In the work on the example of Shanghai Cooperative Organization we try to discover what impact execute globalization and regional integration on the world policy, how such associations promote the economic environment of the involved countries and what benefits could be obtained through such cooperation in the view of safety. Region of Central Asia has its peculiarities because of the differences in culture, mentality and economic development that should be taken into consideration at planning of the joint activities. The potential of SCO is defined, first of all, by participation in it of such countries as Russia and China. Both of these states are interested in stable political and economic development of the Eurasian region, and ensuring its safety.

by Gladys Yue Wing-fan, Eric Liu Tai-loi. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 128-133). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.v / LIST OF TABLES --- p.viii / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.ix / CHAPTERS / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.5 / Researching Publications --- p.5 / Attending Seminar --- p.6 / Conducting Interviews --- p.6 / Chapter III. --- SHANGHAI --- p.8 / Background Information --- p.8 / The New Development Areas of Shanghai --- p.10 / Hongqiao New Area --- p.11 / Caohejing --- p.11 / Minhang --- p.12 / Pudong 一 Manhattan of the East --- p.12 / Waigaoqiao-Gaoqiao Sub-Area --- p.14 / Qingningsi-Jinqiao Sub-Area --- p.15 / Liujiazui-Huamu Sub-Area --- p.16 / Zhoujidu-Liuli Sub-Area --- p.16 / Beicai ´ؤ Zhangjiang Sub-Area --- p.17 / Preferential Treatment for Investors in Pudong New Area --- p.17 / Statistics of Pudong --- p.20 / Chapter IV. --- INDUSTRIAL MIX OF SHANGHAI --- p.22 / Seven Pillar Industries --- p.22 / Foreign Investment --- p.24 / Favorable Investment Environment --- p.24 / Area for Improvement --- p.27 / Chapter V. --- TERTIARY INDUSTRY OF SHANGHAI --- p.29 / Retail Market --- p.29 / China Market --- p.29 / Shanghai Retail Market --- p.30 / Big Spenders --- p.31 / Hong Kong Seizes the Opportunities --- p.33 / Prospects of Retail Market --- p.33 / Financial Business --- p.34 / A Financial Centre in the Making --- p.34 / Merrill Lynch --- p.36 / Commodities Exchanges --- p.37 / Real Estate --- p.38 / Two Prongs Policy --- p.38 / Residential Space --- p.39 / Office Space --- p.40 / Retail Space --- p.41 / Chapter VI. --- GROWTH OF SHANGHAI --- p.42 / Grand Development Strategy --- p.42 / Tertiary Industry --- p.45 / Development Strategy --- p.47 / Threats / Chapter VII. --- FINANCIAL CENTRE IN SHANGHAI - INDISPENSABLE FOR CHINA IN THE PROCESS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT --- p.53 / Fund for Development for China --- p.53 / Shanghai Assuming an Important Role --- p.54 / Chapter VIII. --- SHANGHAI FINANCIAL INDUSTRY - A CLOSER LOOK --- p.56 / The Shanghai Securities Market --- p.56 / Shanghai Securities Exchange --- p.56 / The Investors have Come of Age --- p.58 / A Tale of Two Cities --- p.59 / STAQ --- p.61 / Banking --- p.62 / Earlier Banking Reforms --- p.62 / Banking in Shanghai --- p.66 / Major Banks --- p.66 / City of Choice --- p.66 / New National Banking Laws and Opportunities for Shanghai --- p.67 / Major Players in Shanghai Financial Market --- p.69 / New Development --- p.70 / Expansion of the Shanghai Securities Exchange --- p.71 / Secondary Overseas Listing --- p.71 / National Foreign Exchange Centre --- p.71 / ADR Representative Office --- p.73 / CDR (Chinese Depository Receipt) --- p.73 / Year 2000 --- p.74 / Chapter IX. --- "A, B, H SHARES RED CHIPS AND THE ROLE OF HONG KONG" --- p.75 / B shares --- p.75 / Distinction Beween H Shares and Red Chips --- p.78 / Red Chips --- p.78 / H Shares --- p.79 / Strategic Importance of Listing/Acquisition of Companies in Hong Kong to China --- p.79 / ADR --- p.80 / "Comparison of A, B and H Shares" --- p.81 / B Shares are Losing Ground --- p.81 / Importance of H Shares to Hong Kong --- p.82 / Chapter X. --- FIELD WORK AND RESEARCH --- p.85 / Position of Hong Kong --- p.86 / Comparison between Shanghai & Hong Kong --- p.88 / Financial Knowledge/Skilled Personnel --- p.88 / Staff Turnover --- p.89 / Recruitment --- p.90 / Standard International Practice --- p.90 / Guanxi/Bureaucracy --- p.90 / Telecommunication IInfrastructure --- p.91 / Shanghai Surpassing Hong Kong as the Major Financial Centre --- p.91 / Problems Facing Shanghai in the Course of Developing its Financial Market --- p.98 / Lack of Free Competition --- p.98 / Inherited Banking Problems of a Centrally Planned Economy --- p.100 / Lack of Well Written Regulations and Legal Structure --- p.102 / Unclear Directions --- p.103 / Inconvertibility of RMB --- p.105 / Government Intervention --- p.106 / Lack of a Powerful Central Bank --- p.107 / Developing/Immature Market --- p.107 / Cumbersome Administrative System --- p.109 / Accounting Practice --- p.110 / Inexperienced Workforce --- p.111 / Space Shortage --- p.113 / Infrastructure --- p.114 / Escalating Labor Cost --- p.115 / No Freedom of Information Dissemination --- p.115 / Potential Competition from other cities --- p.116 / Chapter XI. --- CONCLUSION --- p.118 / APPENDIX / Chapter 1. --- MAP OF SHANGHAI --- p.120 / Chapter 2. --- MAP OF NEW DEVELOPMENT AREAS OF SHANGHAI --- p.121 / Chapter 3. --- VARIOUS FORMS OF FOREIGN INVESTMENT --- p.122 / Chapter 4. --- OUTLINE OF THE INTERVIEW QUESTIONS --- p.124 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.128

