Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) have been demonstrated to be effective actuator elements in a wide range of applications, such as robotics, medicine, aerospace and automotive. Enabled by the unique thermo-mechanical properties of SMAs, these actuators offer the advantages of light weight, high power-to-weight ratio and a simple actuation mechanism compared to traditional actuator types. At the same time, the widespread adoption of the SMA actuator remains elusive as its low power efficiency and complex hysteretic behaviour often render it an impractical means of actuation. These actuators also exhibit a slow response speed and their response is highly sensitive to changes in the external environment, namely ambient temperature and mechanical stress, thus complicating their control. Position, force or temperature sensors may be used to facilitate feedback control, but at the cost of increasing the overall size and complexity of the system. The difficulties caused by the hysteretic behaviour can be largely avoided when SMA wires are used as on-off actuators, making SMAs well suited for such applications. However, they may still be subject to a wide range of dynamic operating conditions that would impact their actuation time, and achieving a consistent actuation time is often highly desirable. This thesis presents the synthesis of a nitinol SMA actuator control system which uses electrical resistance feedback to enable a fast response speed and robustness to disturbances in the external environment. A study of the resistance behaviour of SMAs is discussed first. The design of an adaptive controller and the experimental evaluation of its performance are described in detail next. The objective of the SMA actuator control system is to achieve a consistent and fast actuation time throughout the range of operating ambient temperature and stress. The control system is implemented experimentally and shown to be quite successful.

No description available.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 70).

Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-11-11T15:09:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1991641 bytes, checksum: ba8fcc8a2e4b18edbf9d9e8c286626b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-11T15:09:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1991641 bytes, checksum: ba8fcc8a2e4b18edbf9d9e8c286626b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This paper presents an experimental design of a power control system and position, using, as actuator, a coil spring of Shape Memory Alloy (SMA), consisting of Ni-Ti alloys, in an adapted screw table. A controller, closed loop, based on Fuzzy logic has been modeled to control the force exerted by the spring which the spring is manipulating by the temperature. In this work, the spring temperature was controlled by an electric current, which produces heat generation by Joule effect. A restoring spring was used to make the shape memory spring to restore the system to its original position. To supply the shape memory spring we used a controlled current source, whose current value that determines the desired force applied which is measured with a load cell and position by a camera connected a computer. The shape memory spring characteristics were determined from conventional approach to helical traction springs, and then characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The Fuzzy controller was modeled on LabVIEW installed on a computer equipped with a data acquisition system. The experimental results were obtained from tests on test bench, with the shape memory alloy spring with and without training. / Neste trabalho apresenta-se um projeto experimental de um sistema de controle de força e de posição utilizando, como atuador, uma mola helicoidal de Liga de Memória de Forma (LMF), constituída de ligas de Ni-Ti, em uma mesa de fuso adaptada. Um controlador, em malha fechada, baseado em Lógica Fuzzy foi modelado para controlar a força exercida pela mola, a qual é manipulada através da temperatura da mola. Neste trabalho, a temperatura de mola foi controlada através de uma corrente elétrica, que produz geração de calor através do efeito Joule. Uma mola restauradora foi utilizada para fazer a mola de memória de forma restaurar o sistema à sua posição original. Para alimentar a mola de memória de forma utilizou-se uma fonte de corrente continua controlada, cujo valor dessa corrente determina a força aplicada desejada a qual foi medida com uma célula de carga e a posição através de uma câmera conectada a um computador. As características da mola de memória de forma foram determinadas a partir de abordagem convencional para molas helicoidais de tração, e em seguida caracterizada, através de calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC). O controlador Fuzzy foi modelado no ambiente LabVIEW instalado em um computador equipado com um sistema de aquisição de dados. Os resultados experimentais foram obtidos em ensaios realizados na bancada de teste, com a mola de liga de memoria de forma com e sem treinamento.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3942583 bytes, checksum: 613d4f8e3d70831b283afb56b0fc621a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The vibration control is an important field of study within mechanical engineering, whose main objective is to reduce and control the vibration of a system. There are various techniques and methods for vibration control, and among them are those using dynamic vibration absorbers In this context, Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) can be used as actuators that help the active control of structures due to their ability to change the stiffness and damping. The SMA is part of a group of metallic materials which have the property returned to its original shape after mechanical deformation through a phase transition obtained by a thermal process. Metal alloys consisting of nickel and titanium (NiTi) can generate significant forces behind the change of shape, stiffness and damping temperature variation. In this thesis, we implement a fuzzy controller to reduce vibration of unbalanced rotating system using shape memory alloy actuator. Theoretical and experimental results of the system, controlled in critical regions, are presented, where level reductions of about 85% in the resonance region were observed. / O controle de vibrações é um campo de estudo bastante relevante dentro da Engenharia Mecânica cujo principal objetivo reside na atenuação e controle das vibrações de um sistema. Existem técnicas e métodos variados que permitem o controle de vibrações, e dentre estas existem aquelas que utilizam os absorvedores dinâmicos de vibração. Neste contexto, as Ligas com Memória de Forma (LMF) podem ser usadas na forma de atuadores que auxiliam no controle ativo de estruturas devido à sua capacidade de variação da rigidez e amortecimento. As LMF fazem parte de um grupo de materiais metálicos que apresentam a propriedade de retornar à sua forma original após uma deformação mecânica, através de uma transformação de fase obtida por meio de um procedimento térmico. Ligas metálicas constituídas por Níquel e Titânio (NiTi), podem gerar forças consideráveis após a mudança de forma, rigidez e amortecimento, através da variação da temperatura. Nesta tese, é implementado um controlador Fuzzy para reduzir os níveis de vibração de um sistema massa-mola simulando um rotor desbalanceado utilizando-se um atuador de liga com memória de forma. Resultados teóricos e experimentais do sistema sendo controlado em regiões críticas são apresentados, onde se observaram reduções nos níveis da ordem de até 85% na região de ressonância.

Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011 / Smart (SMA-Shape Memory Alloy) Technology continues to advance rapidly as engineers move closer to and understand better the industrial and commercial needs for SMA. As a matter of fact, all types of products, which exercise some type of control over their function, are rapidly making their way into the marketplace [36] Nonetheless, nowhere has been evidence in the development of a SMA impeller. Unlike traditional impellers with no control over their function and sometimes fixed angle of attack, this paper demonstrates numerical investigations using analytical algorithms (Matrix laboratory programming and excel spread sheet) and advanced computer simulation package, Engineering Fluid dynamics (EFD) into the feasibility of using a smart impeller to study the performance of a pumping system and the best angle of attack for a Shape Memory Impeller. Primarily, Bench mark data and dimensions are obtained from a standard centrifugal pump run on a FM21 demonstration unit. Using the same standard centrifugal pump, and keeping all other dimensions the same but altering the angle of attack, EFD simulations where made. From analytical algorithm and EFD comparison, it was evident that the best angle of attack is 12 degree at the outlet angle with respect to the inlet angle. From EFD results, it is palpable that, by increasing the angle of attack from 35 degree to 45 degree at the outlet there will be huge increase in flow rate by 63.47% There is also a slight decrease in the impeller Torque from 35 degrees to 42 degrees by 0.72%. It is economically feasible to work at an outlet angle of 42 degrees due to increase in efficiency of 62.1% and a drop in torque of 0.72% by varying the outlet angle from 35 degrees to 42 degree. Understanding how critical actuator design is, it should be suggested that any shape memory impeller should never be used in critical components without a prior history of thermal and mechanical loading. Therefore, a NiTi impeller constitutive model can be designed, with impeller blades made from NiTi plates, trained to remember its best angle of attack (Martensitic phase). NiTi shape memory metal alloy (plates-blades) can exist in a two different temperature-dependent crystal structures (phases) called martensite [9](lower temperature-normal pumping condition) and austenite [9] (higher temperature or parent phase-trained best angle of attack.)

Orientador: Jorge Otubo / Dissertação (mestrado profissional) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T22:36:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Minetto_RobertoTadeu_M.pdf: 5159616 bytes, checksum: a09b62580c76b0c4d2322045c6ba6a3d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Idealmente, as juntas rigidamente fixadas por parafusos deveriam manter as forças de aperto aplicadas em cada parafuso até o final da vida útil e com um mínimo de variação entre os parafusos de um mesmo conjunto. No entanto, ensaios mecânicos comprovam que a dispersão das forças de aperto, nos processos atuais de fixação do cabeçote de cilindros, é muito grande e que a perda de pré-carga pode chegar a 30%. Ou seja, se aplica 100 kN e ter-se-á efetivamente 70 kN de força resultante após algumas horas de utilização. Esta perda é devido à acomodação (relaxamento) dos picos de usinagem da rosca e da face de assentamento da cabeça do parafuso, das deformações plásticas dos componentes envolvidos, do "endireitamento" parafuso, da velocidade do fuso de aperto, etc. Como o sistema de aperto convencional não usa arruela entre o parafuso e o cabeçote, a proposta deste projeto foi estudar o uso da liga Ti-50,67at%Ni com efeito de memória de forma (superelástico) para a utilização na confecção desta arruela. Uma vez montada no conjunto, a arruela estará sujeita a uma carga de compressão, e, devido ao efeito da memória de forma, o componente tenderá a voltar à forma original minimizando ou mesmo eliminando a perda de carga sofrida pelos parafusos usados na montagem / Abstract: Gaskets rigidly attached by bolts should keep the applied forces to each bolt until the end of its life and presenting a small force variation among the bolts of the same set. However, mechanical tests confirms that the bolt forces dispersion, in the current cylinder head fixation process, is large and the pre load loss reach 30 per cent. It means that if we apply 100 kN, we are going to have 70 kN of resultant bolt forces after few hours of running tests. This loss is caused by machining peaks accommodation in the thread contact and bolt head seating, plastic deformation (thermal and mechanical) of the involved components, bolts beating and others important aspects of bolt torque strategy. As the current system does not use flat washers between the bolt head and cylinder head bosses this project purposes to study the use of Ti-50,67at%Ni alloy, with shape memory effect (superelasticity) , for fabricating this washer. When assembled in the set, the washer will suffer a compressive load and because of the shape memory effect, the component will try to return to the original form, minimizing or even eliminating the pre load loss by bolts used to set / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Automobilistica

