The thesis describes the issue of transgenerational transmission of violence in families. The thesis is divided in into theoretical and research parts. The theoretical part describes the current state of the issue. The thesis contains several chapters focusing on a general description of violence, its causes and types. I also briefly described victims and perpetrators of domestic violence. The key chapter of the thesis deals with the transgenerational transmission of violence in families, in which I attempted to analyze the topic in detail by using opinions of several prominent authors. In the research part I set my objectives and formulated two hypotheses. The research was conducted among the general public and the respondents were selected at random. The respondents were represented evenly in terms of sex; they had different educational backgrounds and socioeconomic status. The objective of the thesis was to determine to what extent the childrearing models in families are transmitted from one generation to another and to specify which factors affect childrearing patterns. The results of the research part were described and shown in form of diagrams. The results have shown that violence is indeed transferred from one generation to another. The research has shown that most of the respondents do not agree with a childrearing method with a total absence of physical punishment. On the contrary, most of the respondents believed they were able to avoid mental punishment. It has been confirmed that a low socioeconomic status does not affect childrearing patterns. Nowadays the issue is discussed very openly and it is no more viewed as a taboo. However, the related information needs to be presented continually, including new discoveries and findings which might lead to an improvement of the situation. It is necessary to keep advertizing assistance and prevention in this area. Legislative changes are critical in the struggle against violence. A significant contribution to the solution could be the education about the issue as a natural part of curriculums for the helping professions.

The aim of this study was to examine how news reporting about crime is affected by gender discourses. We also examined differences and similarities between the tabloids and the morning newspapers. We did this by observing how the perpetrator's gender affects how both Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter constructs participants in crimes where parents commit murder against their children. In regards to participants, we mean the perpetrator, the victim and the relationship between the parents and the children.   The study answered the following questions: How do gender discourses affect news reporting about violent crimes? How are participants portrayed in crimes where parents commit murder against children in Swedish investigative journalism? How is the relationship between the children and the parents portrayed? What are the differences and similarities between the news reporting in Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter?   For this study, we used a critical discourse analysis as a method of examination and nine articles from Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter were examined. The result shows that male perpetrators were portrayed as aggressive and threatful, especially in Aftonbladet. Female perpetrators were blamed more often for the crime when they broke the norms of what is generally considered as typical female roles and qualities before they commited the crime. The relationship between the victim and the perpetrator was discussed more in the articles in regards to the female compared to the male. However, the qualities of the victims were more described in the articles about the male perpetrators. That can be explained by the crimes which were commited by a female who broke the norms. Therefore, there was a need to explain her actions.

Denna studies syfte är att fördjupa förståelsen för hur anonyma aktörer kan diskutera brottsoffer och förövare på ett anonymt forum. Studien utgår från tre trådar på forumet Flashback där brott diskuteras och således brottsoffer och förövare. För att analysera empirin har Michel Foucualts (2003) teori om panoptismen samt Erving Goffmans (2011) teori om stigmatisering och sociala avvikare använts. Foucault har använts då han beskriver hur övervakningen får individer att handla utifrån rådande normer genom övervakning och straff. Goffmans teori har bidragit med en förståelse för hur de individer som inte passar in i normer stämplas som avvikare och således stigmatiseras. Dessa två har förenats för att förklara hur anonyma aktörer framställer brottsoffer och förövare samt hur information kan delas och spekuleras. Studien har en abduktiv ansats då empiri och teori har växelverkat för att skapa en djupare förståelse för diskursen kring brottsoffer och förövare. Studien antar ett diskursanalytiskt perspektiv och är främst inspirerat av Bacchis diskursanalys (2011, refererad i Bergström & Boréus, 2018) och Foucaults (1993) tankar om diskursens ordning. Resultatet visar bland annat att aktörer kan övervaka varandra likt panoptismen (Foucault, 2003) och detta kan ske utifrån normer och socialt avvikande beteende från normerna (Goffman, 2011). Vidare visar resultatet att det finns både skillnader och likheter när det kommer till hur brottsoffer och förövare framställs på Flashback. Exempelvis så diskuterar aktörerna i vissa fall huruvida både förövare och offer passar in i bilden som sociala avvikare baserat på deras inblandning i brott. Således stigmatiseras personerna både genom deras inblandning i brott och den information som sprids om dem på internet. Dock skiljde sig diskursen åt kring brottsoffer och förövare när brottet var en olyckshändelse. Då jämfördes istället inblandade, i viss mån, med varandra. Resultatet visar även att aktörer ofta positionerar sig som sanningssägare oavsett om det rör sig om spekulation eller informationsdelning. Genom att hänvisa till en personlig relation eller kännedom till inblandade personer lämnas lite utrymme för felsägning. Detta kan skapa diskussioner i diskursen som resulterar i stigmatisering även aktörer emellan. / This report fulfils the purpose of expanding the understanding of how anonymous actors can discuss victims of crime and perpetrators at an anonymous forum. The study is based on three discussion threads at the Flashback Forum where crimes are discussed and accordingly victims of crime and perpetrators. To analyze the data, Michel Foucualt's (2003) theory of panopticism and Erving Goffman's (2011) theory of stigmatization and social deviants has been used. Foucault’s theory has been used to describe how the surveillance causes individuals to act on the basis of prevailing norms through surveillance and punishment. Goffman's theory has contributed to an understanding of how individuals, who do not fit into norms, get labelled as deviants and therefore get stigmatized. These two theories have been combined to explain how anonymous actors describe victims and perpetrators, and how information can be shared/speculated. The study has an abductive approach as the empiricism and theory interact to create a deeper understanding of the discourse regarding victims of crime and perpetrators. The study assumes a discourse analytic perspective and it is primarily inspired by Bacchi's discourse analysis (2011, referenced in Bergström & Boréus, 2018) and Foucault's (1993) thoughts about the order of discourse. The results show that, among other things, actors can monitor each other like panopticism (Foucault, 2003) and this can be done based on norms and socially deviant behavior from the norms (Goffman, 2011). Furthermore, the results show that there are both differences and similarities when it comes to how victims of crime and perpetrators are portrayed at Flashback. For example, in some cases, the actors discuss whether both the perpetrators and the victims fit into the picture as social deviants or not, based on their involvement in the crime. Thus, the persons involved are stigmatized both through their involvement in the crime and the information that is spread about them over the internet. However, the discourse of the victims of crime and the perpetrators was different when the crime was an accident. In that case the involved, to some extent, were compared with each other. The results also show that actors often position themselves as truth-tellers, whether it is speculation or sharing information. By referring to a personal relationship or knowledge of the people involved, there are little room for misinterpretation. This can create discussions in the discourse that result in stigmatization even among the actors.