Ma, Chao. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-169). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix 1 & 2 in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter One: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Research Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Initial Research Objectives and Questions --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- Significance of the Study --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Literature Review --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1 --- Definition of Key Terms in the Study --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Social capital --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- "Trustworthiness, social networks and social norms" --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Mutual help --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Seeking help --- p.14 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- Giving help --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2 --- Theoretical Base of Mutual Help: Social Capital......: --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Networks or relationships --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Trustworthiness and social norms --- p.19 / Chapter 2.3 --- Mutual Help --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Mutual help groups or self-help groups --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Mutual help in the context of Shanghai --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Seeking help --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Giving help --- p.31 / Chapter 2.4 --- Refining Research Objectives --- p.33 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Methodology --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1 --- Research Framework --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Propositions of the survey study --- p.34 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Operationalization framework --- p.35 / Chapter 3.2 --- Research Design --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3 --- Implementation of Survey Study --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Overview of the survey design --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Measurement: questionnaire --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Sampling --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3.1 --- The population of the survey --- p.45 / Chapter 3.3.3.2 --- Sample size --- p.47 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Data collection --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Data analysis --- p.49 / Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- Items and four indices --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Statistics methods for data analysis --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Quality of survey --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.6.1 --- Pilot study --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.6.2 --- Reliability --- p.53 / Chapter 3.4 --- Implementation of Individual Interview Study --- p.54 / Chapter 3.5 --- Encountered Problems and Solutions --- p.56 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Data Analysis of Survey Study --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1 --- Helping and Help-seeking Indices of Shanghai People --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Helping index --- p.59 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Help-seeking index --- p.61 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Mutual aid tendency --- p.64 / Chapter 4.2 --- Trustworthiness --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Index of trust when helping --- p.65 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Index of trust when seeking helping --- p.67 / Chapter 4.3 --- Correlations between Helping and Help Seeking Indices and Trust Indices --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4 --- Social Norms and Helping and Help-seeking Behaviors --- p.69 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- "Importance of social expectations, self-accomplishment and reciprocity when helping" --- p.70 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Importance of face losing and reciprocity when seeking help --- p.70 / Chapter 4.5 --- Demographic-social-economic Statuses --- p.71 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- "Non-significance: Gender, Income and Religion (not/Catholic and Christian, Western/Eastern)" --- p.72 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- "Significance on help seeking behavior and trustworthiness during help seeking: Education, marital status, job (student/no/yes), age, work unit, religion (no/yes), occupation (employed and unemployed)" --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5.2.1 --- Education --- p.76 / Chapter 4.5.2.2 --- Marital status --- p.79 / Chapter 4.5.2.3 --- Job (student/no/yes) --- p.80 / Chapter 4.5.2.4 --- Age --- p.82 / Chapter 4.5.2.5 --- Work unit --- p.85 / Chapter 4.5.2.6 --- Religion (no/yes) --- p.87 / Chapter 4.5.2.7 --- Occupation (employed and unemployed) --- p.89 / Chapter 4.6 --- Agreement of Idioms and Mutual Help Society of Shanghai Citizens --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Agreement of idioms of helping of Shanghai citizens --- p.90 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Agreement of Shanghai citizens on mutual help society --- p.91 / Chapter 4.7 --- Opinions of Citizens --- p.92 / Chapter 4.7.1 --- Opinions of Shanghai citizens on government and individual responsibility --- p.92 / Chapter 4.7.2 --- Opinions of Shanghai citizens on who bears responsibility to enhance mutual help --- p.92 / Chapter 4.8 --- Summary --- p.93 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Individual Interviews Data Analysis Synthesized with Survey Analysis --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1 --- Brief Introduction of 6 Cases: Purposive Sampling --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- "Individual interviews through phone: Case A, B" --- p.97 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- "Individual Interviews face-to-face: Case C, D, E, F" --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2 --- "Helping Experiences, Trust and Influencing Social Factors" --- p.99 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Helping experiences --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- Helping vulnerable people --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- Helping good friends --- p.104 / Chapter 5.2.1.3 --- Helping family members --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Trust --- p.106 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Social factors influencing helping behaviors --- p.108 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Summary --- p.110 / Chapter 5.3 --- "Help Seeking Experiences, Trustworthiness and Influencing Factors" --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Help seeking experiences --- p.111 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Family members --- p.112 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Good friends --- p.114 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Trust --- p.115 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Influencing social factors --- p.117 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Summary --- p.118 / Chapter 5.4 --- Mutuality --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- Mutuality in helping and help- seeking behaviors --- p.119 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Reciprocity --- p.120 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- Summary --- p.122 / Chapter 5.5 --- Improving Mutual Help Culture and determining Responsibility for Building Mutual Help and Mutual Trust Society --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Government --- p.123 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Communities --- p.125 / Chapter 5.5.3 --- Schools --- p.126 / Chapter 5.5.4 --- Social Workers --- p.127 / Chapter 5.5.5 --- Mass media --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5.6 --- Individuals --- p.128 / Chapter 5.5.7 --- Summary --- p.129 / Chapter 5.6 --- Summary --- p.130 / Chapter Chapter Six: --- "Conclusions, Discussions, Implications" --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusions --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Helping and seeking help behaviors --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Trustworthiness and social norms --- p.133 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Strategies: whose responsibility to build mutual help society --- p.134 / Chapter 6.1.4 --- Respondents' background --- p.134 / Chapter 6.2 --- Discussions --- p.135 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Helping Behaviors --- p.135 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Helping Seeking Behaviors --- p.136 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Whose responsibility and How to improve --- p.138 / Chapter 6.3 --- Implications --- p.149 / Chapter 6.3. 1 --- Implementation for social policy --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- Implementation for social work development and practice --- p.153 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- "Implementations for social work education by school, family and mass media" --- p.154 / Reference --- p.156 / Appendix --- p.170

