This dissertation examines the uses of meta-theater in The Peach Blossom Fan, an early Qing historical drama by Kong Shangren (1648-1718), arguing that the meta-theatrical elements of the play serve as an innovative form of historiography. Kong Shangren, a member of the Confucian Kong lineage, is unusual for a Chinese playwright: he was steeped more deeply in the world of Confucian ritual music than the work of writing lyrics for dramatic arias, yet The Peach Blossom Fan is recognized as one of the last great chuanqi dramas of the Ming-Qing period. Kong wrote at a time of great social and cultural transformation, completing The Peach Blossom Fan not long after the violent conflicts of the mid-17th century Ming-Qing dynastic transition were finally coming to an end. At the same time, the literary genre of chuanqi drama was also in the midst of its own transitions, as writers of the early Qing increasingly turned to other literary genres beyond this popular late Ming form. I argue that The Peach Blossom Fan marks a key transition in the development of the chuanqi drama, owing both to the play’s formal innovations that exceed the traditional chuanqi form, such as its rejection of the conventional “grand reunion” finale and re-envisioning of the role-type system, and also to its synthesis of historiographical judgements with the world of theatrical performance. Focusing on the play’s uses of meta-theater, I show how The Peach Blossom Fan models the work of historiography by guiding its readers to cultivate the “cold, clear eyes” of a historical witness. Kong Shangren’s methods as a playwright-historian are at their best in The Peach Blossom Fan’s engagement with Ruan Dacheng (1587-1646): a blacklisted late Ming politician who was also a well-received playwright in his own time. Ruan’s life and work have been largely neglected in previous scholarship, despite his significance as a 17th century dramatist. The Peach Blossom Fan uniquely places Ruan Dacheng on stage as a dramatic character at the same time as it turns Ruan’s own chuanqi drama, The Swallow Letter, into an unsuccessful play-within-a-play. In so doing, The Peach Blossom Fan invites reflection on the writer alongside his work, synecdochically turning The Swallow Letter into the music of the collapsing Ming Dynasty and pronouncing Ruan’s fate as the villainous playwright who wrote it. Kong thereby creates a new dramatic motif of the “playwright on stage” — a method of meta-theatrical literary criticism that is picked up by later playwrights, such as the mid-Qing writer Jiang Shiquan. In The Peach Blossom Fan, Kong Shangren also creates a new vision for the worldly stage within and around his play; one in which the problems of social and theatrical performance are tied up in the formal world of the printed chuanqi drama. I analyze the textual dimensions of the play’s meta-theatrical innovations by focusing on Kong’s engagement with the late Ming Linchuan drama school, from The Peach Blossom Fan’s performative re-casting of the familiar female self-portrait motif, to the play’s meta-theatrical reflections on Kong’s own position as its early Qing playwright. The Peach Blossom Fan is framed through a series of paratexts, including an account of how the play itself came into being. The self-reflexivity of The Peach Blossom Fan as a literary text thereby extends its meta-theatrical frames to Kong Shangren’s world as its playwright, using notions of theatrical performance to examine the work of reading, writing, and ritual. Taken together, I contend, these layers of The Peach Blossom Fan theatricalize the literary genre of the chuanqi, drawing attention to the representational limits of historical narratives and capturing the ways in which writing is yet another form of performance.

