The amalgamation of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt in the southwestern Tian Shan in Tajikistan is represented by tectono-magmatic-metamorphic processes that accompanied late Paleozoic ocean closure and collision between the Karakum-Tarim and Kazakh-Kyrgyz terranes. Integrated U-Pb geochronology, thermobarometry, pseudosection modeling, and Hf geochemistry constrain the timing and petro-tectonic nature of these processes. The Gissar batholith and the Garm massif represent an eastward, along-strike increase in paleodepth from upper-batholith (similar to 21-7km) to arc-root (similar to 36-19km) levels of the Andean-syn-collisional Gissar arc, which developed from similar to 323-288Ma in two stages: (i) Andean, I-type granitoid magmatism from similar to 323-306Ma due to northward subduction of the Gissar back-arc ocean basin under the Gissar microcontinent, which was immediately followed by (ii) syn-collisional, I-S-type granitoid magmatism in the Gissar batholith and the Garm massif from similar to 304-288Ma due to northward subduction/underthrusting of Karakum marginal-continental crust under the Gissar microcontinent. A rapid isotopic pull-up from similar to 288-286Ma signals the onset of juvenile, alkaline-syenitic, post-collisional magmatism by similar to 280Ma, which was driven by delamination of the Gissar arclogite root and consequent convective asthenospheric upwelling. Whereas M-HT/LP prograde metamorphism in the Garm massif (650-750 degrees C/6-7kbar) from similar to 310-288Ma was associated with subduction-magma inundation and crustal thickening, HT/LP heating and decompression to peak-metamorphic temperatures (similar to 800-820 degrees C/6-4kbar) at similar to 2886Ma was driven by the transmission of a post-collisional, mantle-derived heat wave through the Garm-massif crust.

In the context of changing climate retreat of mountain glaciers occurs at many places on the planet. One of the consequences is emergence or increase of the outburst risk at lakes situated in front of the glacier terminus. Flood caused by the glacial lake outburst often appear suddenly and can threaten settlements in lower parts of a valley. In the Kyrgyz mountains of Tien Shan there are about 350 lakes at risk of outburst, long-term monitored and dangerous locations are presented in this work. The highest attention is paid to Adygine area where several lakes of different genetic type and age can be found. The largest lake of the locality, the Upper Adygine lake, is subjected to more detailed survey aiming to asses its hydrological regime and to confirm or disprove speculation about outburst possibility of this lake. Keywords: glacial lake, hydrological regime, glacier retreat, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan

Der Yangtze Vorland Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtel befindet sich östlich und südlich des Qinling-Dabie Orogens. Die Faltenachsen dieses Falten- und Überschiebungsgürtels biegen von W nach E von ca. ESE-WNW in eine SW-NE Richtung um. Regionale Faltung entwickelte sich ab der Mitteltrias während der Frühphase der Exhumierung der Ultrahochdruck(UHP)-Gesteine des Qinling-Dabie Orogens. Paläospannungsanalyse zeigt faltungsbezogene NW-SE-Kontraktion an, die zwischen Mitteltrias und Mitteljura in eine (N)NE-(S)SW Transpression rotiert. Aufgrund der im wesentlichen zeitgleichen und gleichsinnigen Änderung der duktilen Streckungslineation im Orogen wird vorgeschlagen, dass die Exhumierung der UHP-Gesteine die triassisch-jurassische Vorlanddeformation maßgeblich bestimmt hat. Die Untersuchung der Sedimente im Gelände und mit dem Punktzählverfahren an Dünnschliffen, die Mikrosondenuntersuchungen an detritischen Hellglimmern sowie die Datierung detritischer Hellglimmer, Kalifeldspäte, Apatite und Zirkone mit der 40Ar/39Ar-Laserdatierungsmethode, der Spaltspurenmethode und der 207Pb/206Pb-Evaporationsmethode lieferte die folgenden Resultate: (1) Das Punktzählverfahren ergab, dass es sich bei den beprobten Sandsteinen überwiegend um Quarzarenite und Grauwacken