Tam, Su San. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 144-147). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; includes Chinese characters. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.IV / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.VI / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background of the Problem and Purpose of the Study --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Research Questions and Significance of the Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Scope of the Study --- p.3 / Chapter 1.4 --- Thesis Organization --- p.4 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- DATA OF FOUR SOUTHERN MIN DIALECTS --- p.1 / Chapter 2.1 --- Preamble --- p.1 / Chapter 2.2 --- Basic Data of the four sub-dialects --- p.2 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Xiamen Dialect --- p.2 / Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Xiamen Onsets --- p.3 / Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Xiamen Rimes --- p.4 / Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Xiamen Tones --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.1.4 --- Xiamen Syllables --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Quanzhou Dialect --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Quanzhou Onsets --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Quanzhou Rimes --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Quanzhou Tones --- p.11 / Chapter 2.2.2.4 --- Quanzhou Syllables --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Zhangping Dialect --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Zhangping Onsets --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Zhangping Rimes --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3.3 --- Zhangping Tones --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.3.4 --- Zhangping Syllables --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Shantou Dialect --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Shantou Onsets --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Shantou Rimes --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Shantou Tones --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Shantou Syllables --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3 --- Co-occurrence Patterns --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- On Labial Co-occurrence --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.1.1 --- Xiamen Labial Co-occurrence --- p.23 / Chapter 2.3.1.2 --- Quanzhou Labial Co-occurrence --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3.1.3 --- Zhangping Labial Co-occurrence --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3.1.4 --- Shantou Labial Co-occurrence --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1.5 --- Southern Min Labial Co-occurrence: A Summary --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- On nasalization --- p.29 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Xiamen Nasalization --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Quanzhou Nasalization --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.2.3 --- Zhangping Nasalization --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.4 --- Shantou Nasalization --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.2.5 --- Southern Min Nasality: A Summary --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- Generalizing the Southern Min Phonotactic Observations --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- PREVIOUS STUDIES ON CHINESE/MIN PHONOTACTICS --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1 --- Autosegmental Phonology --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.1.2 --- OCP and Labial Co-Occurrence in Chinese Syllables --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.1.3 --- Application of OCP in Southern Min Dialects --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Syllable Theory in Chinese and Southern Min --- p.58 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Nasality in Southern Min --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Nasal Consonants --- p.65 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Nasalized Vowels --- p.67 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Derivation of Nasality in Southern Min --- p.68 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Inadequacies of Autosegmental Framework --- p.76 / Chapter 3.2 --- Optimality Theory (OT) --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Revisiting