身處明末清初變亂紛呈的時代中，王夫之面對國土淪亡，異族入主的悲運，時時反映出愛國意識和歷史責任感在他的著作中。對於他的詩歌作品和哲學思想著作，後人巳有充份的闡述。而詞作方面，卻未被廣泛的討論。其實，在他的詞作中，深刻蘊藏著遺民之情與忠愛之思；在慷慨激昂與悲憤執著之後，往往昇華為含蓄蘊藉之美，且常與他的文學理論相結合。所以，本文欲以王夫之《薑薺詩餘》為依據，來探討他身清心明的一片故國情懷，並給予船山詞在詞史上的定位與評價。而章節的安排如下：引言：包含研究動機、研究資料、研究方法、總結前人研究成果。本文共分六章。第一章：緒論。第一節：敘述王夫之的生平大略及著述。第二節：敘述船山的愛國思想及人格特質。其中，船山的民本思想、忠貞特質和遺民情懷是最為深刻而直接的感染其詞作風格的因素，第三節：船山《薑齋詩餘》通論。第二章：王船山詞的創作背景。第一節：歷史背景，從政治環境、社會實況兩方面來考察。第二節：詞壇風貌，主要批判明代中後期浮靡中枵的詞風，並肯定明末忠義詞人的風騷遺旨。第三章：《薑齋詩餘》的題材內容與藝術特色。第一節：《薑齋詩餘》的題材。第二節：《薑齋詩餘》的內涵。第三節：《薑齋詩餘》的技巧第四節：《薑齋詩餘》的章法和篇法。第四章：《薑齋詩餘》的風格。第一節：豪宕。主要從其實際愛國行動及愛國思想中所孕蘊而成的詞作探討。第二節：醇雅。大半是晚年歸隱後的心境，除了醇雅蘊藉之外，還時時流露出老而彌堅的心性。第五章：《薑齋詩餘》與《薑齋詩話》。第一節：情景交融的美學內涵。第二節：群以制怨的含蓄本質。第三節：神理相取、意在言外的文學精神。第六章：結論。將王夫之詞對明末清初詞壇的貢獻及成就加以確定及評價。

L'objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre la formation, la structuration et les processus de réactivation d'une chaîne de montagne intracontinentale atypique : les Longmen Shan, situés dans la province du Sichuan, en Chine. Localisés à la limite entre le craton du Yangtze où s'est déposé le bassin du Sichuan (au Sud-Est) et le bloc du Songpan Garze appartenant au plateau tibétain (au Nord-Ouest), les Longmen Shan se sont majoritairement structurés lors de l'orogénèse indosinienne, à la fin du Trias et ont ensuite subit plusieurs réactivations.Cette chaîne de montagne est donc un endroit privilégié pour étudier la réactivation et l'héritage structural et thermique d'une structure intracontinentale, en relation étroite avec la formation et l'évolution du plateau tibétain. Tout d'abord, pour contraindre les paramètres crustaux, une imagerie crustale détaillée le long d'une coupe à travers cette chaîne est proposée. Une réseau sismologique de 35 stations a été déployé pendant plus de 2 ans le long d'un profil dense. La technique des fonctions récepteurs a été appliquée et les données gravimétriques ont été utilisées conjointement pour renforcer l'imagerie obtenue. Un saut de Moho abrupt de 20km a été imagé, entre une croûte tibétaine épaisse d'environ 63km et la croûte du craton du Yangtze , épaisse de 45km. Ce résultat traduit la confrontation de deux lithosphères d'épaisseurs et de propriétés physiques contrastées. Les rapports Vp/Vs ainsi que les mesures d'anisotropie crustale et mantellique ont montré l'absence d'une zone à faible vitesse ou d'une zone de fluage important au sein de la croûte, ce qui réfute les modèles de déformation de la croûte tibétaine impliquant un chenal de déformation au sein de la croûte tibétaine. L'imagerie crustale a donc mis en évidence un important contraste à l'échelle lithosphérique. Le second axe de ce travail a consisté à étudier cette région à plus long terme en menant une étude stratigraphique, tectonique et métamorphique afin de déduire l'importance de l'héritage géologique dans sa structuration actuelle. Dès le début du Paléozoïque, la marge passive qui sera ensuite inversée présentait déja probablement une variation abrupte de l'épaisseur crustale. Un premier contraste d'épaisseur lithosphérique au niveau des Longmen Shan se situaient donc à la limite entre deux domaines paléogéographiques différents. A la fin du Trias, lors de la fermeture de la Paléotéthys, l'épais prisme sédimentaire du Songpan Garze a débordé sur la marge passive de la bordure Ouest du craton du Yangtze, dans la région des Longmen Shan. Cependant, il n'y a aucune évidence de subduction dans cette chaîne et le métamorphisme associé à cette phase de déformation correspond à des moyennes températures (jusqu'à plus de 600°C) pour des pressions relativement modestes. Les données métamorphiques ont montré un pic de pression (relativement faible, inférieur à 8kbar) suivi d'un pic de température pouvant conduire à une migmatisation associée à une exhumation variable en fonction de la localisation au sein de la chaîne. Les variations latérales de l'exhumation sont interprétées comme directement associées à la dynamique de la mise en place de la nappe du Songpan Garze sur la marge Ouest du craton du Yangtze. L'apex des Longmen Shan correspond donc au front de la nappe du Songpan Garze et délimite deux domaines structuraux et métamorphiques contrastés.Cette étude met en évidence une phase de réactivation à la fin du Crétacé de la chaîne, probablement associée à la rotation dans le sens horaire du craton du Yangtze. Enfin, la dernière phase de déformation affectant les Longmen Shan est une répercussion de la collision entre l'Inde et l'Eurasie qui fini de structurer cette chaîne.Nous avons donc montré qu'une limite paléogéographique majeure, héritée d'une structure en marge passive transtensive peut subir le débordement de nappes sédimentaires provenant d'un prisme distant de très grande taille. Ce débordement a provoqué une inversion de relief et un surépaississement crustal en conséquence de la superposition de ces épaisses nappes. Une fois cette limite tectonique formée, la région va subir plusieurs réactivations liées à des déformations annexes comme l'orogénèse Yanshanienne ou la collision entre l'Inde et l'Eurasie. Cette chaîne est encore active aujourd'hui comme l'a démontré le séisme du Sichuan du 12 Mai 2008 qui a eu lieu dans les Longmen Shan avec des caractéristiques atypiques.