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are materials that show reversible, thermo-elastic, diffusionless, displacive (solid to solid) phase transformation, due to the application of temperature and/ or stress (/strain). Among different SMAs, NiTi is a popular one. NiTi shows reversible phase transformation, the shape memory effect (SME), where irreversible deformations are recovered upon heating, and superelasticity (SE), where large strains imposed at high enough temperatures are fully recovered. Phase transformation process in NiTi SMA is a very complex process that involves the competition between developed internal strain and phonon dispersion instability. In NiTi SMA, phase transformation occurs over a wide range of temperature and/ or stress (strain) which involves, evolution of different crystalline phases (cubic austenite i.e. B2, different monoclinic variant of martensite i.e. B19', and orthorhombic B19 or BCO structures). Further, it is observed from experimental and computational studies that the evolution kinetics and growth rate of different phases in NiTi SMA vary significantly over a wide spectrum of spatio-temporal scales, especially with length scales. At nano-meter length scale, phase transformation temperatures, critical transformation stress (or strain) and phase fraction evolution change significantly with sample or simulation cell size and grain size. Even, below a critical length scale, the phase transformation process stops. All these aspects make NiTi SMA very interesting to the science and engineering research community and in this context, the present focuses on the following aspects. At first this study address the stability, evolution and growth kinetics of different phases (B2 and variants of B19'), at different length scales, starting from the atomic level and ending at the continuum macroscopic level. The effects of simulation cell size, grain size, and presence of free surface and grain boundary on the phase transformation process (transformation temperature, phase fraction evolution kinetics due to temperature) are also demonstrated herein. Next, to couple and transfer the statistical information of length scale dependent phase transformation process, multiscale/ multiphysics methods are used. Here, the computational difficulty from the fact that the representative governing equations (i.e. different sub-methods such as molecular dynamics simulations, phase field simulations and continuum level constitutive/ material models) are only valid or can be implemented over a range of spatiotemporal scales. Therefore, in the present study, a wavelet based multiscale coupling method is used, where simulation results (phase fraction evolution kinetics) from different sub-methods are linked via concurrent multiscale coupling fashion. Finally, these multiscale/ multiphysics simulation results are used to develop/ modify the macro/ continuum scale thermo-mechanical constitutive relations for NiTi SMA. Finally, the improved material model is used to model new devices, such as thermal diodes and smart dampers.

A multi-functional (sensing -actuating) greenhouse ventilation window heated/cooled naturally by convection was designed to overcome different industry challenges in terms of designing smart applications. This ventilation window design includes a three-pulley system to reduce the load on the NiTi actuator and enhance its long-life time. In addition, using the NiTi actuator allows energy saving due to natural phase transformation induction (i.e. convection) and high force generation compared to the small NiTi wire mass. Structural analysis was used to determine the force generated in the “C-shaped” NiTi wire after loading. Transient thermal and structural analysis also was used to investigate the strain rate effects on the shape memory response of “C shaped” NiTi alloy element under different thermomechanical loadings and boundary conditions. Two types of loading have been applied isothermally or at adiabatic conditions. The results showed a significant effect of the high loading rates on increasing the stress plateau which is caused by the corresponding shift in the transformation temperatures. As a result, it could be expected that the actuator life time could be reduced when a rapid, as opposed to a slow loading rate, is adopted. In addition, the dynamic loading of the NiTi leads to a decrease of the recoverable strain. Experimental work was done to validate the simulation model by testing a commercial NiTi sample dynamically and compare the macroscopic displacement during mechanical loading and the strain recovery process.

No description available.