handelt. (2) Die Provenanz-Analyse nach dem Punktzählverfahren ergab, dass überwiegend Wiederaufarbeitung orogenen Materials stattgefunden hat. (3) Triassisch-jurassische Hellglimmer dominieren in den meisten Proben und belegen das Dabie-Orogen als Hauptliefergebiet. (4) Einige Zirkon- und Hellglimmeralter deuten andererseits daraufhin, dass Liefergebiete südlich des Vorlandes (Cathaysia, Südchinesischer Faltengürtel) existiert haben. (5) Hellglimmeralter und Apatit-Spaltspurenalter belegen, dass die Sedimente in der frühen Kreide (120-130 Ma) bis ins stratigraphische Niveau der Mitteltrias auf über 400°C aufgeheizt wurden; das jurassische stratigraphische Niveau ist hingegen weniger stark aufgeheizt worden und verblieb zwischen 100° C und 400° C. Deshalb führt die Spaltspurendatierung von Apatiten, Zirkonen und Titaniten zu keinem Informationsgewinn hinsichtlich ihrer Provenanz. (6) Hohe Si-Gehalte (3,3-3,64 Si Atome pro Formeleinheit) und retrograde Zonierungen in den Hellglimmern belegen, dass HP- und UHP-Gesteine im Jura an der Oberfläche aufgeschlossen waren und erodiert wurden. Die 207Pb/206Pb Datierung von Einzelzirkonen des Yangtze Basements ergab drei Altersgruppen: 2.3-2.38 Ga, 2.03-1.96 Ga und 800-690 Ma. Während die zwei jüngeren Altersgruppen bekannten Ereignissen im Yangtze Kraton zuordbar sind, sind die ältesten Zirkone entweder diskordant-verjüngt oder belegen ein bis dato noch nicht bekanntes thermisch-tektonisches Ereignis im Yangtze Kraton. Ab dem oberen Jura lassen sich mehrere intraplattentektonische Reaktivierungen des Orogens und des Vorlandes nachweisen: In der frühen Kreide – und möglicherweise bereits im Oberjura – etablierte sich im Qinling-Dabie Orogen und im Vorland ein NW-SE orientiertes transtensionales Spannungsfeld. In diesem Spannungsfeld intrudierten kretazische Granitoide sowohl nördlich als auch südlich der triassischen Sutur ins Qinling-Dabie Basement und in die Vorlandsedimente. Diese magmatisch-vulkanische Aktivität ist deshalb wahrscheinlich nicht exhumierungsbezogen, sondern auf eine intraplattentektonische Reaktivierung des Orogens zurückzuführen. Diese thermisch-tektonische Reaktivierung, die das Dabie Basement auf über 300° C aufheizte, führte auch zur advektiven Aufheizung der triassisch-jurassischen Vorlandsedimente. Dieses Spannungsfeld war von ca. 145 Ma bis ca. 127 Ma aktiv. Die NW-SE Transtension wurde abgelöst durch NE-SW Transtension, die begleitet war von NW-SE Kontraktion, die zu offener Faltung der jurassischen Sedimente und Vulkanite führte. Im Qinling-Dabie Orogen hingegen lassen sich ausschließlich WNW streichende dextral-transtensive Blattverschiebungen mit assoziierten Pull-apart-Becken beobachten. Dieses Spannungsfeld war ab ca. 127 Ma aktiv und wird auf die Kollision des `West-Philippinen-Blocks´ in SE China zurückgeführt. Die meisten NNE streichenden Störungen in SE China waren zu dieser Zeit als sinistrale Blattverschiebungen aktiv. Das südlichste Segment der Tan-Lu Störung war erst nach der mittelkretazischen Wiederaufheizung des Dabie Basements seit ca. 90 Ma als Schrägabschiebung aktiv. Wahrscheinlich war aber das nördlich anschließende Segment in der frühen Kreide (ca. 140-120 Ma) kinematisch gekoppelt mit der Xiaotian-Mozitang-Störung am Nordrand des Dabie Orogens. Die Konturierung der Apatit-Spaltspurenalter aus dem Dabie und dem Vorland zeigt einen charakteristischen Wechsel des Abkühlungstrends um 75 +/- 5 Ma an, der mit einem Wechsel im Spannungsfeld korrelierbar ist: Die NE-SW Transtension wurde um ca. 75 Ma abgelöst durch NW-SE Transtension mit assoziierter NE-SW Kontraktion. Dieses Spannungsfeld war bis ins Eozän aktiv und korreliert mit der Ablagerung mächtiger Rotsedimente und der Bildung von Riftbecken in Ostchina. Tektonische Reaktivierung des Dabie Orogens aufgrund der Indien-Asien Kollision wird insbesondere aufgrund der zeitlichen Übereinstimmung mit den eozänen (55-40 Ma) Apatit-Spaltspurenaltern vorgeschlagen. Oligozäne Riftinversion wurde abgelöst durch miozäne NE-SW Extension und pliozäne bis rezente NW-SE Extension.