<p>The glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau has long been a contentious topic with widely different reconstructions. For Tanggula Shan, an extensive mountain range on the central Tibetan Plateau, multiple glacial reconstruc- tions and studies on the glacial chronology have been presented. However, the glacial geomorphological record has been sparse resulting in insufficient data to fully infer the area’s palaeoglaciology. Focussing on four landform categories, glacial valleys, marginal moraines, hummocky terrain, and glacial lineations; a glacial geomorphological map was produced, using Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite imagery, SRTM digital elevation model, and Google Earth. This map, together with GIS analyses and available cosmogenic exposure and electron spin reso- nance ages from the study area, was used to investigate the extent of former glaciations. Cosmogenic exposure and electron spin resonance ages range from 18.4 ± 1.6 to 203.4 ± 33.2 ka (recalculated using the CRONUS calculator). The extent of the glacial footprint is restricted to the high mountain areas, and is similar in extent to earlier glacial reconstructions. This glacial footprint can tentatively be explained by a monsoonal influence in the southeast, with the influence diminishing to the northwest. Alternatively, the precipitation gradient might have resulted in cold-based ice in the west and warm-based ice in the east. These variations in ice regime could have left fewer traces of glaciation in the west, than in the east. There is no evidence supporting an ice sheet covering the entire Tibetan Plateau. Rather, the available data support a smaller ice field in the high mountain areas, with a maximum extent well before the Last Glacial Maximum.</p>

Thesis (M. A.)--University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Title proper from title frame. Also available in printed format.

Um das Verständnis der geologischen Entwicklung des größten bekannten Vorkommens von ultra-hochdruck (UHP) Gesteinen auf der Erde, des Dabie Shan im östlichen China, zu erhöhen, wurde eine multidisziplinäre Studie durchgeführt.<br /> Geophysikalische Daten wurden entlang einer ca. 20 km langen seismischen Linie im östlichen Dabie Shan gesammelt. Diese reflektionsseismischen Daten zeigen, dass die Kruste aus drei Lagen besteht. Die Oberkruste besitzt eine durchgehend niedrige Reflektivität und meist subhorizontale Reflektoren bis in eine Tiefe von ca. 15 km. Aufgrund dieser Charakteristika wird diese Zone als UHP-bezogener krustaler Keil interpretiert, der auf nicht UHP Kruste überschoben wurde. Ein abrupter Wechsel in der Geometrie aber auch Intensität der Reflektoren markiert die Grenze zu einer mittel- bis unterkrustalen Zone, die sich bis ca. 33 km Tiefe erstreckt. Diese Zone repräsentiert wahrscheinlich kratonale Yangtze Kruste, die von der triassischen UHP-Orogenese nicht erfasst wurde, aber während der Exhumierung das Liegende relativ zum UHP Keil war. Starke und kontinuierliche Reflektoren im Tiefenintervall von 33-40 km bilden höchstwahrscheinlich die Moho an der Basis der Kruste ab. Relikte einer Krustenwurzel, die sich wahrscheinlich während der Kollisionstektonik gebildet hatte, sind nicht sichtbar. Ein flaches tomographisches Geschwindigkeitsmodell, das auf der Inversion der Ersteinsätze gründet, konnte zusätzlich erstellt werden. Dieses Modell bildet deutlich die unterschiedlichen Lithologien auf beiden Seiten der Tan Lu Störung ab. Sedimente östlich der Störung zeigen Geschwindigkeiten von 3.4 - 5.0 km* s^-1, wohingegen die Gneise im Westen 5.2 - 6.0 km*s^-1 aufweisen. Die Geometrie der Geschwindigkeits-Isolinien kann als Ausdruck der Strukturen der Gesteine angenommen werden. Somit zeigen die Sedimente ein nordwestliches Einfallen zur Störung hin, wohingegen isoklinale Falten in den Gneisen abgebildet werden.<br /> Geländedaten aus der UHP Einheit des Dabie Shan ermöglichen die Definition von Grundgebirgs- und Deckeinheiten, die Teile des ehemaligen passiven Kontinentalrandes des Yangtze Kratons repräsentieren. Eine der Deckeinheiten, die Changpu Einheit, besitzt nach wie vor einen stratigraphischen Kontakt zu den Grundgebirgs-Gneisen. Der anderen Einheit hingegen, der Ganghe Einheit, fehlt ein entsprechendes Grundgebirge. Diese Einheit steht vielmehr über einen Blasto-Mylonit in tektonischem Kontakt zum Grundgebirge der vorherigen. Die Changpu Einheit baut sich aus kalk-arenitischen Metasedimenten auf, die mit Metabasalten assoziiert sind. Die Ganghe Einheit wird von arenitisch-vulkanoklastischen Metasedimenten, die ebenfalls mit metabasaltischen Gesteinen vergesellschaftet sind, dominiert. Das Grundgebirge baut sich aus