published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Landscape Architecture

In Western scholarship, eighteenth century Chinese paintings have consistently been seen as playful, eccentric, and odd. This characterization has been based on the formal qualities of some of the paintings. At the same time, Chinese scholars have written of the scholarly virtues and ambitions of the painters producing the works. The contradiction between these two interpretations is in part consistent with the Western and Chinese approaches generally. But it also stems from the mixed signals and information generated in the eighteenth century. The nature of painting, not just formally, but socially has yet to be explained in a way which takes into account some actual historical contradictions of the eighteenth century. In order to explain these historical tensions, I combine a biographical (Chinese) approach with a contextual approach (Western) in a study of two different scholar painters, Zheng Xie and Li Shan. I juxtapose biographical sources with artworks, and less official writings relating Zheng Xie and Li Shan, in order to describe the tensions involved in painting for the literatus within the merchant culture of Yangzhou. These tensions existed between the literatus' expected status and that granted him, between his ideal of the role of painting in the scholar's life and the implications of commercial painting, and between his emphasis upon poetry and his popularity as a painter. In all cases, the tensions in eighteenth century literati painting arise from the difficult relationship between the painter and patron, and between the painter and the ideas of a broader public. The lack of a clear definition of "scholar" and "scholar painting" amongst literati illustrates the literatus' loss of control over the definition of his lifestyle. / Arts, Faculty of / Art History, Visual Art and Theory, Department of / Graduate

Denna studie syftar på att undersöka hur Sveriges myndigheter arbetar med krishantering med fokus på oljeutsläpp till havs. Tidigare forskning visar att Sverige har ett fungerande nätverk när det kommer till krishantering (Pålsson m.fl. 2018), men i det tvärsektionella arbetet brister Sverige i sin hantering. En definierad och strukturerad ledningskultur behövs för att spara tid, för att undvika okunskap och felinformation vid krishantering som exempelvis vid oljeutsläpp. Genom innehållsanalyser av utvärderingar från två tidigare oljepåslag, Fu Shan Hai i Ystad, 2003 och Golden Trader i Tjörn, 2011 samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med berörda aktörer vid händelsen av Marco Polo’s grundstötningar i Sölvesborg, 2023 har processerna analyserats och jämförts. Med berörda aktörer syftar denna studie på myndigheter, kommuner och organisationer som verkar och samarbetar runt händelser som exempelvis oljeutsläpp. Genom en sammanvägd analys kom det fram att samverkan i händelsen med Marco Polo har förbättrats, dock förekommer brister inom kommunikation och statlig satsning för krishantering till havs, och behöver utvecklas vidare. / This study aims to examine how Swedish authorities work with crisis management, with a focus on oil spills at sea. Previous research indicates that Sweden has an effective network for crisis management (Pålsson et al., 2018), but shortcomings exist in its cross-sectional work. A defined and structured leadership culture is needed to save time, and to avoid ignorance and misinformation during crisis management, such as in the event of oil spills. By conducting content analyses of evaluations from two previous oil spills, Fu Shan Hai in Ystad, 2003, and Golden Trader in Tjörn, 2011, as well as semi-structured interviews with relevant stakeholders involved in the Marco Polo grounding in Sölvesborg, 2023, the processes were analyzed and compared. By relevant stakeholders, this study refers to authorities, municipalities, and organizations that operate and collaborate around events such as oil spills. The comprehensive analysis revealed that cooperation during the Marco Polo incident has improved; however, deficiencies in communication and state investment in maritime crisis management persist and need further development.

本文共分六章，其主要內容如後： 第一章：緒論。說明近代均富問題的發生；分節探討歐美資本主義制度下、共產主義 制度下的均富問題以及我國近代的均富問題。 第二章：民生主義的均富理論及其發展。首先說明民生主義浦源的我國傳統均富思想 ，其次說明近代世界均富思想的發展，最後探討 中山先生的均富理論體系。 第三章：民生主義的均富政策。依據民生主義的基本原則，分節探討民生主義的經濟 發展政策、土地政策、資本政策及社會安全政策。 第四章：均富在臺灣的實踐。從土地改革、經濟發展的成果，以及所得分配的改進、 社會安全措施實施的成效，說明均富在臺灣實踐的情形。 第五章：民生主義均富社會的展望。首先說明均富是解決社會經濟問題的大鄉首，其 次說明民生主義制度是世界經濟制度發展的趨勢，最後陳述均富社會的理想境界。 第六章：結論。