The present works of reading Chinese poetry offers a biographic reading method, but it cannot fit for reading Han Shan’s poetry, as he had unclear recording in history. Focused on exploring the persona and religion in Han Shan’s poetry world, I examine reading Han Shan’s poems in Buddhist way. Chapter 1 provides the biography of Han Shan, and presents his vernacular expression as different from other poets in history. Chapter 2 introduces some new methods on reading poetry brought up by some literature critics. Chapter 3 presents the Buddhist reading method that I have adopted to read and understand Han Shan’s poems. This reading method is inspired by the similarity between Han Shan’s writings and Buddhist texts. Chapter 4 explains how to read Han Shan’s poems in the Buddhist way. In this chapter, I analyze the persona and Buddhist thinking in the world of Han Shan’s poetry with the explanation of Buddhist sutras and literatures.

This is a diachronic study of Shan Gui 山鬼 (the ninth poem of the Nine Songs九歌). The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, I choose to study Shan Gui from a religious perspective. A lot of effort is made to return to the scenes of sacrifice in the Nine Songs, by studying the sacrificing locations, totems, myths, and rituals. Through the literary appreciation with interrelated materials injected into this poem, Shan Gui would be read as a drama of wu’s巫 (shamans) worship performance in this paper. Western religious theories are used in order to understand primitive Chu people better and to explore the general rules in primitive people’s religious lives reflected by Shan Gui. The second part is an image study of famous Shan Gui paintings, and a lot of attention is paid to the artistic tension through the image re-creation. During this paper, I would like to create a picture of how Shan Gui developed through history from a religious image to a romance figure, and the way this image stepped from people’s common sacred sense into the literati’s private world.

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Les conflits armés dans des pays producteurs de drogues illicites, comme la Birmanie, sont parmi les plus longs du XXe et du XXIe siècles. Dans ces conflits, l’industrie de la drogue est souvent présentée comme la source de financement qui permet aux groupes insurgés de poursuivre leur combat contre le gouvernement central. Cependant, l’économie illicite birmane s’est développée pendant un conflit armé tout comme durant une période de stabilité accrue. Une analyse des régions shan, wa et kokang de l’État Shan démontre que les industries de la drogue ont prospéré à la fois durant le conflit armé et en l’absence de celui-ci lorsque des ententes entre élites existent autour du partage des rentes de cette économie. / Armed conflict in drug-producing countries such as Burma conflict, are among the longest in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. In these conflicts, the drug industry is often portrayed as the source of funding that allows insurgent groups to continue their struggle against the central government. However, the Burmese illicit economy grew both during armed conflict and during a period of increased stability. An analysis of the Shan, Kokang and Wa regions of Burma’s Shan State demonstrates that drug industries have flourished during armed conflict and in its absence when elites have agreed to share rents from the industry.

Deux questions scientifiques critiques sont adressées dans cette thèse présentées comme suit. ( 1 ) L’évolution mésozoïque du bassin d’avant-pays dans les piémonts nord et sud du Tian Shan. ( 2 ) L’évolution au Cénozoïque précoce du soulèvement du Tian Shan. Dans le chapitre 1, l'évolution du nord Tian Shan est étudiée par datation U/Pb (LA- ICP-MS) de zircons détritiques sur 14 échantillons de grès d'une série continue d’âge fin Paléozoïque à Quaternaire dans la marge sud du bassin de Junggar (région de Manasi). Dans le chapitre 2, l'évolution encore mal contrainte entre le Mésozoïque et le début du Cénozoïque de la marge sud-ouest du Tian Shan est étudiée en utilisant les datations U/Pb ( LA- ICP-MS ) sur zircons détritiques et les traces de fission sur apatites détritiques. Dans le chapitre 3, nous présentons une étude magnétostratigraphique détaillée de la zone Ulugqat au sud-ouest du Tian Shan, dans le but d'améliorer la compréhension de son soulèvement et de l'histoire de la déformation de la région au cours du Cénozoïque. Ce travail à permis de montrer que l'érosion du paléo-Tian Shan commencée au Trias moyen s’est traduite par le pénéplanation générale au Mésozoïque du Tian Shan qui était dominé par un système de drainage large pendant une longue période de quiescence tectonique. Le piémont nord du Tian Shan était caractérisé par un bassin en subsidence thermique post- extensive avec peu d'activité tectonique, et le piémont sud a également connu un aplanissement général de la topographie. Au cours du début du Jurassique, du Crétacé inférieur et du Crétacé supérieur, trois inversions tectoniques mineures sont identifiées avec des ajustements