are involved. These children witness such abuse and grow up carrying emotional and physical scars that impact their functioning as members of society. The study adopts a life history approach to investigate 15 adult participants (five women and ten men) within evolving themes relating to their experiences of domestic violence and other life ordeals during their childhood that made them end up at the Elim Night Shelter in Cape Town, South Africa. The study is anchored on the explication of such key concepts as domestic violence, abuse and the physical, social, emotional and behavioural effects of abuse. Furthermore, the study identifies the social consequences of growing up in an abusive environment. The findings of the study reveal that people who witnessed acts of domestic violence as children experience negative consequences as adults. Recommendations have been listed which could assist the further study expansion on the topic, together with intervention strategies.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Objective: Investigate if the prevalence of depression/suicidality changed from 2001 to 2015 among adolescent females exposed to sexual assault or physical fighting, and if various violent exposures or the accumulation of events induced differential levels of risk. Methods: Eight national Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance (YRBS) cross-sectional databases (2001-2015) were analyzed using complex survey techniques. For the trends analyses, logistic regression was used to evaluate linear, quadratic or cubic trends, with contrast statement methods to identify inflection points. Multiple logistic regression models were built to understand associations with other risk factors. The 2015 database was used for the differential analyses and hypotheses were tested using logistic regression models. Results: There was a statistically significant decline in depression/suicidality from 2001 to 2009 followed by an incline through 2015 for sexual assault victims (P=0.0001) and physical fighters (P<0.0001). Bullying and electronic bullying contributed to increases in latter years. For sexual assault victims, methamphetamine use declined (2001-2015) and team sports participation increased (2009). For physical fighters, sexual assault and carrying a weapon had a similar quadratic trend. Among fighters the prevalence of other violent exposures (1+) was approximately 2 times greater than non-fighters (2001-2015) and exceeded 65% when accounting for bullying and electronic bullying (2011-2015). Differentiation of risk between various violent events was only observed for electronic bullying (OR=2.51; 95% CI=[2.02, 3.13]) vs. bullying (OR=1.43; 95% CI=[1.13, 1.79]) and victimization (OR 3.79; 95% CI=[3.33, 4.30]) vs. violence related behaviors (OR=2.31; 95% CI=[1.81, 2.96]). There was a positive dose-response relationship with the cumulative number of violent events, one event produced a risk of 1.40 (95% CI=[1.33, 1.48]) which increased with each additional exposure. Conclusions: The direction of depression/suicidality prevalence changes among sexual assault victims and physical fighters may be attributable to unique modifiable risk factors. The emergence of electronic bullying contributed to increases in depression/suicidality, poly victimization, and induced greater risk than bullying. The accumulation of violent exposures is seemingly a stronger predictor of depression/suicidality. Overall, efforts to reduce exposure across multiple or more prevalent forms of violence has the potential to reduce the risk of depression/suicidality among female adolescent victims and aggressors of violence. / 2 years

The main purpose of this quantitative and qualitative study A study in crime: about sexuality, ethnicity and mental illness has been to reveal the relation between how the evening newspaper Aftonbladet and the Internet forum Flashback forum represent two men who has been convicted for the murder of two underaged girls. Hence more than one sixth of the swedish population has a lot of confidence in this newspaper it has been important to see how mental illness, sexuality, masculinity and ethnicity is produced and therefore reproduced through its descriptions of these men. The central theories which have been used to visualize the representation of masculinity, sexuality, ethnicity and mental illness is R.W. Conell´s theory of hegemonic masculinity, Judith Butler´s hetereosexual matrix, semiotics, media commodification and framing. In addition, previous studies in the media reporting of the convicted rapist ”Hagamannen” and the terrorist Anders Behring Breivik as well as theory of the ideal vicitim and therefore the ideal perpretator has been relevant. The material consists of a number of articles about the resolution of the homicide of Lisa Holm in 2015 and Helén Nilsson in 2004 in which Nerijus Bilevicus and Ulf Olsson were condemned. Furthermore, comments on Flashback forum where the abovementioned cases have been discussed were analyzed. Denotation and connotation, the heterosexual matrix and the pressethical rules applied as methodological tools. In the current media landscape of 2016 newpapers´ foremost competitors of the readers’ attention are the complimentary websites and Internet forums. The comparison indicated that the users of Flashback forum discussed similar subjects as Aftonbladet regarding the previous mentioned attributes. Also, we identified that the journal more frequentely violated the pressethical rules in the describtions of the perpetrator who suffered from mental illness and was both bisexual, transsexual and also a pedofile. However, the ethnicity of the second perpetrator appeared early in the reporting of the homicide. The results of the study have shown that the mechanisms of the commodification of media were more substantial in 2004/2005, concerning the descriptions of the perpetrator. The journal in 2015/2016 does not seem to have delievered such information to satisfy the crowd in comparison to the comments on Flashback forum. This is in contrary to the admitted opinion by media scholars.

This  thesis  offers  a  comparative  study  of  the  My  Lai  massacre  perpetrated  by  American soldiers during the Vietnam in War and the  massacre in Bialystok  carried out by a police unit operating  under the Nazi regime. Using theories from social  psychology in combination witha  careful  scrutiny  of  sources  from  criminal  investigations,  it  seeks  to  elucidate  the  social mechanisms  of  perpetration  in  the  two  cases  and  explores  how  their  divergent  macro-level contexts facilitated  distinctions in the perpetrator’s behavioural patterns and motivations. The study  demonstrates  that  despite  commonalities  at  the  micro  level,  the  massacres  were organized  in  distinctive  ways,  featured  divergent  perpetrator  behavioural  patterns  andencompassed  disparities  in  the  number  of  abstainers  due  to  different  macro-level  contexts. The  thesis provides  explanations  for these case variations, and it  argues  that new insight into the phenomenon of perpetration can be gained by adopting a comparative perspective.

The Indirect Perpetration Abstract Institute of indirect perpetration is one of the most important institutes of criminal law. This diploma thesis aims to describe the institute of indirect perpetration, analyze its particular forms, analyze more deeply its selected problematic aspects and based on this provide authentic evaluation and propose changes de lege ferenda. The thesis is divided into 4 chapters. The first chapter explains the term of indirect perpetration and its conditions in general. The legally taxative enumerated forms of indirect perpetration are analyzed one by one together with their corresponding examples. The second chapter studies the history of the institute in our country. The subchapters contain legal regulation of the institute in particular criminal codes effective in Czech countries and opinions of selected historical authors about given problematic, all this since the times of Austrian criminal code from 1852 to currently effective criminal code from 2009. The third chapter discusses selected aspects of the Institute of indirect perpetration. The problematic of personally committed and special criminal offenses, omissive and negligence criminal offenses, indirect perpetration committed using vis absoluta and finally indirect perpetration in relation to participation is discussed....