一、字數：約六萬字。 二、章節：計分五章十六節。 三、綱要： 第一章：緒論。概言寫作意旨及方向。 第二章：背景說明。 第一節：船山性格描述。由後人記載及船山著作山看船山的性格。 第二節：政治風氣。概述明代政風。 第三節：學術風氣。概述明代學風。 第四節：社經狀況。概述明代社會與經濟性情形。 第五節：哲學背景：人心論。介紹船山的人性觀。 第三章：船山論君子與小人。 第一節：君子勢長。討論三種君子對待小人的方式。 第二節：小人勢長。討論三種君子處時的方式。 第三節：兩種君子與小人互動方式的研究。討論陰陽的對待關係及意義。 第四節：船山的終極關懷。討論船山對政治秩序的觀點。 第五節：名詞析義。探討船山的君子小人觀的始義。 第六節：結語。 第四章：船山論君臣民。 第一節：船山論君。探討船山對君權源始、轉移及運做的觀點。 第二節：船山論臣。探討船山的仕與隱的觀點。 第三節：船山論民。探討船山對人民的政治能力的觀點。 第五章：結論。 第一節：船山之人物品評的檢討。對船山的人物觀給予適當定位並據以解釋船山之隱 遁及其價值觀。 第二節：孔子之人物觀的檢討。從外王社會的期盼與個性發展的觀點進行討論。

La chaîne actuelle du Tian Shan (Asie centrale) est considérée comme une conséquence directe de la réactivation d'une ceinture orogénique du Paléozoïque due à la collision Inde-Asie, au Cénozoïque. Un travail détaillé a été réalisé le long du piémont nord de la chaîne en intégrant les observations géologiques de terrain, analyses structurales, profils sismiques, nouvelles mesures des anomalies gravimétriques et des données de forages. Tout d'abord cette étude apporte de nouvelles preuves directes, à différentes échelles, sur l'existence d'un paléo-relief majeur le long du front nord du Tian Shan au cours du Mésozoïque, et plus particulièrement pendant le Jurassique. Deuxièmement, la quantité de raccourcissement calculée à travers cette ceinture de plis et chevauchements nord du Tian Shan est relativement faible et les structures reconnues le long du front de la chaîne présentent une hétérogénéité latérale forte. Ainsi, alors qu'un chevauchement du socle paléozoïque sur les séries sédimentaires mésozoïques et cénozoïques du bassin est remarquablement exposé le long de certaines vallées, d'autres sections montrent que les séries sédimentaires du Trias au Jurassique peuvent être suivies de manière continue, depuis le bassin jusque sur le toit du socle Paléozoïque où ils reposent en discordance relativement haut dans la chaîne. Quatre coupes géologiques ont été construites par l'intégration des données pluridisciplinaires acquises. La restauration de ces coupes montre que les taux de raccourcissement sont inférieurs à 20% et peuvent descendre à un minimum de 6%. Ces observations suggèrent que le piémont nord du Tian Shan est plutôt «jeune» et que la chaîne d'avant pays est encore à un stade primaire de son évolution tectonique. En d'autres termes, le piémont nord du Tian Shan peut être considéré comme un exemple type de front de chaîne immature.

We present a tree-ring based reconstruction of water-year (October–September) streamflow for the Manasi River in the northern Tien Shan mountains in northwestern China. We developed eight Tien Shan spruce (Picea schrenkiana Fisch. et Mey.) chronologies for this purpose, which showed a common climatic signal. The hydroclimatic forcing driving tree growth variability affected streamflow with a three- to four-year lag. The model used to estimate streamflow is based on the average of three chronologies and reflects the autoregressive structure of the streamflow time series. The model explains 51% of variance in the instrumental data and allowed us to reconstruct streamflow for the period 1629–2000. This preliminary reconstruction could serve as a basis for providing a longer context for evaluating the recent (1995–2000) increasing trends in Manasi River streamflow and enables the detection of sustained periods of drought and flood, which are particularly challenging for managing water systems. Several of the reconstructed extended dry (wet) periods of the Manasi River correspond to reconstructed periods of drought (flood) in Central Asia in general and in other Tien Shan mountain locations in particular, suggesting that the analysis of Tien Shan spruce could contribute significantly to the development of regionally explicit streamflow reconstructions.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Government and Public Administration

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-80).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-185). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.