This paper assesses the major cities in mainland China that are competing to become international financial centers (IFC). Shanghai, Beijing, and Shenzhen are compared in terms of their strengths and weaknesses as IFCs. We find that in China, the state plays a particularly important role in the growth of a financial center by providing favorable policies, creating localization economies, consolidating banks, and strengthening the city's power through state-owned enterprises. Our analyses generate a contour map of China's emerging IFCs in a global context and thus provide an important first step toward theorizing IFC development in a transitional economy.

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published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / abstract / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Education / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Humanities / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

by Lau Pui-yin & Lee Hon-cheung. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-92). / ABSTRACT --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vi / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / ACKNOWLEDGMENT --- p.ix / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Retailing Trend in China --- p.1 / Research Objectives --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.5 / Primary Research --- p.5 / Secondary Research --- p.7 / Chapter III. --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / Chapter IV. --- ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS --- p.13 / Political Environment --- p.13 / Historical Environment --- p.14 / Geographical Environment --- p.16 / Socio- cultural Environment --- p.17 / Regulatory Environment --- p.18 / Regulations for FIDSs --- p.18 / Tax regime for the FIDSs --- p.20 / Co-operative Joint Ventures Approved by the Municipal Government --- p.23 / Demographic Environment --- p.25 / Population --- p.25 / Working Population --- p.32 / Illiteracy Rate --- p.33 / Economic Environment --- p.34 / Economic Performance --- p.34 / Income Level and Living Standard --- p.36 / Market Potential --- p.39 / Infrastructural Environment --- p.45 / A Concluding Comment --- p.48 / Chapter V. --- INDUSTRY ANALYSIS --- p.49 / Supplier --- p.49 / Buyer --- p.55 / Substitute --- p.62 / New Entrants --- p.66 / Intensity of Rivalry among Existing Competitors --- p.70 / Chapter VI. --- INDUSTRY ATTRACTIVENESS AND FUTURE TRENDS --- p.79 / Chapter VII. --- RESEARCH LIMITATIONS --- p.85 / Chapter VIII. --- FUTURE RESEARCH AREAS --- p.87 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.88

青少年網絡成癮已成為一個值得關註的問題。以往研究顯示，青少年網絡成癮的比例在4%到14%之間。網絡成癮的主要癥狀包括：過度使用，退縮反應，耐受性和強迫性。網絡成癮對青少年的健康，學業和人際關系都有負面影響。 / 以往對網絡成癮的研究已經發現了一些危險因素。但是以往研究存在兩方面不足。第一，多為簡單迴歸模型，較少中介模型， 較少探討危險因素之間可能的互動關係。第二，危險因素多為個人因素或網絡使用因素， 較少關注個人與環境的互動是如何提高網絡成癮風險。 / 為了彌補以上知識鴻溝，本研究提出了一個新的解釋網絡成癮的理論模型。這個模型中既包括個人因素又包括環境因素。這個理論模型的核心假設是當青少年認為網絡是滿足需要或者處理壓力的唯一途徑時，他們有可能會花費大量時間上網，也因此引發了較高的網絡成癮的風險。本研究進一步假設社交焦慮和缺乏親密朋友是導致青少年在現實生活中無法滿足人際交往需要的原因。本研究還假設壓力和迴避式應對壓力傾向是青少年不能在現實生活中處理壓力而將網絡視作應對壓力唯一途徑的原因。 / 本研究在中國上海進行。本研究是斷代式問卷研究。前測研究測量了量表的信效度，并根據結果對相關量表做進一步修正。正式研究通過非隨機抽樣方式邀請了892位年齡在12到18歲之間的中學生參加。結果顯示，52位（5.83%）參加者可被看作網絡成癮高危人群。高危人群更長時間上網，也具有更高的社交焦慮，更大的壓力和更強的迴避式應對壓力傾向。此外，中介模型的統計分析結果顯示，個人期待網絡使用是滿足需要和處理壓力的唯一途徑這一中介變量，解釋了部分社交焦慮，壓力和退縮型處理壓力傾向與網絡成癮症狀之間的關聯，該結果對本研究所假設的理論模型提供了初步的支持。 / 文末討論了本研究的限制和進一步研究的方向，并根據研究結果提出了對社會工作實務（包括預防及干預青少年網絡成癮）的建議。 / Adolescents have been found to be a vulnerable group for Internet addiction. The reportedly prevalence of "Internet addicts" ranged from 4% to 14%. The major symptoms of Internet addiction are: excessive use, withdrawal, tolerance, and compulsive use. Negative consequences of Internet addiction include physical complaints, worsening performance in work or study, and relationship problems. / Despite a number of risk factors identified, prior studies were limited in two aspects. First, previous studies assumed that risk factors operate in an additive manner with increasing numbers of risk factors leading to an increasing probability of becoming internet addicted. Not enough attention has been paid to relationships among the risk factors. Second, most risk factors were either personal attributes or internet use behaviors. This might lead to the biased assertion that either the person or the internet should be blamed for becoming addicted. / This research tried to extend previous research by proposing and testing a theoretical model which argued that the some adolescents became attached to the internet as it provided an alternative way of needs satisfaction or stress coping; the needs satisfaction or stress coping was not possible in realistic life due to some personal or contextual risk factors. The theoretical model was constructed based on outcome expectancy theory (Bandura, 1977; Jones, Corbin & Fromme, 2001; Oei & Baldwin, 1994), substitute gratification theory (Peele, 1998), and stress coping theory (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Abrams & Niaura, 1987) as well as some findings of previous research. / A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Shanghai, China. A non-random sample 892 adolescents (aged 12 to 18) from six secondary schools were recruited. 