OCP in OT --- p.83 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Nasalization in OT --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- AN OPTIMALITY ANALYSIS OF THE SOUTHERN MIN PHONOTACTICS --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1 --- On labial co-occurrence --- p.93 / Chapter 4.2 --- On nasalization --- p.103 / Chapter 4.3 --- Summary: a Southern Min 'Typology' --- p.116 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- CONCLUSION --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusion --- p.118 / Chapter 5.2 --- Residual Issues and Future Research --- p.119 / APPENDICES --- p.121 / Appendix A ´ؤ Xiamen Syllable Chart --- p.122 / Appendix B - Quanzhou Syllable Chart --- p.128 / Appendix C 一 Zhangping Syllable Chart --- p.134 / Appendix D - Shantou Syllable Chart --- p.138 / REFERENCES --- p.144

文章討論了潮汕澄海話虛指的第三人稱"伊"的語法特點并進行澄海話、普通話和粤語蒙受結構的對比分析。第一部分描寫了澄海話三種虛指代詞"伊"的相關結構──"乞伊"結構、"佮伊"結構和"V伊R"結構的語法特點。"乞伊"結構和"佮伊"結構各可分為A、B兩類，兩種結構內部分別在動詞的選擇、"伊"的所指和"乞/佮"的隱現上表現出不同。兩種結構之間的主要差別則在於主語的題元角色及"乞/佮"的句法位置高低上。"V伊R"結構是"佮伊"結構的一種條件變體，主要用於表達祈使等語氣。 / 文章第二部分分析了澄海話三種蒙受結構的生成機制。并進一步概括出"伊"的種類:從所指對象題元角色的角度可以分為兩類，一是施事或致事、二是蒙事；從所指對象位置的角度也可以分為兩類，一是所指在句中，二是所指在句外。以及"伊"的句法位置：一是，位於"中間層次"；二是，緊鄰輕動詞。 / 文章第三部分嘗試以澄海話蒙受結構的分析方法為角度和基礎，分別分析普通話蒙受結構"V他O"和粤語蒙受結構"VR佢"。通過三種方言蒙受結構的對比分析，我們看到三種方言類型上的不同，也驗證了劉丹青（2001）、鄧思穎（2006）的分析：澄海閩南話是"最弱的SVO"，動詞傾向於留在原地；粤語是"最強的SVO"，動詞傾向於長距離移位；普通話是"溫和的SVO"，動詞移位但距離不長。 / This thesis discusses the syntax of the Chinese non-referential pronoun 伊 yi ‘it’ in Chenghai Southern Min in three different affective constructions: keyi 乞伊 construction, kaiyi 佮伊 construction and V伊R construction. After examining the syntactic and semantic properties of these three yi affective constructions, we figure out that firstly there are two types of keyi 乞伊 construction and two types kaiyi 佮伊 construction. Secondly keyi 乞伊 construction differs from kaiyi 佮伊 construction in theta-roles of the subject and the position of yi. Thirdly V伊R construction is a conditioned variant of keyi 乞伊 construction. The following part we explore the hierarchical order of these three yi affective constructions, and we employ high and middle applicatives to capture their syntactic and semantic idiosyncrasies. In this part yi is classified into two ways according to the property of the object it refers to. For example, in keyi 乞伊 construction, yi always refers to a causer or a agent, and in kaiyi 佮伊 construction, yi refers to an affectee. In both constructions, yi is situated in a middle position which close to light verbs. The last part of this paper compare the affective constructions of Chenghai Southern Min with affective constructions of Mandarin and Cantonese. The main differences among these three dialects match with the claim proposed by Liu(2001) and Tang(2006): Chenghai Southern Min is the weakest SVO construction in which verbs prefer to stay in situ; Cantonese is the strongest SVO construction in which verbs prefer to take long-distance movement; Mandarin is the moderate SVO construction in which verbs will move but won’t move far. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 金佳. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 87-93). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Jin Jia.

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19世紀英美傳教士為佈教需要，在粤東潮汕地區留下了許多記錄當地方言的材料。這些材料採用字母記音，著重記錄當時當地口語情況，彌補了傳統韻書只記音類不標實際發音的缺陷，是考察19世紀音系、研究語音歷時演變的重要資源。本文旨在考察11本粤東潮汕地區傳教士語料，構建19世紀潮汕地區方言音系的同時，運用歷時比較的方法，分析一百多年來方言語音演變現象，探索其中的機制和規律，並以歷時音變研究成果為基礎，考察與傳教士語料年代相近的方言韻書及與其相關的研究。 / 本文首先通過考察傳教士語料的編寫說明、音值符號和記音地點，用窮盡式語料檢索方法，描寫、比較各語料音系，構建19世紀潮汕地區方言音系，確定19世紀傳教士語料音系，是以潮州府城（今天潮州市區）方言為主，夾雜汕頭、澄海音系特點的事實。之後，論文通過考察潮州方言輔音韻尾在一百多年來的演變，明確了輔音韻尾演變的兩種類型，並為這種演變找到起始音類，同時為聲化韻ŋ找到了演變路徑。研究又以文白異讀現象及其歷時演變為考察對象，總結了文白異讀的演變趨勢和規律，並釐清了同一音值不同層次分屬、「去鼻化音變」作用下的層次性差異、遇攝字ou韻母存古屬性、潮州方言陽聲韻攝vN類韻母白讀層特徵、陽聲韻鼻化元音來自鼻音尾等問題，並藉-m/-p韻尾演變模式，豐富、拓展了「鼻音、塞音韻尾演變階段」理論。最後，藉上述研究成果，我們檢驗以往學者對《韓江聞見錄》、《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》和《擊木知音》的研究情況，梳理了這些材料的音類分合和歸屬特徵。 / 採用歷時比較、邏輯推理與文獻互證相結合的研究方法，並藉科學的量化統計模式，我們從多角度考量傳教士語料，對一百多年來潮州方言語音演變現象作有效的探索和考究。 / In the 19th Century, in order to assist the missionary work, many Anglo-American Christian missionaries published dialect records of Chaoshan area. These records are Romanized dialect records reflecting colloquial pronunciations of Chaoshan dialects in the 19th Century, which were neglected by the traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries. They are very important resources for studying the diachronic change of language. This dissertation attempts to construct the phonological systems of Chaoshan dialects, analyze the patterns and rules of the diachronic change phenomena, and evaluate the research results of traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries by investigating 11 kinds of dialect records published by missionaries.. / By comparing the differences of symbols in these dialect records, this dissertation constructs the phonological system of Chaoshan Dialects of the 19th Century and ascertains that it is a phonological system based on Chaozhou City dialect and mixed with some features of Shantou, Chenghai Dialects. And then the dissertation analyzes 2 patterns of coda change of Chaozhou Dialect, finding out the change trigger and the evolutionary process from “ŋ to “ŋ. Literary pronunciations and colloquial pronunciations (文白異讀) are also different between now and the 19th Century. The dissertation proposes the trends and patterns of these pronunciations, discusses the topics of “same sound, different stratums, “denasalization, and “the origin of ‘ou’, ’vN’, and ‘v’, and then examines the theory of coda changes with the “-m/-p evolution pattern. Based on the study, the dissertation evaluates the validity of the research of 4 documents of traditional Chinese rhyme dictionaries. / This dissertation synthesizes methods of diachronic comparison, logical judgment and textual studies, and scientific quantitative statistics. In so doing, it explores the dialect records in various aspects and summarizes patterns and rules of the phonological diachronic change of Chaozhou Dialect from Mid-19th to Early 21st Century. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 徐宇航. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 305-322) / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Xu Yuhang. / 論文提要 --- p.I / Chapter 第一章 --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 潮汕地區方言研究綜述 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 潮汕地區傳教士語料研究概況 --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3 --- 其他地區傳教士語料研究概況 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.4 --- 本文的研究材料、內容、方法與目的 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- 研究材料與內容 --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 研究方法 --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- 研究意義 --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- 研究目的 --- p.15 / Chapter 1.5 --- 總結 --- p.15 / Chapter 第二章 --- 傳教士語料概況 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.1 --- 語料及語料作者的簡介 --- p.17 / Chapter 2.2 --- 語料與語言點的對應關係 --- p.21 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- 語料編寫者對語料代表音系的介紹 --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- 現代潮州、汕頭方言的語音差異 --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- 潮州、汕頭地名的演變關係 --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3 --- 傳教士集中討論的語言學問題 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- 傳教士談廣東的方言及潮汕地區方言的內部差異 --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- 潮汕地區方言在境外的使用情況 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- 傳教士談習得潮汕地區方言的方法 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- 潮汕地區方言之有音無字現象 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- 潮汕地區方言的異讀現象 --- p.34 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- 傳教士談潮汕地區方言詞彙的分類 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.4 --- 總結 --- p.44 / Chapter 第三章 --- 傳教士語料的符號與音系 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1 --- 語料對潮汕地區方言音值與符號的討論 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Dean1841的音值說明 --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Giles1877的音值說明 --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Fielde1878的音值說明 --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- Fielde1883的音值說明 --- p.51 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- Duffus1883的音值說明 --- p.52 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- Ashmore1884的音值說明 --- p.55 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- Lim1886的音值說明 --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Gibson1886的音值說明 --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1.9 --- Steele1924的音值說明 --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- 語料的符號與音系 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Dean1841的音系 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Giles1877的音系 --- p.74 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Fielde1878的音系 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Fielde1883的音系 --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Duffus1883的音系 --- p.87 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Ashmore1884的音系 --- p.90 / Chapter 3.2.7 --- Lim1886的音系 --- p.93 / Chapter 3.2.8 --- Gibson1886的音系 --- p.96 / Chapter 3.2.9 --- Matthew 1889、Genesis 1896的音系 --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.10 --- Steele 1924的音系 --- p.104 / Chapter 3.3 --- 19世紀潮汕地區方言音系的構建 --- p.107 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- 聲母的符號與音值 --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- 韻母的符號與音值 --- p.114 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- 聲調的符號與調值 --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- 潮汕地區方言音系的構建 --- p.126 / Chapter 3.4 --- 總結 --- p.128 / Chapter 第四章 --- 潮州方言輔音韻尾演變類型分析 --- p.130 / Chapter 4.1 --- 潮州方言輔音韻尾研究概況 --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2 --- 輔音韻尾類型A的演變特點 --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 山、臻攝字的-n-ŋ/-t-k演變 --- p.133 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 非山、臻攝字的-n-ŋ/-t-k演變 --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3 --- 類型B的演變特點 --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 19世紀uan/uat類韻母與今天潮州方言uaŋ/uak類韻母的關係 --- p.141 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- uan/uat類韻母的演變次序與模式 --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4 --- 類型C的演變特點 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- ŋ類韻母在19世紀和今天的分佈 --- p.145 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- ŋ類韻母的來源與演變 --- p.150 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- 19世紀語料ŋ類讀音記錄的異同 --- p.153 / Chapter 4.5 --- 潮州方言一百多年來輔音韻尾演變類型的關係 --- p.155 / Chapter 4.6 --- 總結 --- p.157 / Chapter 第五章 --- 潮州方言文白異讀現象及其演變分析 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.1 --- 潮州（潮汕）方言異讀現象的研究概況 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2. --- 概念的釐清與研究方法的確定 --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 概念的釐清 --- p.160 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 研究方式的確定 --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 文白異讀判斷原則的確定 --- p.163 / Chapter 5.3 --- 潮州方言聲調的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- 全清、次清聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.167 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- 次濁聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.168 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- 全濁聲母字聲調文白異讀變化分析 --- p.171 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- 潮州方言聲調文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.173 / Chapter 5.4 --- 潮州方言聲母的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.173 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- 全清聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.180 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- 次清聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.180 / Chapter 5.4.3 --- 全濁聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.181 / Chapter 5.4.4 --- 次濁聲母字的文白異讀情況 --- p.182 / Chapter 5.4.5 --- 潮州方言聲母文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.195 / Chapter 5.5 --- 潮州方言韻母的文白異讀現象與變化 --- p.195 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- 各攝韻母的異讀特點及其演變 --- p.195 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- 潮州方言韻母文白異讀一百多年來的演變趨勢 --- p.247 / Chapter 5.6 --- 潮州方言一百多年來異讀現象的演變趨勢與規律 --- p.248 / Chapter 5.6.1 --- 演變趨勢分析 --- p.248 / Chapter 5.6.2 --- 演變規律分析 --- p.250 / Chapter 5.7 --- 對Gibson 1886「正音」、「白音」之詮釋 --- p.251 / Chapter 5.8 --- 總結 --- p.254 / Chapter 第六章 --- 潮州方言非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象的思考 --- p.255 / Chapter 6.1 --- 「鼻化元音」現象研究概述 --- p.255 / Chapter 6.2 --- 傳教士語料中的非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象 --- p.256 / Chapter 6.3 --- 解釋非鼻音聲母陰聲韻字「鼻化元音增生」現象的三種觀點 --- p.257 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- 「音變條件」說 --- p.258 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- 「擴散演變」說 --- p.259 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- 「小稱作用」說 --- p.260 / Chapter 6.4 --- 總結 --- p.261 / Chapter 第七章 --- 與傳教士語料年代相近的方言韻書及其研究情況考察 --- p.262 / Chapter 7.1 --- 方言韻書及其研究概況 --- p.263 / Chapter 7.1.1 --- 潮汕地區方言韻書及相關資料 --- p.264 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- 韻書、方言材料的研究現狀 --- p.265 / Chapter 7.2 --- 《韓江聞見錄》語音記錄之討論 --- p.266 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- 李新魁據《韓江聞見錄》總結的清代潮州方言特點 --- p.267 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- 李新魁「二百年前潮州音特點」與傳教士語料研究結果之比較 --- p.268 / Chapter 7.3 --- 《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》音系討論 --- p.269 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- 《潮聲十五音》、《潮語十五音》的音系 --- p.270 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- 兩本韻書音系的討論 --- p.271 / Chapter 7.4 --- 《擊木知音》音系討論 --- p.272 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- 三種《擊木知音》聲母、聲調構擬的比較 --- p.273 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- 三種《擊木知音》韻母構擬的比較 --- p.274 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- 《擊木知音》音系歸屬的討論 --- p.275 / Chapter 7.5 --- 總結 --- p.276 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結語 --- p.277 / Chapter 8.1 --- 內容與貢獻 --- p.278 / Chapter 8.2 --- 展望與期待 --- p.279 / 參考文獻 --- p.305

