Coherent control of laser induced processes is based on the quantum interference among multiple excitation pathways. Progress in the field has been fueled by advances in pulse shaping techniques, allowing modulation of phase and amplitude across the bandwidth of ultra short pulses. This dissertation makes use of coherent control technique for the optimization of two-photon fluorescence (TPF) and its applications in selective excitation for biomedical imaging. Different physical processes, e.g. TPF, second harmonic generation (SHG) and their ratios (e.g. TPF/SHG) were optimized by using feedback control pulse shaping technique with an evolutionary algorithm. Various nonlinear effects, e.g. filamentation, intensity clamping and white light generation were studied using two-photon fluorescence and Z-scan technique with different dyes and biomarkers. Simultaneous measurements of different nonlinear effects were performed. Novel methods were proposed and implemented to obtain two-photon excitation characteristics in intensity-resolved manner. Understanding of these nonlinear effects can give new solution to the issues of spatial resolution and molecular contrast for cellular and tissue imaging.

The purpose of the current study is to evaluate a procedure that can be used to introduce horses to clipping. Negative reinforcement was used in a shaping paradigm. Shaping steps were conducted by the handler, starting with touching the horse with the hand, then touching the horse with the clippers while they are off, culminating with touching the horse with the clippers while they are on. When a horse broke contact with either the hand or the clippers, the hand or the clippers were held at that point until the horse emitted an appropriate response. When the horse emitted an appropriate response, the clippers were removed, and the handler stepped away from the horse. For all eight horses, this shaping plan was effective in enabling the clipping of each horse with minimal inappropriate behavior and without additional restraint. The entire process took under an hour for each horse.

With demand for gasoline and diesel expected to decline in the near future, crude-tochemicals technologies have the potential to become the most important processes in the petrochemical industry. This trend has triggered intense research to maximize the production of light olefins and aromatics at the expense of fuels, which calls for disruptive processes able to transform crude to chemicals in an efficient and environmentally friendly way. Simultaneously, the production of high-demand chemical commodities such as olefins, aromatics and gasoline from alternative feedstocks such as methanol has been central to research in both academia and industry. In both conversions, catalyst composition and formulation play a key role. In principle, shaping and optimal compositional formulation are major challenges in the successful industrial application of heterogeneous catalysts. Herein, we evaluate the application of the spray-drying shaping technique to manufacture spherical zeolite-based catalysts and their applicability in the direct crude-to-chemicals and the methanol-to-hydrocarbons processes. A thorough study of the effect of formulated fluid catalytic cracking catalyst composition on the one-step cracking of Arabian light crude oil was studied in the present thesis. Our results demonstrate that over a 35wt.% yield to light olefins can be achieved on spray-dried catalysts containing 1:1 mixtures of ZSM-5 and FAU zeolites. On the other hand, the nature of the selected clay, one of the key components in formulated catalysts, has a significant influence in modifying the final acidity of the composite, which, when applied in methanol to hydrocarbons, results in the propagation of either the alkene or arene cycles. The present PhD thesis also has been dedicated to the study of optimal conditions for the highly selective and stable production of aromatics during methanol to aromatics at high pressure. High selectivity to aromatics (~50%) can be achieved on a commercial high silica ZSM-5 at 400° and 30 bar total pressure. The high partial pressure of primary olefins and the promoted methanol-induced hydrogen transfer pathway result in an exponential increase in aromatization, while the high partial pressure of steam generated via dehydration of methanol leads to in situ coke removal and, therefore, to a slower deactivation of the zeolite.

The study of choice and allocation has often focused on certain parameters of reinforcement, but rarely on historical variables. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential effects of gradual vs. abrupt teaching methods on future response allocation. A secondary goal was to see if the results of teaching-method manipulations might be correlated with the parameters that the teaching method produced, specifically unit costs, rate of reinforcement, or error rates. Results indicate that these teaching procedures can produce transient shifts in allocation, but not in a consistent direction. Neither unit cost nor rate or reinforcement alone can account for observed response allocation shifts after training. Researchers saw that subjects reliably shifted towards a manipulanda that produced higher rates of errors, therefore investigating the influence that error rate (or types of errors) may have on response allocation may aid in general teaching method preferences. Future research could focus on the combination of historical procedural variables and current variables that could determine response allocation.

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In our technological society, the growth of applications is not always followed by the growth of network capacity. There is an increasing demand of bandwidth which cannot always be answered properly. It is especially true in wireless networks such as 3G. Mobile devices can store and use more and more applications which are all using the bandwidth without any control. The Internet experience for the end user can thus be quickly degraded. In this respect, my objective in this thesis is to fill the gap on this matter by implementing a traffic shaping software working on Android devices. In order to get the necessary knowledge to create such an application, series of tests are conducted on similar software based on Windows 7. The outcome of this research is my own solution to shape the traffic on Android mobile devices. The software allows the end user to choose which of his applications should get a higher priority to improve his overall experience with them.