Male perpetrators have long been over-represented in the criminal justice system. This seems to have resulted in a picture of perpetrators as generally being male. This study aims to investigate differences in the portrayal of perpetrators in relation to gender in the Swedish justice system, by performing a discourse analysis on twelve judgements with assault as the main crime classification. Previous research shows that female perpetrators more often are treated with leniency by the court, compared to male perpetrators. This usually leads to women receiving shorter sentences. There have also been studies that show that in media and literature, female perpetrators are portrayed as less, or in cases of severe violent crimes as more, responsible for the crime committed, than a male would be for the equivalent crime. This study shows that female perpetrators are portrayed as less responsible for their violent actions in regards to the crime committed, than male perpetrators. The discourse analysis of the judgments shows that there is a tendency to portray the women’s violence as depending on circumstances, and the men’s violence as depending on them as persons. This indicates that there are discourses in society that establish women as non-violent and men as violent.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att studera hur tingsrätten praktiserar uttryck av emotioner i de skriftliga domarna, avseende försök till mord och mord. Utöver det var syftet även att undersöka hur tingsrätten framställde förövaren och gärningen kopplat till känslouttryck, samt om det förekom några skillnader i framställandet av dessa. Studien har genomförts med kvalitativ innehållsanalys som metod och datamaterialet bestod av domar från en tingsrätt. Resultaten har visat att tingsrätten huvudsakligen exkluderar känslouttryck i de skriftliga domarna och uttryckt sakliga framställningar, men att det dock är förekommande till viss del. Resultaten har även visat att det förekommit skillnader i tingsrättens framställande av förövaren och gärningen. Våra slutsatser har bland annat blivit att tingsrätten i olika grad frångått sin neutrala ställning, där emotioner i relation till gärningen varit mest framträdande. Slutsatserna har stärkts genom kopplingen till det emotionssociologiska perspektivet och Garlands teori om straffets funktion. / The purpose of this paper was to study how the district court practices expression of emotions in the written judgments, regarding attempted murder and murder. In addition, the purpose was also to study how the district court presented the perpetrator and the act linked to emotional expressions, and whether there were any differences in the presentation of these. The study was conducted with qualitative content analysis as a method and the data material consisted of judgments from a district court. The results have shown that the district court mainly excludes emotional expressions in the written judgments and expressed factual representations, but that it does occur to some extent. The results have also shown that there have been differences in the district court's presentation of the perpetrator and the act. Our conclusions have, among other things, been that the district court to varying degrees deviated from its neutral position, where emotions in relation to the act were most prominent. The conclusions have been strengthened through the connection to the emotional sociological perspective and Garland’s theory regarding the function of punishment.

The trial and verdict of Rakim Mayers, also known as ASAP Rocky, caused major media attention during the summer of 2019. The aim of this bachelor study was to examine how news journalism represented the case “ASAP Rocky” in Swedish tabloids. The research questions examined were: How does journalism portray the story of the victim and perpetrator in the case “ASAP Rocky” ? What are the differences and similarities in how victim and perpetrator are constructed? How does the story develop in Swedish tabloids during the case “ASAP Rocky”?    We used Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) to identify reoccurring discourses in the description of the case “ASAP Rocky”. By examining the characters, victim and perpetrator in Swedish tabloids, we found that there was no idealistic role portrayed in the case. Both the victim and the perpetrator were described as insufficient. One discursive theme was that the victim is inadequate since ASAP Rocky´s status as a celebrity provides him an advantage. This discourse is identified also in texts describing ASAP Rocky as a perpetrator. The study showed that the different discourses concern moral values in various contradictions, such as good - evil, right - wrong and “we” versus “them”.    Our study shows that the discourses we found contributes to the creation of celebrities and the discourse that celebrities are unreachable. The conclusion of this study is that media contributes to the stereotype of celebrities.