diversen felsischen Gneisen auf, die von reliktisch eklogitfaziell bis grünschieferfaziell ausgeprägt sind, und in denen, zusätzlich zu Metabasalten, sporadisch mafisch-ultramafische Meta-Plutone auftreten. Mit Ausnahme der Ganghe Einheit, führen die Metabasite Coesit und belegen somit das UHP Ereignis. Die Mineralchemie der analysierten Proben dokumentiert deutliche Variationen in der Zusammensetzung der Hauptminerale, Granat und Omphazit, was entweder unterschiedliche Protolithe oder unterschiedliche Grade von Stoffaustausch mit den Wirtsgesteinen reflektiert. Gehalte von dreiwertigem Eisen in Omphaziten mit geringen Gesamteisengehalten, wurden mittels Titration bestimmt, wobei sich Werte von 30-40 % ergaben. Dennoch wurde ein noch konservativerer Wert von 50% dreiwertigem Eisen in den entsprechenden Berechnungen angenommen, hauptsächlich, um mit anderen Arbeiten vergleichbar zu sein. Texturen und chemische Zonierungen in den Mineralen sind kompatibel mit Gleichgewichtsbedingungen während dem Höhepunkt der Metamorphose, der retrograd überprägt wird. P-T Daten wurden mit deutlicher Betonung auf das Granat-Omphazit-Phengit Barometer, das mit Fe-Mg Austausch-Thermometern kombiniert wurde, berechnet. Höchstdrucke reichen von 42-48 kbar (für die Changpu Einheit) bis ca. 37 kbar (für das Grundgebirge und die Ganghe Einheit). Während der eklogitfaziellen Metamorphose wurden Temperaturen von ca. 750 °C erreicht. Obwohl die maximalen Drucke deutlich schwanken, sind die Temperaturbestimmungen in guter Übereinstimmung. Die Druckschwankungen können zum einen durch deutlich Ca-dominierte Granate (bis zu 50 mol% Grossular in der Changpu Einheit) und/oder zum anderen durch Modifikationen der Mineralzusammensetzungen während der retrograden Metamorphose erklärt werden.<br /> Die präsentierten integrativen geologischen Daten ermöglichen die folgenden Schlussfolgerungen<br /> i) Grundgebirgs- und Deckeinheiten treten im Dabie Shan auf und wurden beide UHP metamorph überprägt<br /> ii) Der Dabie Shan ist das metamorphe Äquivalent des früheren passiven Kontinentalrandes des Yangtze Kratons<br /> iii) felsische Gneise, die eine UHP Metamorphose durchlaufen, sind von Volumenver-änderungen betroffen, die durch großräumige Phasenumwandlungen (Quarz <-> Coesit) hervorgerufen werden, was direkt die tektono-metamorphen Prozesse beeinflusst<br /> iv) Initiale Unterschiede in der Temperatur sind möglicherweise dafür verantwortlich, dass generell Unterkrustengesteine in UHP Fazies fehlen / A multidisciplinary study has been carried out to contribute to the understanding of the geologic evolution of the largest known occurrence of ultra-high-pressure (UHP) rocks on Earth, the Dabie Shan of eastern China. <br /> Geophysical data, collected along a ca. 20 km E-W trending seismic line in the eastern Dabie Shan, indicate that the crust comprises three layers. The upper crust has a homogeneously low reflectivity and exhibits roughly subhorizontal reflectors down to ca. 15 km. It is therefore interpreted to portray a crustal UHP slab thrust over non-UHP crust. An aprubt change in intensity and geometry of observed reflectors marks the boundary of a mid- to lower crustal zone which is present down to ca. 33 km. This crustal zone likely represents cratonal Yangtze crust that was unaffected by the Triassic UHP event and which has acted as the footwall during exhumation of the crustal wedge. Strong and continuous reflectors occurring at ca. 33-40 km depth most likely trace the Moho at the base of the crust. Any trace of a crustal root, that may have formed in response to collision tectonics, is therefore not preserved. A shollow tomographic velocity modell based on inversion of the first arrivals is constructed additionally. This model clearly images the distinct lithologies on both sides of the Tan Lu fault. Sediments to the east exhibit velocities of about 3.4 - 5.0 km* s^-1, whereas the gneisses have 5.2 - 6.0 km*s^-1. Geometry of velocity isolines may trace the structures present in the rocks. Thus the sediments dip shallowly towards the fault, whereas isoclinal folds are imaged to occur in the gneisses.