52(5.83%) participants were included in the high-risk group of internet addiction. Risk factors for internet addition were: male, senior secondary school students, social anxiety, stress, avoidance coping style, desirable outcome expectancy of substitute gratification (need to belong), desirable outcome expectancy of stress coping, frequency of online gaming, frequency of idling online and time spent online during weekdays. Moreover, social anxiety, stress, and avoidance coping style had both direct and indirect effects on severity of internet addiction symptoms via the mediators of desirable outcome expectancy of substitute gratification (need to belong) and desirable outcome expectancy of stress coping; the results provided preliminary support to the theoretical model proposed in this study. / Both conceptual and methodological limitations and their implications for further research were discussed. Prevention and intervention programs were proposed according to results of this study. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Gu, Minmin. / "November 2012." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2013. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 191-207). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract and appendixes also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Table of Contents --- p.iii / List of Tables --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.viii / CHAPTER ONE --- p.1 / THE RESEARCH PROBLEM --- p.1 / BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY --- p.1 / Internet Addiction as an Emerging Problem --- p.1 / Knowledge Gaps in Previous Research on Internet Addiction --- p.3 / Intervention for Internet Addiction --- p.4 / RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.6 / ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS --- p.7 / CHAPTER TWO --- p.8 / LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.8 / DEFINITION AND MEASUREMENT OF INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.9 / Definition and Measurements of Internet Addiction in Previous Studies --- p.9 / The Evolved Definition of Addiction --- p.15 / Categorical Approach to Diagnosis for Addiction --- p.18 / Dimensional Approach to Diagnosis for Addiction --- p.21 / EMPIRICAL RESEARCH ON INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.23 / Risk Factors Identified in Mainland China --- p.23 / Risk Factors Identified in other Eastern Societies and Western Societies --- p.25 / THEORIES OF ADDICTION --- p.34 / The Relationship between Repetitive Internet Use and Internet Addiction --- p.34 / Psychosocial Theories Explaining Repetitive Internet Use --- p.39 / CHAPTER THREE --- p.55 / CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.55 / THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.55 / RESEARCH HYPOTHESES --- p.63 / CHAPTER FOUR --- p.68 / RESEARCH METHOD --- p.68 / RESEARCH SITE --- p.68 / Social and Economical Condition of Shanghai --- p.69 / Schooling and Extra-curricular Activities in Shanghai --- p.70 / Internet Use and Internet Addiction among Adolescents in Shanghai --- p.71 / RESEARCH DESIGN --- p.72 / PILOT STUDY --- p.72 / Samples --- p.72 / Data Collection --- p.73 / Data Analysis --- p.81 / MAIN STUDY --- p.82 / Samples --- p.82 / Data Collection --- p.86 / Data Analysis --- p.86 / ETHIC CONSIDERATIONS --- p.89 / CHAPTER FIVE --- p.90 / PILOT STUDY --- p.90 / CHINESE INTERNET ADDICTION SCALE (CIAS) --- p.92 / SELF-DEVELOPED MEASURE OF DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY --- p.102 / SOCIAL ANXIETY SCALE FOR ADOLESCENTS (SAS-A) --- p.104 / FRIENDSHIP INTIMACY (ADAPTED FROM THE NETWORK OF RELATIONSHIP INVENTORY) --- p.107 / SELF-DEVELOPED MEASURE OF STRESS FOR ADOLESCENTS --- p.108 / AVOIDANCE COPING STYLE (ADAPTED FROM COPE INVENTORY) --- p.112 / CHAPTER SIX --- p.115 / MAIN STUDY --- p.115 / PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSES --- p.115 / DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS --- p.119 / Severity of Internet Addiction Symptoms --- p.119 / Time Spent Online during Holidays, Weekends, and Weekdays --- p.120 / Zero Hour User in the Three Time Phases --- p.121 / Time Spent on Various Online Activities --- p.123 / Risk Factors --- p.124 / COMPARISON OF HIGH-RISK GROUP AND NON-HIGH-RISK GROUP --- p.126 / High-Risk Group --- p.126 / Group Differences in Time