No description available.

Adaptive reuse, as an alternative approach to the treatment of existing old buildings and urban areas, is being received more concerns in contemporary China. Taking Shanghai as an example, this thesis attempts to assess the practice of reuse of historical buildings in the urban context of Shanghai from 1990 to 2008. / In this research, the practice of adaptive reuse is studied with a focus on improving dynamic urban life through giving old buildings an advisable new use. With the aim of finding out what makes a lively and dynamic city, I employ the theory of city diversity from Jane Jacobs into my research as a theoretical basis to be tested in the research. / These investigations of Shanghai were conducted during a fieldwork in Shanghai. The case includes three types, which are respectively located in different areas in contemporary Shanghai. The first one is an alteration and upgrading of old industrial buildings on the waterfront. The second is a reuse of clusters of commercial buildings built in the colonial era on the Bund, with the ‘Bund 18’ building as a critical example. The third one is an urban renewal through adaptive reuse of traditional residential buildings in an inner city area, with a focused study on the Xintiandi area. / Through empirical analysis of these three cases, I try to examine the relationship between the buildings transformed through adaptive reuse and the urban surroundings in terms of participation or use by the various urban populations, and further explore how adaptive reuse may contribute to the generation and sustaining of diverse urban life in the urban context. / We may assume that the relationship between the city and the user is linked by urban activities, and that diversity of urban life can contribute to the healthy growth of cities. Given these assumptions, the empirical studies in this thesis suggest that the principal condition in adaptive reuse of historical buildings, for generating diverse and active urban life, is a potential in the old buildings to be ‘divided’. This includes ‘divisions’ of space, function and the category of users. Consequently, the design principles, as I would propose at the end of this study, are as follows: extracting spatial potential, creating mixed and small-scale businesses, and expanding categories of users to attract participation of a broad spectrum of the population with a diverse social background. Based on this, the practice of adaptive reuse of historical buildings can help reviving a close and dynamic relationship between the user and the physical setting, people and the city, facilitating the generation and sustaining of a diverse and healthy urban life.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Harvard University, 2002. / Adviser: James Lee Watson. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Yale University, 1997. / Director: Jonathan D. Spence. Includes bibliographical references.