du bassin d’avant-pays du Tian Shan. Ces inversions peuvent correspondre respectivement à l’accrétion des terrains Cimmérien, de Lhassa, et du Kohistan-Dras à la limite sud de la plaque eurasienne. Les données U-Pb sur zircons détritiques et les données traces de fission sur apatite indiquent une première réorganisation du bassin à la fin du Crétacé – début du tertiaire, contemporaine d’une réactivation de l’érosion le long du piémont sud du Tian Shan. Nous avons interprété cette réactivation fin Crétacé – début Paléogène du Tian Shan sud à la réponse initiale des effets lointains de la collision Inde-Eurasie. Pendant le reste du Cénozoïque, la principale réactivation du Tian Shan est initiée fin Oligocène – début Miocène. Cela est attesté dans le piémont nord du Tian Shan par nos données U-Pb sur zircons détritiques et dans le piémont sud du Tian Shan par les données traces de fission sur apatite suggérant des chevauchements entre 18 et 16 Ma, par les résultats magnétostratigraphiques révélant une importante lacune de sédimentation oligocène ainsi que l’augmentation des taux d’accumulation à ~ 18.5 Ma. / Two critical scientific issues are adressed in the présent thesis as follows. (1) Mesozoic basin-range relationship in the northern and southern piedmonts of the Tian Shan. (2) Spatio-temporal differences in the Early Cenozoic uplift of the Tian Shan. In chapter 1, the évolution of the northern Tian Shan is investigated through U/Pb (LA-ICP-MS) dating of detrital zircons from 14 sandstone samples from a continuous series ranging in age from latest Palaeozoic to Quaternary in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin (Manasi area). In chapter 2, the still poorly constrained Mezosoic to early Cenozoic evolution of the southwestern Tian Shan piedmont is investigated using U/Pb (LA-ICP-MS) dating of detrital zircons and fission track analysis on detrital apatites. In chapter 3, we present a detailed magnetostratigraphic study from the Ulugqat area in piedmont of the Southwest Tian Shan, in order to improve understanding of the uplift and deformation history of the Southwest Tian Shan during the Cenozoic. This work enabled to show that erosion of the Paleo-Tian Shan initiated in the Middle Triassic results in the general peneplanation of the Mesozoic Tian Shan dominated by a wide drainage system and long-lasting tectonic quiescence. The northern piedmont of the Tian Shan was characterized by a post-extensional thermally subsiding basin without much tectonic activity, and the southern piedmont also experienced a general flattening of topography. During the Early Jurassic, Early Cretaceous and Late Cretaceous, three identified minor tectonic inversions and adjustments of basin-range pattern in the Tian Shan, may potentially correspond respectively to the accretions of Cimmerian, Lhasa, and Kohistan-Dras in the southern margin of the Eurasian plate. Detrital zircon U-Pb and apatite fission-track data indicate an initial late Cretaceous – Early Tertiary basin reorganization and coeval renewed erosion along the southern Tian Shan piedmont. We interpreted this late Cretacesou to Paleogene activity in STS as the initial response of the distant effects of India-Eurasia collision as previously argued. During the Late Cenozoic, the major reactivation of the Tian Shan initiated around the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene times. This is evidenced mainly from the detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology in the northern piedmont of the Tian Shan, the apatite fission-track data suggesting a possible activation of the Talas Fergana Fault between 18 and 16 Ma, the major Oligocene depositional hiatus and conspicuous increase in accumulation rates at ~ 18.5 Ma revealed by the magnetostratigraphic results in the southern piedmont of the Tian Shan.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao DENISE LOPES DE SOUZA.pdf: 733208 bytes, checksum: 2e99bcae42783b794be649d88860ac11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work aims to describe and analyse the course for monks and Dharma s teachers offered by the Universidade Livre Budista of the Zu Lai temple located in Cotia Data was obtained through interviews and observations which means the research assumes an empirical characteristic Bibliographic material was also a source of information The Zu Lai temple is a Brazilian branch of the Fo Guang Shan organization whose headquarters is in Taiwan Its objectives are to spread Dharma through culture develop talents through education benefit society through charity and purify the mind through spiritual development The founder of the organization Hsing Yün tries to spread the so called Humanistic Buddhism which has an anthropocentric characteristic and intends to emphasize the pragmatism of Buddhism Along the course students of the Universidade Livre Budista are expected to reach spiritual development through study of religion Furthermore they are expected to learn how to use Buddha´s teachings in order to benefit the environment they belong to The pragmatic characteristic emphasized in the subjects