Abstract There is a general perception that women are victims and men are the perpetrators of sexual offense. Female perpetrators of sexual crimes have been neglected in the research literature, because female sex offenders do not live up to preconceptions of female as motherly and caring. Females tend to be responsible for a very small portion of all crimes and are estimated to account for 1-2% of all sexual offenses. Theories use to discuss female sex offending include neutralization of behavior, mental health and feminist theory. The aim of the present study was to describe female sex offenders and examine the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim by analyzing court judgments. Convictions ( N=22) from the Swedish district courts, where female convicted of sexual crimes in accordance with legislation on sexual crimes during the years 2008-2013 were examined. Significantly more females (82%) denied the offenses they were charged off. The majority of the perpetrators had a relationship with the victims and carried out their crimes with a male accomplice. Of the 27 sexual crimes perpetrated, 63% of the victims were under 18 years old and were primarily female. Most women in this study were given a sanction of a non-custodial nature. Female sex offenders are a relatively unexplored group of sexual offense perpetrators. They do exist and sexual offending causes a great deal of harm to victims and society, so it is worth studying. Keywords: Female perpetrator, female criminals, sexual crimes, convictions, female.

Introduction . Perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) are considered a heterogeneous group of men. This has resulted in several attempts to classify IPV perpetrators into subtypes. Although a well-explored topic, the existing IPV typologies are not suitable for the police due to its reliance on clinical information. The present study aimed at constructing a typology of IPV perpetrators, based on information available to the police. Method. Data from 235 risk assessments conducted by police officers in Sweden, using the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment guide: Short Version (SARA:SV), was analyzed through Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Results. Three subtypes of IPV perpetrators were identified: the generally violent/antisocial (GV/A) perpetrator, the family only (FO) perpetrator, and the high risk (HR) perpetrator. Also, a fourth subtype emerged reflecting a victim profile, labeled the rational victim (RV). Discussion. Besides validating previously found IPV subtypes, we also identified two subtypes not previously described in the literature. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that clinical information concerning the perpetrator's mental health was not decisive in identifying the perpetrators constituting the highest risk for IPV. Noteworthy, the importance of considering victim vulnerability factors in an IPV risk assessment context was supported by the identification of the RV. However, the proposed typology needs to be validated in subsequent research. Keywords: intimate partner violence, perpetrator typologies, SARA:SV, risk assessment / <p>2013-06-11</p>

This qualitative study adopts a criminological perspective to investigate how newspaper headlines surrounding western-raised female Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) are being framed by the British media. This investigation employs a case study approach, to thematically analyse how narratives surrounding a high profile British FTF, Shamima Begum, were framed by headlines of British newspapers once she requested repatriation to the United Kingdom (UK) after four years as a FTF in Syria. When Begum left UK in 2015, aged 15, the media narrative leant towards suggestions of Begum being considered to be a victim. Therefore, this study looks at how the more recent newspaper headlines frame Begums more complex narrative in 2019 when the UK was faced with the conundrum as to how to respond the repatriation request of a British-born female FTF who was also heavily pregnant at the time. Therefore, the focused timeframe of the study is from February 2019, until August 2019. Only the headlines of British newspapers were examined to see how the snapshot of the framed narratives surrounding Begum during this time were presented. The aim was to investigate from a criminological perspective whether the choice of framing was creating a societal perception as to whether the FTF is a perpetrator or victim, according to the societal “trial by media” that newspapers often inspire. Whilst objectivity is always an issue, this study is not designed to make any judgment either way in regards to the Begum case or her agency in her FTF experience but to simply raise awareness as to how narrative around perpetrators or victims can create societal and individual biases and can serve to reduce or increase fear of the “other”. This study demonstrated that the framing chosen by the media increases the level of bias with the focus on the security risk and punishment aspects of the discussion surrounding Begums situation. This is important to be aware of as this in turn significantly contributes to greater racial, ethnic or religious tension within society. Unless we address how perpetrators and victims are discussed, then we increase the risk of greater racial, ethnic or religious tension within society which can create a multitude of other societal and criminological issues.