The absolute polarization of contextual and tabula rasa urban models has long been advanced, even blatantly promoted, within the discipline. Taken for granted as foils, the exclusive championing and application of context or tabula rasa has only served to undermine the agency of the contemporary city. Producing an ineffectual and one-dimensional duality, cities have been reduced to futilely choose between the old and the new. A city of contradictory extremes, the clash between these concepts is embodied in the urbanism of Shanghai. With the impetus of China’s “Economic Miracle,” a previously unheard of scale and speed of urbanization has been achieved throughout the country with the creation of “instant cities.” Embraced as testing grounds for contemporary urbanism, the characteristics and conditions of the instant cities have been enthusiastically and almost universally adopted, leading to a primacy of tabula rasa and vertical development. Partially transformed by this model of erasure, Shanghai’s urbanism is defined by confrontation as the urban models of the past and present collide. The duality manifest by this conflict compels an examination of the seemingly agonistic roles of context and erasure in the city. The ambition of this thesis is to eliminate such distinctions; the choice between contextual and tabula rasa approaches does not work. This false choice produces either a conservative preservationist tourist attraction or a generic and totalizing vertical city. The shallow tendencies of both approaches threaten the city as a multiple and collective space of possibility. By adopting a broader view of context and collapsing present dualities, this project seeks to create complexity and new confrontations through an urban morphology shaped by architecture. Moving beyond contextual preservation and tabula rasa, this thesis seeks to engage and create another reality using that juxtaposition to open new relationships within the city.

This thesis explores the global traffic in culture and its effects on the urban environment. Two overlapping forces are documented: first the proliferation of Western models and cultural signifiers in China and second the emergence of corresponding patterns resistance. Both these forces are explored on the global and urban scale as they affect the shaping of Shanghai and Toronto. The profusion of Western culture into China has reshaped the country through various periods in its history. Most recently, the whole scale application of Western aesthetics to the built environment has given rise to numerous anomalous places that border on the absurd. This act of cultural erasure has also given rise to a new population, an informal floating population that exists outside of the prevailing system of “progress”. Their forms of habitation and cultural transaction are articulated by informal and non-conforming patterns of development—an underground world. This represents a reaction to marginalization and cultural disenfranchisement. When looking at the formation of Toronto’s own Chinese community, similar patterns of marginalization have promoted the constitution of ethnic enclaves, first in the traditional sense of the urban Chinatown and more recently in the forms of suburban ethnic enclaves. In both cases, the proliferation of these subversive patterns offers a form of reverse colonialism. The thesis parallels the tension of these two forces as they are played out in the formation of the new suburban Chinatown, exploring how this phenomenon is redefining the traditional parameters of Asian Diaspora communities and how these new patterns challenge the traditional model of the suburb. In the last part of the book a speculative proposition is made about the intersection of these two worlds, a world where the thresholds between official and unofficial have been blurred, where they are now coincidental. Throughout the body of research offers a broad sampling of past trajectories and the meeting of current trends. It is an incomplete road map that traces the pathology of cultural exchange in the past and projects their intersection in the future. It offers a way of navigating through the emergent transnational territories engendered by cultural trafficking, documenting anomalies, phenomena and emergent patterns that renegotiate our traditional ideas of the nationality.

This thesis explores the global traffic in culture and its effects on the urban environment. Two overlapping forces are documented: first the proliferation of Western models and cultural signifiers in China and second the emergence of corresponding patterns resistance. Both these forces are explored on the global and urban scale as they affect the shaping of Shanghai and Toronto. The profusion of Western culture into China has reshaped the country through various periods in its history. Most recently, the whole scale application of Western aesthetics to the built environment has given rise to numerous anomalous places that border on the absurd. This act of cultural erasure has also given rise to a new population, an informal floating population that exists outside of the prevailing system of “progress”. Their forms of habitation and cultural transaction are articulated by informal and non-conforming patterns of development—an underground world. This represents a reaction to marginalization and cultural disenfranchisement. When looking at the formation of Toronto’s own Chinese community, similar patterns of marginalization have promoted the constitution of ethnic enclaves, first in the traditional sense of the urban Chinatown and more recently in the forms of suburban ethnic enclaves. In both cases, the proliferation of these subversive patterns offers a form of reverse colonialism. The thesis parallels the tension of these two forces as they are played out in the formation of the new suburban Chinatown, exploring how this phenomenon is redefining the traditional parameters of Asian Diaspora communities and how these new patterns challenge the traditional model of the suburb. In the last part of the book a speculative proposition is made about the intersection of these two worlds, a world where the thresholds between official and unofficial have been blurred, where they are now coincidental. Throughout the body of research offers a broad sampling of past trajectories and the meeting of current trends. It is an incomplete road map that traces the pathology of cultural exchange in the past and projects their intersection in the future. It offers a way of navigating through the emergent transnational territories engendered by cultural trafficking, documenting anomalies, phenomena and emergent patterns that renegotiate our traditional ideas of the nationality.