<br /> Field data from the UHP unit of the Dabie Shan enables definition of basement-cover sequences that represent sections of the former passive margin of the Yangtze craton. One of the cover sequences, the Changpu unit, still displays a stratigraphic contact with basement gneisses, while the other, the Ganghe unit, includes no relative basement exposure. The latter unit is in tectonic contact with the basement of the former unit via a greenschist-facies blastomylonite. The Changpu unit is chiefly constituted by calc-arenitic metasediments intercalated with meta-basalts, whereas the Ganghe unit contains arenitic-volcanoclastic metasediments that are likewise associated with meta-basalts. The basement comprises a variety of felsic gneisses, ranging from preserved eclogitic- to greenschist-facies paragenesis, and locally contains mafic-ultramafic meta-plutons in addition to minor basaltic rocks. Metabasites of all lithologies are eclogite-facies or are retrogressed equivalents, which, with the exception of those from the Ganghe unit, bear coesite and thus testify to an UHP metamorphic overprint. Mineral chemistry of the analysed samples reveal large compositional variations among the main minerals, i.e. garnet and omphacite, indicating either distinct protoliths or different degrees of interaction with their host-rocks. Contents of ferric iron in low Fetot omphacites are determined by wet chemical titration and found to be rather high, i.e. 30-40 %. However, a even more conservative estimate of 50% is applied in the corresponding calculations, in order to be comparable with previous studies. Textural constraints and compositional zonation pattern are compatible with equilibrium conditions during peak metamorphism followed by a retrogressive overprint. P-T data are calculated with special focus on the application of the garnet-omphacite-phengite barometer, combined with Fe-Mg exchange thermometers. Maximum pressures range from 42-48 kbar (for the Changpu unit) to ~37 kbar (for the Ganghe unit and basement rocks). Temperatures during the eclogite metamorphism reached ca. 750 °C. Although the sample suite reveals variable peak-pressures, temperatures are in reasonable agreement. Pressure differences are interpreted to be due to strongly Ca-dominated garnet (up to 50 mol % grossular in the Changpu unit) and modification of peak-compositions during retrogressive metamorphism.<br /> The integrated geological data presented in this thesis allow it to be concluded that, <br /> i) basement and cover rocks are present in the Dabie Shan and both experienced UHP conditions<br /> ii) the Dabie Shan is the metamorphic equivalent of the former passive margin of the Yangtze craton <br /> iii) felsic gneisses undergoing UHP metamorphism are affected by volume changes due to phase transitions (qtz <-> coe), which directly influence the tectono-metamorphic processes<br /> iv) initial differences in temperature may account for the general lack of lower crustal rocks in UHP-facies

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of visitors on six species of captive primates in Shou Shan Zoo. In this article, I compared the behavior and the use of enclosure of primates with or without audiences, and I studied the correlations among the visitors¡¦ behavior, the behavior of primates, and the use of enclosure of them. Data were collected from September 2006 to March 2007 (between 09:00 to 16:00 hrs). The Shou Shan Zoo¡¦s visitors were estimated as 681 (¡Ó 323.71) individuals in non-holidays and 2824 (¡Ó 810.15) individuals in holidays. The average feeding provided by visitors was 3.65 % for 6 primate species, and this was more than four times of the feeding rate in Taipei Zoo. This phenomenon will threat the welfare and health of animals. Although resting was the most frequent behavior of these six species of primates, the proportion of abnormal behavior in Chimpanzee display site where attracted highest number of audiences and the highest proportion of animal feeding performed by visitors was relatively high. The major behavior of captive Chimpanzees were rest (53.28%), abnormal (13.75%) and food-related behavior (12.93%), and the frequency of Chimpanzees used the edge zone beyond 70%. The major behavior of Borneo Orangutan was rest (64.10%), followed by food-related behavior (20.13%) and self-directed behavior (12.18%). The frequency of Borneo Orangutan in the enclosure was highest in the back zone. The major behavior of Hamadryas Baboons was rest (49.27%), followed by affiliative (21.10%) and food-related behavior (12.68%). The frequency of Hamadryas Baboon in the enclosure was 50.27% in the other and 47.35% in the back zone. The major behavior of Celebes was rest (55.12%), followed by affiliative behavior (13.10%) and active (12.91%). The frequency of Celebes in the enclosure was highest in the back zone (41.51%), followed by the enrich (31.50%) and the edge zone (23.50%). The major behavior of the Dark-handed gibbon was rest (54.40%), active (27.10%) and food-related behavior (12.17%), and the frequency of the Dark-handed gibbon in the enclosure was 54.40% in the enrich zoon, 27.00% in the edge zoon and 10.90% in the other zoon. The major behavior of the White-handed gibbon was rest (74.28%) and active (18.07%), and the