The purpose of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a laser layer manufacturing technique for realization of shape memory alloy (SMA) components with complex geometry. Pre-placed laser solid freeform fabrication (LSFF) was utilized to produce straight and curvaceous SMA parts from a mixture of 55.2 wt%Ni - 44.8 wt%Ti powder. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser was used; while laser pulse width and frequency were held constant at what are considered their optimal values (4 ms and 50 Hz, respectively), laser energy and scanning speeds were varied across samples to determine appropriate values for fabrication of high quality SMA parts . Different pre-placed powder thicknesses were deposited and then mechanically and physically studied. Optical microscopy, SEM, EDS, and XRD methods, as well as microhardness measurements, were used to examine the microstructural characteristics and hardness of the SMA samples. Also, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine the transformation temperatures of the fabricated parts. The results confirmed the formation of crack-free solid surfaces in which two types of microstructure exist: solid (non-prose) and dendrite arms. EDS chemical composition analysis confirmed the absence of any impurity or oxidise in the cross section of the samples as well as the presence of only nickel and titanium. XRD spectrum analysis indicated the presence of Ni-Ti intermetallic phases, which are almost Ni-Ti but contain a small amount of Ti2Ni. The XRD results also indicated the presence of austenite and martensite phases, which are exchanged during heating or mechanical deformation. The hardness of these samples varied from 250 to 450 HV0.3. Several tests were carried out to investigate the shape memory effect (SME). It was observed that the fabricated SMAs can recover from the bent condition very quickly (i.e., 1 to 8 seconds) depending on their thickness. In general, the fabricated parts were first bent out of their original shapes then heated, in various ways, above the transformation temperature. To theoretically assess the SME performance of the fabricated SMAs with the proposed geometry two models were developed. The first model was established based upon a lump approach in which the part was exposed to an electrical current. The second model, however, was established based upon a finite element method in which a specific domain at one end of the sample was exposed to a source of heat. It was found that the theoretical outputs from both models were in good agreement with the experimental results.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the feasibility of a laser layer manufacturing technique for realization of shape memory alloy (SMA) components with complex geometry. Pre-placed laser solid freeform fabrication (LSFF) was utilized to produce straight and curvaceous SMA parts from a mixture of 55.2 wt%Ni - 44.8 wt%Ti powder. A pulsed Nd:YAG laser was used; while laser pulse width and frequency were held constant at what are considered their optimal values (4 ms and 50 Hz, respectively), laser energy and scanning speeds were varied across samples to determine appropriate values for fabrication of high quality SMA parts . Different pre-placed powder thicknesses were deposited and then mechanically and physically studied. Optical microscopy, SEM, EDS, and XRD methods, as well as microhardness measurements, were used to examine the microstructural characteristics and hardness of the SMA samples. Also, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed to determine the transformation temperatures of the fabricated parts. The results confirmed the formation of crack-free solid surfaces in which two types of microstructure exist: solid (non-prose) and dendrite arms. EDS chemical composition analysis confirmed the absence of any impurity or oxidise in the cross section of the samples as well as the presence of only nickel and titanium. XRD spectrum analysis indicated the presence of Ni-Ti intermetallic phases, which are almost Ni-Ti but contain a small amount of Ti2Ni. The XRD results also indicated the presence of austenite and martensite phases, which are exchanged during heating or mechanical deformation. The hardness of these samples varied from 250 to 450 HV0.3. Several tests were carried out to investigate the shape memory effect (SME). It was observed that the fabricated SMAs can recover from the bent condition very quickly (i.e., 1 to 8 seconds) depending on their thickness. In general, the fabricated parts were first bent out of their original shapes then heated, in various ways, above the transformation temperature. To theoretically assess the SME performance of the fabricated SMAs with the proposed geometry two models were developed. The first model was established based upon a lump approach in which the part was exposed to an electrical current. The second model, however, was established based upon a finite element method in which a specific domain at one end of the sample was exposed to a source of heat. It was found that the theoretical outputs from both models were in good agreement with the experimental results.