Spent Online during Holidays, Weekends and Weekdays --- p.126 / Group Differences in Time Spent on Various Online Activities --- p.127 / Group Differences in Risk Factors --- p.129 / PREDICTORS FOR SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.132 / Correlation of Dependent and Independent Variables --- p.132 / Hierarchical Regression Predicting Severity of Internet Addiction Symptoms via Demographic Variables, Personal or Environmental Inadequacies, Desirable Outcome Expectancy, Preference for Online Activities and Time Spent Online --- p.136 / Mediation Effects of Desirable Outcome Expectancies --- p.140 / CHAPTER SEVEN --- p.155 / DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS --- p.155 / ZERO-HOUR USER IN THREE DIFFERENT TIME PHASES --- p.155 / HIGH RISK GROUP OF INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.156 / GENDER DIFFERENCE IN RATE OF INTERNET ADDICTION AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.158 / GRADE DIFFERENCE IN SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.159 / PREFERENCE FOR ONLINE ACTIVITIES AND HIGH-RISK GROUP OF INTERNET ADDICTION --- p.160 / DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF SUBSTITUTE GRATIFICATION (NEED TO BELONG) --- p.162 / SOCIAL ANXIETY, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF SUBSTITUTE GRATIFICATION (NEED TO BELONG) AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.162 / FRIENDSHIP INTIMACY, SOCIAL ANXIETY, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF SUBSTITUTE GRATIFICATION (NEED TO BELONG) AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.165 / STRESS, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF STRESS COPING AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.167 / AVOIDANCE COPING STYLE, DESIRABLE OUTCOME EXPECTANCY OF STRESS COPING AND SEVERITY OF INTERNET ADDICTION SYMPTOMS --- p.168 / CHAPTER EIGHT --- p.170 / LIMITATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS --- p.170 / SUMMARY OF MAJOR FINDINGS --- p.170 / LIMITATIONS OF THE THEORETICAL MODEL AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.173 / Unexplored Other Types of Desirable Outcome Expectancies --- p.173 / Unexplored Other Psychosocial Risk Factors --- p.174 / Reciprocal Relationship between Risk Factors and Severity of Internet Addiction Symptoms --- p.174 / A New Population of Interest: College Students --- p.175 / METHODLOGICAL LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.176 / The Limitations of Cross-sectional Design and Recommendation for Longitudinal Research --- p.176 / The Limitations of Non-random Sampling and Recommendations for Random Sampling --- p.177 / The limitations of Self-report Data and Recommendations for Data Collection from Multiple Sources --- p.177 / The Limitations of Quantitative Research and Recommendations for Qualitative Research --- p.178 / THEORTICAL CONTRIBUTIONS --- p.179 / Replicating and Extending Previous Empirical Research on Internet Addiction --- p.180 / Applying Outcome Expectancy Theory to Internet Addiction Research --- p.180 / Applying of Stress Coping Theory to Internet Addiction Research --- p.181 / Applying Substitute Gratification Theory to Internet Addiction Research --- p.182 / PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS --- p.183 / Intervention Programs --- p.183 / Prevention Programs --- p.189 / References --- p.191 / Chapter Appendix I --- Questionnaire for Pilot Study --- p.208 / Chapter Appendix II --- Questionnaire for Pilot Study --- p.228

: Idag trängs ett stort antal aktörer inom prisvärt mode på en arena där kunden blivit allt mer medveten kring pris och kvalitet. Affärsidéer, som bygger på att erbjuda mode till fördelaktiga priser, sätter stor press på företagens kostnader där varken kvalitet eller design får påverkas negativt. En naturlig strategi för företag till minskade kostnader blir förläggning av produktion där stora kostnadsfördelar kan erhållas. Således har det under lång tid varit vanligt förekommande med företag som etablerar produktion i Asien, där bland annat låga löner agerar bidragande faktor till avsevärt lägre produktionskostnader. Begreppet backsourcing har på senare år kommit att diskuteras allt mer och en trend har kunnat ses där företag väljer att flytta hem verksamhet från dessa typer av lågkostnadsländer. Det svenska företaget Gina Tricot med produktion i både Europa och Asien väljer däremot att utveckla sin verksamhet i Kina, med ett produktionskontor, och går således mot den påtalade trenden. I denna uppsats undersöks företagets huvudsakliga skäl för etablering samt vad som förväntas av det nyetablerade produktionskontoret. Genom en deltagande observation påtalar författaren vidare fördelar samt nackdelar för verksamheten i fråga. / Program: Textil produktutveckling och entreprenörskap