frequency of it in the enclosure was 45.58% in the enrich zoon and 39.52% in the edge zoon. The frequency of the Chimpanzees¡¦ abnormal, undesirable and self-directed behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of abnormal and undesirable behavior were positively correlated with the visitors¡¦ active and feeding behavior, but that were negatively correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (ignore and look). The duration of the Borneo Orangutan¡¦s rest, active, food-related and self-directed behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of the Borneo Orangutan used the back and the enrich zone were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active and look). The Hamadryas Baboon¡¦s rest (time) and undesirable behavior (frequency) were influenced by audiences, and the duration of rest, food-related and undesirable behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore), and the duration of the Hamadryas Baboon used the edge and the back zone were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (look and feeding). The frequency of the Celebes¡¦ self-directed and agonistic behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of active, self-directed, food-related and affiliative behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ feeding behavior. The duration of the Dark-handed gibbons¡¦ active and food-related behavior and the frequency of the Dark-handed gibbons¡¦ agonistic behavior were influenced by audiences, and the duration of rest, active, food-related, self-directed, undesirable and agonistic behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore). The duration of Dark-handed gibbons used the edge, the back and the enrich zoon were influenced by audiences, and the duration of the Dark-handed gibbons used these three zones were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, feeding and ignore). The frequency of the White-handed gibbon¡¦s self-directed behavior was influenced by audiences, and the duration of active, food-related, undesirable and abnormal behavior were significantly correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active, look, feeding and ignore). The duration of the White-handed gibbon used the other zoon was positively correlated with the visitors¡¦ behavior (active).

Based on ethnographic research in Ruam Chai, a large and remote village in northern Thailand, this dissertation seeks to examine the emergence of ethnic identity and nationalistic consciousness of the Tai people within the context of Thai nation-building, state development, and the history of the area in the 20th century. The Tai—generally known as the Shan—are the predominant residents of this multi-ethnic frontier community, once occupied by the notorious opium warlord, Khun Sa, prior to absolute control and administration by the Thai state in 1982. These people migrated from various areas of Myanmar’s Shan State over different periods of time, for a variety of reasons. Due to their illegal immigration, the Thai state classifies them into different non-citizenship statuses according to their migration background as well as survey and registration periods. As a result of recent revisions of the Thai Nationality Act, the documented Thailand-born offspring of these displaced Tai, whose parents’ statuses fall into certain non-Thai categories, meet the nominal requirements for becoming naturalised. Within the theoretical framework of constructivist approach and the notion of ethnic dynamism and nationalistic sentiments as a cultural practice in borderlands, this dissertation suggests the investigation of the Tai ethno-nationalism through three interconnected levels of analysis: village or community, national, and transborder. On the village level, while the Tai acknowledge their ethnic diversity and have a logical, conventional system of identification among themselves; they maintain ethnic boundaries amid interactions with village members of other ethnic origins, and (re)construct identities in response to both internal and external forces. On the national level, a nation-building process has induced a stronger sense of “being Thai” to both Thailand-born Tai children and pre-existing generations of Tai. This process emphasises ethnic homogeneity—through the employment of the Thainess concept—and exclusion of the Non-Thai from the Thai, where categorically ineligible Tai are driven to embrace outlawed conduct to secure Thai citizenship. On the transborder level, movements back and forth as well as relationships across various international borders have played a vital role in constructing Tai identity and imagining the nation of the Tai people, both in Ruam Chai and beyond.

