The purpose of the following qualitative study was to explore social workers' perspectives on children's experiences of being exposed to domestic violence due to men's violence against women. The purpose was also to explore social workers' perceptions of support measures that used. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six social workers who work with children and families in the social services. The study takes its theoretical starting point in trauma theory and attachment theory. The results showed that factors such as finances, mental illness and substance abuse are common causes to the child being exposed to indirect domestic violence. Children may show fear and anxiety, they may also show signs of psychosomatic disorders, behavioral difficulties, difficulty concentrating, and they may develop insecure attachment relationships with their caregivers. The results also showed that children who are exposed to indirect violence can be supported in various ways, where the child's family can also be included in the process. According to the interviewees, the function of the support interventions depends on the parent’s active participation in the process, which determines whether the support interventions work. / Syftet med studien var att undersöka socialarbetares perspektiv på barns upplevelser av att bli utsatta för indirekt våld, som en följd av mäns våld mot kvinnor. Författarna har även som avsikt att undersöka socialsekreterarnas uppfattning om vilka stödåtgärder som används för att stödja barn som utsätts för indirekt våld som en följd av mäns våld mot kvinnor. För att besvara syftet användes en kvalitativ design, där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med sex socialsekreterare som arbetar med barn och ungdomsutredning i socialtjänsten. Studien har sin teoretiska utgångspunkt i traumateori och anknytningsteori. Resultaten visade att faktorer som ekonomi, psykisk ohälsa och missbruk är vanliga orsaker till att barn utsätts för indirekt våld i hemmet. Barn som utsätts för indirekt våld kan visa rädsla och oro, men också tecken på psykosomatiska störningar, beteendesvårigheter och koncentrationssvårigheter. De kan även utveckla otrygga anknytningsrelationer med sina omsorgspersoner. Resultaten visade också att barn som utsätts för indirekt våld kan stöttas på olika sätt där även barnets familj kan inkluderas i förändringsprocessen. Stödinsatsernas funktion beror enligt intervjupersonerna på föräldrarnas aktiva delaktighet, vilket är en avgörande faktor för om stödinsatserna fungerar.

Denna studie har undersökt professionellas perspektiv på sexuella övergrepp och ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning. Ungdomar är mer utsatta för våld än vuxna människor och har man en intellektuell funktionsnedsättning är det större risk att man blir utsatt för sexuella övergrepp. Detta är ett problem som förekommer världen över och kan förebyggas i form av att professionella har rätt kunskap, får handledning och får stöd i verksamheten från bland annat riktlinjer och tydliga rutiner. Studiens syfte är att undersöka professionellas perspektiv på sexuella övergrepp och ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning, vilket har landat i olika perspektiv. De perspektiven är professionella som arbetar med förövare av sexuella övergrepp och offer för sexuella övergrepp. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som analyserats med tematisk analys visar resultat att det finns brister inom det svenska systemet och vårdkedjan för hur professionella ska arbeta med ungdomar och sexuella övergrepp. Det saknas kunskap, vägledning, styrdokument men också ett intresse från myndigheter att ansvara för ungdomar med intellektuell funktionsnedsättning och sexuella övergrepp. / This study has examined the perspectives of professionals on sexual abuse and young people with intellectual disability. Young people are more exposed to violence than adults and young people with intellectual disability are shown to be at even higher risk of violence and sexual abuse. This is a problem that occurs worldwide and can be prevented in the form of professionals having the right knowledge, receiving guidance and receiving support in their profession from clear guidelines and routines. The purpose of the study is to examine professionals' perspectives on sexual abuse and young people with intellectual disability, which led to different perspectives. Those perspectives are professionals who work with perpetrators of sexual abuse and victims of sexual abuse. Through semistructured interviews that were analyzed with thematic analysis, the results that show that there are shortcomings within the Swedish system and the care chain for how professionals should work with young people and sexual abuse. There is a lack of knowledge, guidance, governing documents but also an interest from authorities to be responsible for young people with intellectual disability and sexual abuse.

No description available.