taught during the course are similar to what Ken Jones calls Socially Engaged Buddhism which is known as the need for buddhists to gather and work to promote ethical and pragmatic Buddhism focused on social benefit This work contributes to the discussion about the settlement of Fo Guang Shan in Brazil through the use of educational characteristics inherent to Buddhism Besides that it contributes to the discussion about the social role the course represents not only to the local community but also to the Chinese people and their descendants by considering the substance of the offer the inter-relation between the religious organization and society and the organizational competence of the temple The discussion is based on the theory of the sociologist Rodney Stark and mainly concludes that the strictness of the monastic rules students are supposed to obey as well as the limited validity of the diploma issued by the organization contribute to the number of students who give up the course which is significant / Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever e analisar o curso de formação de monges e professores de Dharma da Universidade Livre Budista do Templo Zu Lai situado em Cotia A coleta de dados foi feita por meio de entrevistas e observações determinando seu caráter empírico bem como de material bibliográfico de fontes primárias e secundárias O Templo Zu Lai é a filial brasileira da organização Fo Guang Shan cuja matriz é em Taiwan a qual tem como objetivos difundir o Dharma por meio da cultura desenvolver talentos por meio da educação beneficiar a sociedade pela caridade e purificar a mente por meio do desenvolvimento espiritual O mestre fundador da organização Hsing Yün divulga o chamado Budismo Humanista que com seu caráter antropocêntrico pretende ressaltar a característica pragmática do Budismo Os alunos da Universidade Livre Budista devem com o decorrer do curso alcançar desenvolvimento espiritual por meio do estudo dessa religião e aprender como utilizar os ensinamentos budistas de forma que contribuam para o bem-estar social do meio ao qual estão inseridos A característica pragmática ressaltada pelo currículo do curso se assemelha ao que Ken Jones chama de Budismo socialmente engajado visto por alguns autores como a necessidade de reunião de budistas independente da linhagem em prol de uma abordagem ética e pragmática do Budismo focada no benefício social O trabalho contribui para a discussão sobre a instalação da organização Fo Guang Shan no Brasil por meio do uso de características educacionais inerentes no Budismo além de contribuir para a discussão sobre as motivações que levaram à instalação do curso e do que ele representa tanto para a comunidade local quanto para os chineses e seus descendentes considerando a sustância da oferta a inter-relação entre o movimento religioso e a sociedade o grau de abertura da rede de membros e a competência organizacional do templo tal discussão tem como base o sociólogo Rodney Stark Sua conclusão principal é a rigidez das regras monásticas às quais os alunos devem se submeter bem como a validade limitada do diploma emitido pela organização, determinam uma evasão significativa

This dissertation examines the cross-border flows of media texts, migration and the construction of ethnic identity in the receiving state. It focuses on the recent wave of Shan ethnic nationals from Burma who migrate to seek work in Thailand and their relationships with Shan media -- primarily in the forms of audio cassettes, video CDs, and movies -- that follow these mobile people. My purpose in linking mass media and migration is to understand how displacement shapes the social construction of identity and how Shan ethnic media plays a significant role in shaping identity in a situation of displacement. Based on eighteen months of ethnographic work with the Shan migrant community in Chiang Mai, Thailand, this dissertation argues on two grounds. First, while Shan media shows the ability to cross the borders, and hence disturbs the boundaries of the state, transnational flows are also shaped by the politics and practices of a nation-state. The diversification of Shan media that now include a variety of local, national and transnational as well as commercial and community media illustrates ways in which mass media can offer both a technology of state control as well as parallel spaces for alternative transnational practice. Second, I argue for the need to pay attention to diversity within a migrant population, in particular the presence of various groups of migrants at the same point of time. In trying to understand how different social and material conditions and the history of migration shape the ways people ascribe to ethnic and national identity, this study draws on four different categories of Shan migrants -- the new arrivals, the long-term residents, the ethno-nationalists, and the exile prisoners. Each of these points to different ways of engagement with this media and the different meanings the individuals in each category ascribe to the notion of Shan nation and to what it means to be Shan. / text