Based on ethnographic research in Ruam Chai, a large and remote village in northern Thailand, this dissertation seeks to examine the emergence of ethnic identity and nationalistic consciousness of the Tai people within the context of Thai nation-building, state development, and the history of the area in the 20th century. The Tai—generally known as the Shan—are the predominant residents of this multi-ethnic frontier community, once occupied by the notorious opium warlord, Khun Sa, prior to absolute control and administration by the Thai state in 1982. These people migrated from various areas of Myanmar’s Shan State over different periods of time, for a variety of reasons. Due to their illegal immigration, the Thai state classifies them into different non-citizenship statuses according to their migration background as well as survey and registration periods. As a result of recent revisions of the Thai Nationality Act, the documented Thailand-born offspring of these displaced Tai, whose parents’ statuses fall into certain non-Thai categories, meet the nominal requirements for becoming naturalised. Within the theoretical framework of constructivist approach and the notion of ethnic dynamism and nationalistic sentiments as a cultural practice in borderlands, this dissertation suggests the investigation of the Tai ethno-nationalism through three interconnected levels of analysis: village or community, national, and transborder. On the village level, while the Tai acknowledge their ethnic diversity and have a logical, conventional system of identification among themselves; they maintain ethnic boundaries amid interactions with village members of other ethnic origins, and (re)construct identities in response to both internal and external forces. On the national level, a nation-building process has induced a stronger sense of “being Thai” to both Thailand-born Tai children and pre-existing generations of Tai. This process emphasises ethnic homogeneity—through the employment of the Thainess concept—and exclusion of the Non-Thai from the Thai, where categorically ineligible Tai are driven to embrace outlawed conduct to secure Thai citizenship. On the transborder level, movements back and forth as well as relationships across various international borders have played a vital role in constructing Tai identity and imagining the nation of the Tai people, both in Ruam Chai and beyond.

This article is mainly based on the image link of how overseas Chinese think about mainland China, discussing how¡§CHINDIA¡¨ theory took shape by Sino-India scholar, Tan Yun-Shan and inherited by his son Tan Chung. To observe from the history, although the Tans live in the different background of environment and period, their proposition is still closely link with Chinese history. Tan Yun-Shan, an education scholar of overseas Chinese in early Republic of China, had developed Chinese culture in south Asia, was consequent invited to India by Tagore, and had done a cooperation of establish ¡§Cheena Bhavan¡¨. During Sino-Japanese Wars, Tan Yun-Shan advocate that China and India should against Japan together, he works as a translator between China and India, delver the important messages from Sino-India government to China government. After the War Tan Yun-Shan also worked hard dedicating the affairs of Cheena Bhavan and keep on develop the relationship between Sino-India and China, due to his great achievement we now respect Tan as ¡§Modern Xuanzang ¡¨. Tan Chung inherit the ideal of creating friendly relations between Sino-India and China from Tagore and his father, trying to find out the lost relationship between the two ancient civilizations China and India. By teaching in university of India, he found that there¡¦s possibly of China and India has the similar friendly civilization in his research of China history. Meanwhile, he also leads the spirits of critical western theory in India academic circle. After retired from India academia, Tan Chung his own Sino-India friendly relations academic theory was almost matured, Spread the theory of ¡§CHINDIA¡¨, face to ¡§the rising of China and India,¡¨ Tan Chung promote a peace development contribute world. As we could see, the Tans¡¦ proposition shows the importance of culture between China and India, they hope to practice the ideal of ¡§CHINDIA¡¨through the interactive of swooping culture and traditional habits .