Porous TiNi alloys (Ti-50.4 at. %Ni and Ti-50.6 at. %Ni) with porosities in the range 21%-81% were prepared successfully applying a new powder metallurgy fabrication route in which magnesium was used as space holder resulting in either single austenite phase or a mixture of austenite and martensite phases dictated by the composition of the starting prealloyed powders but entirely free from secondary brittle intermetallics, oxides, nitrides and carbonitrides. Magnesium vapor do not only prevents secondary phase formation and contamination but also provides higher temperature sintering opportunity preventing liquid phase formation at the eutectic temperature, 1118 &deg / C resulting from Ni enrichment due to oxidation. By two step sintering processing (holding the sample at 1100 &deg / C for 30 minutes and subsequently sintering at temperatures higher than the eutectic temperature, 1118 &deg / C) magnesium may allow sintering probably up to the melting point of TiNi. The processed alloys exhibited interconnected (partially or completely depending on porosity content) open macro-pores spherical in shape and irregular micro-pores in the cell walls resulting from incomplete sintering. It has been found that porosity content of the foams have no influence on the phase transformation temperatures while deformation and oxidation are severely influential. Porous TiNi alloys displayed excellent superelasticity and shape memory behavior. Space holder technique seems to be a promising method for production of porous TiNi alloys. Desired porosity level, pore shape and accordingly mechanical properties were found to be easily adjustable.

Thesis (Ph.D)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Gall, Ken; Committee Chair: May, Gary S; Committee Member: Brand, Oliver; Committee Member: Degertekin, F Levent; Committee Member: Milor, Linda S. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Thesis (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-99). Also available via the Internet.

Submitted by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-22T18:30:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRWS.pdf: 6193084 bytes, checksum: 3bdd1b505e2e63b3865d89c32053e44b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-22T18:30:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRWS.pdf: 6193084 bytes, checksum: 3bdd1b505e2e63b3865d89c32053e44b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ronildo Prado (ronisp@ufscar.br) on 2017-08-22T18:30:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRWS.pdf: 6193084 bytes, checksum: 3bdd1b505e2e63b3865d89c32053e44b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-22T18:31:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissRWS.pdf: 6193084 bytes, checksum: 3bdd1b505e2e63b3865d89c32053e44b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / Não recebi financiamento / The shape memory effect represents a physical property of materials with great potential applications in several sectors of Industry. In metallic materials, it’s a phenomenon associated to martensitic transformation and its reversion process in which the material, after being deformed over its elastic limit, can reestablish its original form through heat treatment. It’s really worthwhile to explore this feature because it allows the fabrication of joints and pipe coupling joints without the use of welds. The stainless Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni alloys which this property are potentially eligible for this application and thus have attracted attention of researchers because they’re a cheap economical alternative and easy to be produced when compared to copper and Nickel-Titanium alloys with shape memory shape effect. However, these stainless alloys still feature discrete values of shape recovery and limited corrosion resistance. Besides that, the fabrication processes of this alloys reported in literature involve the production through induction vacuum furnaces that add great cost to the final product and imply few engineering applications. In this regard, the present work aimed to contribute to the study of Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni alloys with shape memory effect and creating and characterizing an alloy obtained by fusion in inductions furnace without controlled atmosphere, assessing the different conditions of material processing when in terms of microstructure, mechanical properties, degree of shape recovery and corrosion resistance. The fusion of the alloy has generated an ingot with a high level of non-metallic inclusions and a certain amount of interdendritic porosity as well as the formation of secondary phases in the microstructure. The homogenization treatment has dropped some of the secondary phases, but the air cooling generated precipitation in grain boundaries. In the heat-treated condition, the alloy featured better results in terms of shape recovery and corrosion resistance. / O efeito de memória de forma representa uma propriedade física dos materiais com grande potencial para aplicações em diversos setores da indústria. Nos materiais metálicos, trata-se de um fenômeno associado à transformação martensítica e seu processo de reversão no qual o material, após ser deformado acima de seu regime elástico, consegue reestabelecer sua forma original mediante aquecimento. Essa característica é interessante de ser explorada, pois possibilita a fabricação de junções e sistemas de acoplamento de tubulações sem solda. As ligas inoxidáveis Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni que apresentam essa propriedade são candidatas