The Rapid Thermal Chemical Vapor Deposition (RTCVD) system is an emerging and promising technology in semiconductor manufacturing which possess advantages of rapidly increasing wafer temperature and reducing the thermal budget over traditional batch processing. In recent years, the growth of thin films in the manufacture of semiconductor devices has been widely employed in the industry. Because the influences of processing variables on RTCVD systems may lead to spatial wafer temperature non-uniformity, the precise control of wafer temperature is an important issue up to the present. In this paper the complementary sensitivity function shaping based on H-infinite control theory is applied to design robust controllers for the single-input/single-output (SISO) model of the RTCVD system, the multi-input/multi-output (MIMO) model of the RTCVD system, and the MIMO model with multiplicative uncertainties. Through control the power of the tungsten-halogen lamps, it can achieve the temperature tracking with good uniformity. Finally, the computer simulation results are obviously that the performance of the proposed controllers is satisfactory.

Once convicted, always doomed, How Lexbase emerged, disappeared and reappeared, by Fanny Krafft and Per Rosander, is a case study based on the Social Shaping of Technology (SST) perspective. The study deals with the controversial service Lexbase and how the reaction in the media highlights the phenomenon as very critical in line with our society. The study intends to explain what the phenomenon Lexbase is an expression of, based on the media's reactions in the newspaper through a content analysis. This analyze of the reactions, shall be able to answer the problem statement. This is;how can the appearance of a service like Lexbase explained? In order to answer the problem statement, intends the study to manage a variety of literatures that are systematically selected for the study purpose and question. The literature will explain how Lexbase could occur.   The purpose of this study is to try to investigate how Lexbase has been made possible and what underlying factors existed to create the service.To study the phenomenon will the study use STT as theoretical framework, as well as other theories that are considered relevant to handle. The study will also assume the causal factors that made Lexbase available in the market such as internets condition, Swedish legislation and entrepreneurship among others.   The result shows that Lexbase has occurred by society interactions with technology, which has opened up a glade in the market. In the empirical evidence clearly shows that the community is critical to the service, but because it is legally legitimate are the discussions about the basis of an ethical and moral perspective.

L’arrivée des sources lasers ultracourtes a bouleversé le domaine de la micro-structuration pour l’optique intégrée. Le plus souvent, le procédé se résume à l’utilisation d’une lentille de focalisation sur le trajet du faisceau laser. Cette méthode souffre de limitations intrinsèques sur la vitesse d’usinage et sur le spectre des modifications accessibles. Nous montrons dans ce mémoire que la mise en forme spatio-temporelle des impulsions lasers ultracourtes répond efficacement à ces défis. En particulier, nous indiquons la possibilité de multiplier le nombre de spots lasers pour la fabrication simultanée de plusieurs composants optiques, en répondant ainsi au besoin de rapidité. Cette avancée majeure est illustrée par la photoinscription en parallèle de guides, de diviseurs, de coupleurs ainsi que de démultiplexeurs de lumière en 2Det 3D dans la silice. Il est également reporté ici que le domaine de photoinscription peut être élargi à la focalisation profonde dans les matériaux grâce à la modulation du front d’onde ainsi que la mise en forme temporelle de l’impulsion permettant de préserver la densité d’énergie déposée. Le couplage d’énergie vers le matériau transparent en fonction de divers profils d’impulsions est étudié à l’échelle femtoseconde. La caractérisation du gaz d’électrons libres ainsi que de l’onde de pression nous permet de mettre en évidence l’efficacité des impulsions picosecondes `a déposer l’énergie de manière plus confinée dans différents verres. Ces études sont conduites sur un système de microscopie de type pompe-sonde permettant de mettre en forme l’irradiation pompe. / In the past decade, ultrashort laser sources have had a decisive impact on material processing for photonic applications. The technique is usually restricted to the elemental association of an ultrashort source with a focusing lens. It is thus limited in the achievable bulk modifications. Accompanying studies of material modifications in space and time, we propose here that automated spatio-temporal tailoring of the laser pulses is an efficient manner to overcome these limitations. More precisely, we demonstrate the generation of multiple processing foci for synchronous photomachining of multiple devices in the bulk. Thus, we report on the parallel photowriting of waveguides, light couplers, light dividers in 2D/3D in fused silica glass. We show that the domain of photowriting can be extended to deep focusing. We indicate that this can be achieved by wavefront shaping or temporal profile tailoring conducted by an evolutionary optimization loop. We also have unveiled a singular interaction regime where regular structuring takes place before the focal region. For the first time, the dynamics of the energy coupling to the glassy matrix is evaluated for various temporal pulse profiles. Enhanced energy confinement in the case of picosecond pulses is confirmed by characterization of the transient electronic gas and of the subsequent pressure. These pump-probe studies were carried out with a self-build time-resolved microscopy system with temporally shaped pump irradiation. We also developed a new method based on the Drude model to differentiate the electronic and matrix contributions to the contrast of the microscopy images.