Elections are a core democratic procedure intended to peacefully transfer power between political parties. However, in many parts of the world, elections are associated with the strategic use of violence to affect results and future power dynamics. This study tests a current theory on how the state apparatus affects challengers’ and incumbents’ perpetration of electoral violence. It hypothesizes that incumbents are the main perpetrator of electoral violence because they have a comparative advantage through the coercive state apparatus. This makes resorting to election violence more rational for incumbents. The hypothesis is empirically tested by conducting a logistic regression on global data from the DECO and QoG datasets. The results are inconclusive due to statistical insignificance and low confidence in the accuracy of the expected relationship. Moreover, the inconclusive result is assumably affected by scarce and incompatible data. While the result is inconclusive, the paper contributes to research by providing descriptive statistics on the main perpetrator of electoral violence. Furthermore, the research design can also be a reference for future research on how state capacity affects electoral violence.

I Sverige mördas 17 kvinnor om året av en man de är eller nyligen har varit i intimt förhållande med. Det innebär en kvinna var tredje vecka. Omständigheterna är oftast de samma. Separation, med kvinnan som drivande part. Mannen de lämnar är svartsjuk och av kontrollerande typ. Han har i situationen nästan alltid tydligt uttalade självmordstankar. Kvinnorna har vanligen sökt hjälp och i en del av fallen har man misslyckat med att identifiera deras riskfyllda situation. Genom att finna gemensamma nämnare hos kvinnorna eller i deras direkta närhet, kanske det går att förbättra riskbedömningen som görs när hon söker hjälp eller anmäler en utsatthet? Underlaget till arbetet består av domstolshandlingar och förundersökningar. Teoretiskt kan man titta åt både kriminologiska och sociologiska teorier. Genom kvalitativ systematisk dokumentanalys av nämnt material har en del resultat framkommit; storleken på kvinnan, hennes personlighet samt hennes ekonomiska situation. Vidare och för framtida forskning framkommer olika aspekter kring hur skyddsåtgärder för kvinnan fungerar. Eftersom grunden till resultaten i denna uppsats vilar på relativt få fall vore det även av intresse att göra samma arbete på större mängd material för att se om resultatens styrka håller eller försvagas, samt om det framkommer flera resultat. Intimt partnermord är ett signifikant problem som påverkar både individer och samhälle. 17 offer, 17 långtidsinkapaciterade män och ett ännu större antal barn som utan skuld tillskrivs ett livslångt lidande med konsekvenser för deras framtid, hälsa och välmående. / In Sweden, 17 women are murdered each year by a man they are or recently have been in an intimate relationship with. That means one woman every third week. The circumstances usually resemble. Separation initiated by the woman. The man she is leaving is most often a jealous and controlling type. He has clearly expressed suicidal thoughts, caused by the situation. A larger number of the murdered women did seek help, and in some of the cases authorities has been unsuccessful in identifying the risk situation. Perhaps one could improve the risk assessment done when she is seeking help or reporting vulnerability by finding common factors among the women or in their immediate surrounding? The source of information is court records and criminal investigations. Theoretically, one can look at both criminological and sociological theories. Through qualitative systematic document analysis of this material some findings emerged; the actual size of the woman, her personality and her financial situation. Furthermore, for future research, it reveals various aspects of the protective measures taken to keep the woman safe. Since the basis of the results in this paper rests on relatively few cases, it would be interesting to work with a larger amount of material. This could reveal if the results held their strength or weakened, and if there was more to be found. Intimate partner murder is a significant problem that affects both individuals and society. 17 victims, 17 men incapacitated for a long time and an even larger number of children that without guilt are attributed with a lifetime of suffering including a huge impact on their future health and wellbeing.

The enduring question of why apparently ordinary individuals participate in the systemic perpetration of mass violence hallmarks genocide studies, and it arose yet again when the multifarious atrocities faced by civilians in the Yugoslav Wars of 1991–1995 were apparent. With explanations resting on notions of “ancient hatreds” having been denounced in favour of ones that emphasise the role of emotions like fear and resentment, ethnic myths and symbols, and competition on group and individual levels of society, there remains some issues with these approaches; they cannot account for what motivates variations in behaviour by on-the-ground perpetrators nor can they describe the process by which violence develops in tandem on micro- and meso-levels, while still accommodating macro-level causes for conflict. In this thesis, symbolic interactionist and social constructivist theories of social roles and social norms are applied in the search for finding the motives for violent behaviour by perpetrators in the Yugoslav Wars of 1991–1995 to establish a more complete understanding the dynamics of individual decision-making and collective action in the context of violence. A directed qualitative content analysis is conducted of testimony provided by twenty-nine on-the-ground perpetrators and by select witnesses. This testimony was collected from the Hugo Valentin Centre’s database of court transcripts from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. The research revealed that the (dis-)organisation of the perpetrating groups’ social structures, as well as the presence, or lack thereof, of both role strain and role conflict were deciding factors in motivating violent behaviour.