em potencial para essa aplicação e têm atraído a atenção de pesquisadores por ser uma alternativa econômica e de fácil produção quando comparadas as ligas com memória de forma à base de cobre ou níquel-titânio. No entanto, essas ligas inoxidáveis ainda apresentam valores discretos de recuperação de forma e resistência à corrosão limitada. Além disso, os processos de fabricação de ligas dessa natureza relatados na literatura envolvem a produção em fornos de indução a vácuo, o que agrega alto custo ao produto final e implica em poucas aplicações de engenharia. Nesse tocante, o presente trabalho visou contribuir para o estudo de ligas Fe-Mn-Si-Cr-Ni com memória de forma elaborando e caracterizando uma liga obtida por meio de fusão em forno de indução sem atmosfera controlada, avaliando-se as diferentes condições de processamento do material em termos de microestrutura, propriedades mecânicas, grau de recuperação de forma e resistência à corrosão. A fusão da liga gerou um lingote com alto nível de inclusões e certa quantidade de porosidades interdendríticas, além da formação de fases secundárias na microestrutura. O tratamento de homogeneização eliminou algumas das fases secundárias, mas o resfriamento ao ar gerou a precipitação em contornos de grão. Na condição trabalhada a quente, a liga apresentou os melhores resultados em termos de recuperação de forma e resistência à corrosão.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:59:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1749141 bytes, checksum: 1c9c3eb30ef41e016293911f596e4898 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The alloys Cu 78,3% - Al 9,8% - Mn 11,9 and 77.5% Cu - Al 9.8% - Mn 11,9% -% Nb 0.5 - 0.3% Ni (wt%) were prepared without the use of protective atmosphere. The first alloy was characterized using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction and its mechanical property was determinated by the tensile test, quantification of the shape memory effect and superelasticity. In the case of alloy with Nb and Ni, this was characterized by optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and had their mechanical properties determined by tensile testing. / As ligas Cu 78,3% - Al 9,8% - Mn 11,9 e Cu 77,5% - Al 9,8% - Mn 11, 9% - Nb 0,5% - Ni 0,3% (% em peso) foram elaboradas sem utilização de atmosfera de proteção. A primeira liga foi caracterizada através de microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura e difração de raios-X e suas propriedades mecânicas foram determinadas através de ensaio de tração, quantificação de efeito de memória de forma e superelasticidade. No caso da liga com Nb e Ni, esta foi caracterizada por microscopia ótica, Calorimetria Diferencial de Varredura e teve suas propriedades mecânicas determinadas através de ensaio de tração.

No description available.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18587号 / 工博第3948号 / 新制||工||1607(附属図書館) / 31487 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 北條 正樹, 教授 北村 隆行, 教授 琵琶 志朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Shape memory alloy (SMA) materials such as nitinol have unique properties associated with the shape recovery effect and the material’s phase changes that have been used in a variety of actuator and sensing applications. By embedding SMA elements into host composite materials, control or modification of the SMA hybrid composite’s structural properties can be accomplished in-service, thereby increasing the hybrid composite’s structural functionality. Previous studies addressed increasing composite materials’ functionality by enabling in-service control of their dynamic response. Utilizing the SMA’s substantial recovery stress and capacity to dissipate strain energy to increase the hybrid composite’s static functionality is addressed herein. Specific applications for SMA hybrid composites include improving composite material’s impact damage resistance and composite cylinder stress and deflection control. In stress and deflection control of cylindrical structures, SMA actuators are placed within the composite cylinder to form an active compound cylinder. The active SMA elements can significantly reduce the internal pressure-induced radial dilation and creep so that under severe loading, piston to cylinder tolerances may be maintained. Similar to a conventional metallic compound cylinder, the active compound cylinder also reduces peak cylinder hoop stresses. Hybridizing composites with nitinol improves their impact resistance because of nitinol’s tremendous capacity to absorb impact strain energy through the stress-induced martensitic phase transformation. The amount of impact damage is reduced and the material’s resistance to impact perforation at various velocities is improved. The experimental response of nitinol hybrid composites and the associated mechanics are presented. The unique toughness and resistance to permanent deformation that is a result of the stress-induced martensitic phase transformation enables the nitinol to absorb on the order of 4 times the strain energy of high alloy steel and 16 times that of many graphite/epoxy composites. In most static applications where SMA elements are used for reinforcement, maintaining the integrity of the interface between the SMA elements and the host polymeric matrix composite material is critical to operation. The relationship between preparation of SMA elements for hybrid composite fabrication and interfacial bond strength is presented to address this issue. The mechanics of interfacial shear failure between SMA element and composite is also presented. / Ph. D.