The subject of this diploma thesis is "The specificity of serial murders and their investigation". This diploma thesis focuses on the delimitation of serial murders, the typical way of committing serial murders, the criminalistic characterisation of serial killers as well as the methodology of such murders. The first chapter of the diploma thesis is dedicated to the definition of the term "serial murders" itself and simultaneously to the terms "mass and murderous wave". In the second chapter the aim is, primarily, to briefly analyse the legal classification of serial murders in the meaning of the Czech Criminal Code. This part of the diploma thesis also focuses on the differences between common murder, deliberate murder, murder with prior consideration and the typicalness of serial murders. The third chapter lays out different ways of committing serial murders from the view of preparatory action. Murder weapons and the mechanism of killing are also described in this part of the diploma thesis as well as the diplomant's own research on these topics based on the sample of 44 serial killers. The issue of the culprits of serial murders, especially the matter of their organisation and motive, is described in the fourth chapter. Furthermore, the culprits are divided into categories such as sexual serial...

This essay studies how male and female perpetrators are constructed in the discussion forum Flashback Forum. Gender-theoretic media research has mainly studied differences in traditional media, such as TV, radio and press. Yet, due to the rise of social media, there has recently been an increased research interest in this type of medium. However, an absence has been identified in terms of gender-theoretical media research on social and digital media like Flashback. Flashback Forum is a Swedish discussion forum, which has no equivalent due to its unique and remissive climate of debate. Therefore, this essay studies the comparison of how the posts of Flashback users construct male and female in the context of crime. The study is based on gender theory and the material is analyzed through critical discourse analysis. The results indicate that there are differences regarding the actor construction of the male and female perpetrators, which leads us to the conclusion that these can be explained by social constructions of gender. This essay mainly aims to contribute to the identified absence of such research and also encourage scholars to study gender constructions on social and digital media.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of domestic violence. At present, we speak about domestic violence more often, however, education is always a significant benefit, because stereotypical assumptions still remain in our society. They are often one of the obstacles which result in the impossibility to eliminate this socially pathological phenomenon. In the theoretical part of the thesis I describe the current status, forms, signs, progress, and the most common myths and prejudices of the public on the issue of domestic violence. In conclusion of the theoretical part I focus on prevention of socially pathological phenomena, and helping the victims. For this diploma work were established the following three hypotheses: H1: "Students at University of South Bohemia perceive the aggressor as the initiator of domestic violence." H2: "Students at University of South Bohemia perceive the aggressor as an uneducated person." H3: "Students at University of South Bohemia are convinced that domestic violence is more frequent with another ethnicity." In the empirical part I characterize the selected group. The research involved a total of 512 students. They include 450 women and 62 men. They were the students of Bachelor's and Master's study programmes of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences at University of South Bohemia, in full-time and extramural form of study, and different age categories. The research was lead by the method of quantitative research, using a questionnaire survey with the semantic differential. Students had the opportunity to write down their positive or negative view of the victim and the offender or to remain impartial. The aim of the thesis was to find out the opinions and attitudes of students attending Faculty of Health and Social Sciences at University of South Bohemia to the victim and perpetrators of domestic violence. Most commonly, the students perceive the victim as a submissive, introverted, timid woman, who is not satisfied with this situation. They perceive the perpetrator as a dominant individual, who tends to jealousy. The stated hypothesis H1 has been confirmed. Hypotheses H2 and H3 have not been confirmed, and as a result, the alternative hypotheses have been accepted.