Child sexual abuse has existed since earliest recorded history. It is believed that one in three females and one in five males are sexually abused before their 18th birthday, and many researchers believe this is a gross underestimation of the problem. Child sexual abuse has been studied extensively from the perspective of the victim. Child sexual abusers have been studied over the last few decades but with inconsistent definitions and methods applied among studies. This qualitative study explored the childhood reflections of 8 incarcerated child sexual abusers in a southern Appalachian prison. One-on-one in-depth interviews were conducted at the prison with the 8 male participants. After multiple readings of the transcripts, analysis was completed and the stories emerged. The investigator used van Manen's descriptive-interpretive process. This process involved guided existential reflections based on spatiality, corporeality, temporality, and relationality. The existentials were used as an aid to understand how incarcerated adult male child sexual abusers experienced childhood. Questions were asked using the existentials in order to better understand childhood experiences in this underserved and often forgotten population. Data were managed using NVivo qualitative data analysis software. Textural themes were organized into essential structural themes which were abstracted into the essential categorical themes of failure to root, what you see is what you learn, these are the moments of your life, and stupid is as stupid does. All participants demonstrated failure to root as evidenced by their inability to recall their childhood homes or their play life during childhood. Results indicated that participants developed a sense of self resulting from external perceptions which left them with a disembodied concept of self. A disembodied concept of self was demonstrated through the experiences of both failure to root and what you see is what you learn. These are the moments of your life is the abstraction of the participants' method of coping with the abuses they suffered from different family members. The resulting personal view of lived body is represented by the abstraction of stupid is as stupid does. Results are discussed and related to nursing practice, education, and research.