This research study deals with the widespread concern that exists amongst parents, educators and healthcare professionals working with children about issues regarding bullying in childhood and adolescence. By using the Transactional Analysis (TA) theory, this research project aimed to describe possible social transactions that occur between bully perpetrators and bully victims, and to examine these social transactions from the perspective of potentially predisposed personality profiles. The link between the personality profile and social transactions lie within the notion that our personality profiles could possibly influence the way we interact with or behave towards other individuals. The motivation behind this research study was therefore to analyse and examine the social transactions that occur between bully perpetrators and bully victims, which exemplifies the unique relationship that defines a bully perpetrator and bully victim in order to better explain (by way of TA) the ‘games’ they play. This was done by identifying the psychological profile tendencies that prompt bully perpetrators and bully victims to engage in repetitive transactions in order to uncover the games they tend to play, as well as to foster an understanding of why bully victims struggle to ‘unhook’ from these dysfunctional transactions. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / lk2014 / Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

This research narrative represents a co-construction of domestic violence focusing on the male victim. The narrative’s main aim is to contribute to the body of work that seeks to ensure that the invisible male victims of domestic violence have a voice, and that they are counted. Little research has been undertaken to voice the experiences of male domestic violence victims. Domestic violence is constructed using a social constructionist perspective and Tom’s narrative is elicited and analysed by means of narrative methodology. Tom is a citizen of the United States of America and due to his geographical location a face-to-face interview was not possible. The best means to collect his narrative was through electronic mail (email) which granted Tom and the researcher the opportunity to reflect upon the research process as it unfolded. The research narrative found some similarities between Tom’s experiences and those noted in other published research narratives. Some of these similarities included the minimal extent of physical injuries to Tom, the more prevalent occurrence of psychological abuse and the use of institutional measures to control his behaviour. In contrast to the literature reviewed, Tom reported that his ex-wife was hurt more often during her violent outbursts. It is recommended that future research includes as many members of the affected family as possible in order to ensure a rich and diverse narrative. In addition, it is suggested that similar research be conducted in a sensitive way and over a short period. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

Indirect perpetration Abstract The topic of this diploma thesis is the analysis of an institute of indirect perpetration, which is one of many possible ways of committing a crime. Its essence lies in using other person who cannot be liable for his/her actions, also called an innocent agent or instrumentality. Such a person is controlled by an indirect perpetrator in the backround who must have double intentions towards committing a crime and also an abuse of a person who for some reason will not be held criminally liable. The reasons for staying out of criminal liability are enumeratively listed in the Criminal Code and include the lack of age, insanity, mistake, emergency, necessity and other defenses, as well as the fact that the person acted with no culpability or at all. It also deals with a matter when the innocent agent acts with no mental state (or motive) sufficient for commision of the offense which is required for particular criminal act and in those cases his liability can be measured at least as negligence and does not exclude his liability for another offense. This institute sought its way into the Criminal Code for quite a long time, until the enaction in 2009. The new Criminal Code was considered a groundbreaking legal regulation. By that time, the institute of indirect perpetration was only...

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur socialsekreterare beskriver socialtjänstens arbete med situationen för hemmaboende söner i en familj där det finns misstanke om hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med fem socialsekreterare som arbetade på utredningsenheter i tre olika kommuner. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkter var intersektionella och systemteoretiska perspektiv med för studien relevanta begrepp. Resultaten visar att socialsekreterarna hade kunskap om sönernas situation i hedersrelaterade ärenden men att nivån på kunskapen varierade. Ingen av socialsekreterarna hade arbetat med “specifika pojkärenden” utan hade endast utrett sönerna i ärenden som rörde flickor. De svåraste utmaningarna rörde inte heller sönerna utan syftade till svårigheten att få flickorna att stanna i sina placeringar. Ingen av kommunerna hade specifika insatser riktade till sönerna utan det var allmänna insatser som erbjöds via kommunernas öppenvård. I alla kommuner var insatserna främst riktade mot flickornas skydd, alternativt att erbjuda föräldrar familjebehandling. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how the social services work with the situation of home-based sons in a family where there is suspicion of honor-related violence and oppression. Five social secretaries in three municipalities who worked on investigative units were interviewed. The theoretical points of the study were intersectionality and system theory. The results show that the social secretaries had varied levels of knowledge regarding the sons' situation in honor related cases. None of the social secretaries had worked on "specific boy cases" and boys were only investigated in cases concerning girls. Challenges for the social secretaries aimed at the difficulty of getting girls to stay in their placements. None of the municipalities had specific interventions directed at the sons. There were general interventions offered through the municipalities' outpatient care. In all municipalities, the interventions were mainly directed towards the protection of the girls or to offer parents family treatment.