This study aimed to examine how swedish tabloid press covered the sex crimes at music festivals that occurred in Sweden during the summer of 2016. The aim was also to examine if and how the press reproduces or opposes stereotypes and myths about sexual crime. The question examined was: How does swedish tabloid press portray victims, perpetrators, the festivals and sex crime?   To approach this we made a critical discourse analysis on 13 articles from the swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Expressen, written during the time of the events. We found that there were many different and contradictory discourses about the sex crimes in our case. The victim was presented as innocent and without blame but there was also a discourse telling that women have a responsibility in making sure not to become a victim of sexual assault, by behaving and dressing right. The perpetrator was described as deviant and evil men, but also as men driven by lust not knowing what they were doing. They were also distant and indistinct in the text, which shifted the blame to the organizers of the festivals and to the police. Sex crime was overall presented as a serious phenomena. It was also presented as a new phenomena, both on the festivals and in the society. The crimes were presented as a problem isolated to festivals but also as a broader social problem. The festivals were described as unsafe places but also as safe places that had been soiled by the sex crimes.

In October 2015, a masked man armed with a sword and a knife entered the school Kronan in the Swedish town Trollhättan. Four people, including the perpetrator, were killed and another two severely injured. The aim of this study is to examine the frames in medias description of the event and of the perpetrator from the view of the journalistic responsibilities. The event in Trollhättan can be seen as an act of terror and during such events the journalistic responsibilities sometimes changes. There is a conflict in the aspect of telling the truth on one hand and protecting the citizens from harm on the other, in order not to reproduce the terrorist’s message in the press. This study is a qualitative framing analysis of 11 articles from the local newspaper TTELA. We found that the most salient frame of the event was grief rather than drama and that the media acted on the responsibility of protecting the citizens from details. The perpetrator was described as a lone wolf with connections to racist groups on the Internet. There was a shallow frame regarding the danger with the groups on the Internet but the main problem was described as gone with the death of the lonely perpetrator.

The aim of the study was to examine how crime journalism relates to gender by exploring how a female perpetrator is constructed in Swedish news media. We examined a specific case where a female perpetrator murdered and dismembered her victim in Askersund, Örebro. The questions examined were; How are the female perpetrator represented in the tabloid Aftonbladet and the local newspaper Nerikes Allehanda and what are the differences and similarities between Aftonbladet’s and Nerikes Allehanda’s representation of her? We made a discourse analysis of eighteen news articles. The result shows that the female perpetrator is represented as a non-ideal female perpetrator, a heartbroken and weak victim and an ordinary woman who suddenly transforms. Aftonbladet and Nerikes Allehanda also represent the female perpetrator as an evil and insensitive murderer and like a jealous madman. Both Aftonbladet and Nerikes Allehanda describe that the female perpetrator saw her victim as a rival. At the beginning, mainly Nerikes Allehanda, represent the female perperator as a part of the community by representing her as a kind and innocent girl who loves horses. Then the representation is changing and the female perpetrator is represented as an intruder in the community. This representation also appears in Aftonbladet. However the tabloid mostly represents the female perpetrator with attributes like vicious, callous, jealous and mad. Our study also shows that the distance between the newspapers and the place where the crime occurred, influences the representation of the female perpetrator.

Indirect perpetration Abstract This diploma thesis deals with the institute of indirect perpetration. First it mentions its historical development, since the acceptance of indirect perpetration was inconsistent in earlier times. Now the principle of accessory criminal liability of the participant applies in our country, and the participant can be criminally liable only if the perpetrator is criminally liable. Back then the opposite principle was applied, namely the principle of independence of the participation. Indirect perpetration was not necessary and was only accepted by such authors who recognized it as another specific form of perpetration. Participation, especially instigation and organization, is very close to indirect perpetration. The indirect perpetrator or a participant, do not fulfil the elements of the offence by their own activity, but they contribute significantly to it. The major difference between them is what person they are instigating. If the person is fully criminally liable and commits the offence intentionally, it is participation, if not, it is indirect perpetration. An indirect perpetrator must be aware that he uses a person that is not criminally liable or at least not criminally liable for specific offence. In addition, he must have the intention to commit his offence through...