Syftet med denna uppsats var att undersöka hur arbetet med unga vuxna som utövar våld i parrelationer hanteras inom socialtjänsten. Uppsatsen syftade även till att undersöka socialarbetares upplevelser av implementeringsprocesser, hinder och möjligheter. För att studera detta användes en kvalitativ ansats i form av sju intervjuer med socialarbetare. Datamaterialet analyserades med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Ur innehållsanalysenframträdde tre huvudteman med tillhörande två underteman vardera. Resultatet analyserades med teorin Normalization Process Theory samt teorin kring gräsrotsbyråkraters handlingsutrymme. Av resultatet framkom att individens behov och ett gott bemötande spelaren viktig roll i behandlingen. Vidare framkom det av resultatet att lagkravet hade uppmärksammats på olika sätt i verksamheterna samt att ledningen hade en viktig betydelse i implementeringsprocessen. Avslutningsvis framkom det av resultatet att det var svårt att nå unga som utövar våld i parrelationer. Det beskrevs handla om upplevda skamkänslor hos berörd målgrupp, att de hade svårt att formulera sina behov och att det rådde brist på forskning och beprövade metoder. När det gällde möjligheter i arbetet beskrevs detta handla om marknadsföring, samverkan och snabb hjälp. Studiens slutsatser var att det krävs mer forskning för att utveckla anpassade metoder för unga vuxna som utför våld. En central roll i en implementeringsprocess ansågs ledningen ha, likaså en förtroendefull relation till medarbetare.Marknadsföring är av vikt för att bättre kunna nå målgruppen. / The purpose of this essay was to investigate how the work with young adults who practice violence in couple relationships is handled within social services. The essay also aimed to investigate social workers' experiences of implementation processes, obstacles and opportunities. A qualitative approach was used in form of seven interviews with social workers. The data was analyzed using a qualitative content analysis. From content analysis, three main themes emerged and were presented based on two sub-themes each. The result was analyzed with the Normalization Process Theory and the theory about street-level bureaucrats' room for action. The results showed that the individual's needs and good treatment played an important role in the treatment. The results showed that the legal requirement had been noticed in different ways and that management had an important role in the implementation process. It emerged from the results that it was difficult to reach young people who practiced violence in couple relationships. It was described as perceived feelings of shame among the target group, they had difficulty articulating their needs and there was a lack of research and proven methods. Opportunities in the work was described as marketing, collaboration and quick help. The study's conclusions were that more research is needed to develop adapted methods for young adult perpetrators of violence. Management was a central role in an implementation process, as was a relationship of trust to employees. Marketing is important to better reach the target group.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relation är ett stort samhällsproblem som finns världen över. Våldet som sker kommer i olika former och har negativa konsekvenser för den våldsutövande, våldsutsatta och för samhället. Det är av stor vikt att utöka de preventiva och återfallsförebyggande insatserna för våldsutövare. Genom ökad kunskap om riskfaktorer hos våldsutövare kan personal inom människovårdande yrken lättare identifiera de individer som behöver vård och stöd. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva faktorer som kan orsaka en ökad risk att individer utövar våld i nära relation. Metod: Litteraturöversikt användes som metod och totalt 14 vetenskapliga artiklar analyserades utifrån Fribergs beskrivning av analys i kapitlet ”Att göra en litteraturöversikt av kvantitativ och kvalitativ forskning” . Resultat: De huvudteman som framkom under analysen var ”Sårbarhet i form av hjärnskada, psykisk ohälsa och barndomstrauma”,” Bristande anknytning och svårighet att reglera känslor” och ”Alkoholkonsumtion samt behov av makt och kontroll”. Resultatet visade att huvudtemana kan vara faktorer som orsakar en ökad risk att individer utövar våld i nära relation. Slutsats: Faktorer som ökar risken att individer utövar våld i nära relation kommer sällan ensamma. För att möjliggöra ett effektivt arbete med våldsutövare är det av stor betydelse för personal inom människovårdande yrken att ha kunskap om dess komplexitet där samverkan mellan olika aktörer är av betydelse. Med fördjupad kunskap om eventuella riskfaktorer får yrkesutövare inom hälso- och sjukvården samt socialtjänsten en bredare förståelse som kan gynna arbetet med våldsutövare. / Background: Domestic violence is a major social problem that exists worldwide. The violence that occurs comes in various forms and has negative consequences for the perpetrator, the victim of violence and for the society. It is of great importance to expand preventive and relapse prevention efforts for perpetrators of violence. Through increased knowledge of risk factors in perpetrators of violence, staff in human care professions can more easily identify the individuals who need care and support. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe factors that may cause an increased risk of individuals practicing domestic violence. Method: A literature review was conducted and a total of 14 scientific articles were analyzed based on Friberg's description of analysis in the chapter "Making a literature review of quantitative and qualitative research". Results: The main themes that emerged during the analysis were "Vulnerability in terms of brain damage, mental illness and childhood trauma", "Lack of attachment and difficulty regulating emotions", "Alcohol consumption and the need for power and control". The results showed that the main themes can be factors that cause an increased risk of individuals practicing domestic violence. Conclusion: Factors that increase the risk of individuals practicing domestic violence rarely occur alone. In order to enable effective work with perpetrators of violence, it is of great importance for staff in human care professions to have knowledge of its complexity. With in-depth knowledge of possible risk factors, professionals in healthcare and social services gain a broader understanding that can benefit work with perpetrators of violence.

The aim of this study was to examine the problems behind disclosure and why children do or do not tell about the sexual abuse. The empirical base of this thesis was six autobiographies. Aspects of guilt and shame in relation to the disclosure process were the main topics in this study. Also, the difficulties with disclosure as well as the surrounding conditions that facilitate the disclosure are mentioned. The following difficulties were found: guilt/shame, denial of the sexual abuse, fear for the disclosure’s consequences, the lack of support from family and surroundings, distorted reality perception/the normalization process of violence, the power imbalance between perpetrator and victim. Regarding conditions that facilitate the victims’ disclosure, the following aspects were found: internal factors, surrounding conditions and evidence of the sexual abuse. In addition, these theories were applied: the affect theory and the normalization process of violence.