本文通过研究自改革开放以来计划生育政策在广东省潮汕地区的执行情况，尝试回答一个理论问题，即在一个威权政体中，是什么因素削弱了国家对社会的控制能力，从而民间形成了对刚性国家政策的有效对抗，导致国家的一些政策指令无法在基层得到落实。上世纪八十年代，计划生育政策作为一项"基本国策"在中国大多数地区都得到了严格的执行，并基本完成预定的政策目标。然而，该政策在潮汕地区却遭遇到极大的阻力，无论是城镇还是农村都出现了普遍的严重的超生现象。 / 作者在对该地区进行了实地调研后，有三个主要发现：第一，随着改革开放政策的实行而迅速复兴的宗族文化对于潮汕地区的生育观念和生育行为的影响非常强烈。"多子多福"，"重男轻女"仍被绝大多数人视为理所应当，"儿孙满堂"更是许多农村人的追求。因此，虽然大部分的干部和群众经过计划生育的宣传都能理解该政策的必要性，但是由于生儿育女事关个人家庭和宗族的"兴衰"，所以明知抵触法规但仍会寻求各种可能的办法偷生。第二，在强大的传统文化作用下，基层政府、干部和群众形成了依赖利益和人情而建立起来的"乡规民约"，县镇村的干部群众都在这种民间自订的非正式制度下默契地规范约束自己的行为并且互动合作，因此上级的政策到了基层就遇到了无形的有弹性的成体系的抵抗，换言之，人们找到了实现"上有政策，下有对策"的软性抗争方式。第三，在这种强大的利益人情网络的软性对抗之下，上级的政府已经失去了对于基层计划生育的控制。一则他们没有足够的资源和能力去落实对下级的监管，二则上级官员自身也处在一定的利益关系网络中。因此，整体而言，市级乃至更上级政府在计生工作中也只能采取折中的策略，最后"容忍"了基层欺上瞒下的行为。因此，作者认为在潮汕地区县级以下的农村基层，依靠影响力极强的宗族文化而形成的"乡规民约"，作为一种软性非正式制度弱化了国家正式的行政体制，形成了一种对计划生育政策不成文的，富有弹性的，自成体系的非暴力抵抗，以及"上有政策，下有对策"的折中局面，使得计划生育政策在这一地区发挥了十分有限的作用。 / This study focuses on "Family Planning Program" ever since the "Opening-up Policy" in Teochew area, Guangdong. By doing so, it aims at answering one theoretical question: within an authoritarian regime, what sorts of factors can impair the state’s control over society, leading to effective resistance against the state’s rigid policies and ineffective implement of those policies at grass-roots level. In the 1980s, the "Family Planning Program", as a fundamental national policy, was strictly implemented in most parts of China, accomplishing its policy goals. However, this policy encountered enormous resistance in Teochew area, Guangdong. "Extra kids" have been widely observed in rural areas. / By carrying out on-site field research, the author has three main findings: / First, clan culture, reviving rapidly after the "Opening-up Policy", has been exerting significant impact over birth concepts and birth behaviors in Teochew area. Such thoughts as "the more sons, the more blessings" and "sons are better than daughters" are taken for granted. Having lots of children and grandchildren is considered the best luck possible. Therefore, even though most cadres and citizens understand very well the necessity of the "Family Planning Program", since having children is a serious matter of family’s and clan’s prosperity, people are striving to have more kids, disregarding the laws and policies. / Second, under the big umbrella of traditional culture, governments at grass-roots level, cadres and masses have formulated so-called "village regulations and folk rules", which are based on mutual interests and relationship, and they behave and cooperate consciously according to these informal institutions. As a result, policies from upper levels have met invisible, flexible and systematic resistance at grass-roots level. In other words, people have found a way to use soft countermeasures to resist rigid institutions. / Third, impacted by these soft resistance, governments from upper levels have lost control over the implementation of family planning at grass-root level. Partially because they do not have enough resource and capability to enforce supervision, partially because they themselves are nested heavily in this interest network. Thus, by and large, governments at prefecture or upper levels can only compromise in family planning related issues, leading to the toleration of grass-roots cheating behaviors. / In sum, the author believes that in rural Teochew area, "village regulations and folk rules", which are based on a strong clan culture, as soft informal institutions, have impaired the state’s formal administrative system, generated unspoken, flexible, systematic and nonviolent resistance against "Family Planning Program", and led to a compromising predicament. Therefore, "Family Planning Program", as a national policy, has generated limited impact in Teochew area. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 庄棟杰. / Parallel title from added title page. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhuang Dongjie.