ITC/USA 2014 Conference Proceedings / The Fiftieth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 20-23, 2014 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA / Network loads close to Ethernet wire speed and latency sensitive data in a Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) system, represent challenging requirements for FTI network equipment. Loss of data due to network congestion, overflow on the end nodes, as well as packet latency above a few hundred microseconds, can be critical during a flight test. To avoid these problems, several advanced packet filtering and network optimization functions are required in order to achieve best possible performance and thus avoid loss of data. This paper gives insight into how to properly engineer an Ethernet based FTI network and how to use advanced Ethernet switch techniques such as Quality of Service (QoS) and rate shaping.

Quality of Service is major factor for a successful business in modern and future network services. A minimum level of services is assured indulging quality of Experience for modern real time communication introducing user satisfaction with perceived service quality. Traffic engineering can be applied to provide better services to maintain or enhance user satisfaction through reactive and preventive traffic control mechanisms. Preventive traffic control can be more effective to manage the network resources through admission control, scheduling, policing and traffic shaping mechanisms maintaining a minimum level before it get worse and affect user perception. Accuracy, dynamicity, uniformity and reproducibility are objectives of vast research in network traffic. Real time tests, simulation and network emulation are applied to test uniformity, accuracy, reproducibility and dynamicity. Network Emulation is performed over experimental network to test real time application, protocol and traffic parameters. DummyNet is a network emulator and traffic shaper which allows nondeterministic placement of packet losses, delays and bandwidth changes. KauNet shaper is a network emulator which creates traffic patterns and applies these patterns for exact deterministic placement of bit-errors, packet losses, delay changes and bandwidth changes. An evaluation of KauNet with different patterns for packet losses, delay changes and bandwidth changes on emulated environment is part of this work. The main motivation for this work is to check the possibility to delay and drop the packets of a transfer/session in the same way as it has happened before (during the observation period). This goal is achieved to some extent using KauNet but some issues with pattern repetitions are still needed to be solved to get better results. The idea of history and trace-based traffic shaping using KauNet is given to make this possibility a reality.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been widely adopted in many different applications in recent years, such as smart home applications. An adversary can capture the network traffic of IoT devices and analyze it to reveal user activities even if the traffic is encrypted. Therefore, traffic privacy is a major concern, especially in smart home applications. Traffic shaping can be used to obfuscate the traffic so that no meaningful predictions can be drawn through traffic analysis. Current traffic shaping methods have many tunable variables that are difficult to optimize to balance bandwidth overheads and latencies. In this thesis, we study current traffic shaping algorithms in terms of computational requirements, bandwidth overhead, latency, and privacy protection based on captured traffic data from a mimic smart home network. A new traffic shaping method - Dynamic Traffic Padding is proposed to balance bandwidth overheads and delays according to the type of devices and desired privacy. We use previous device traffic to adjust the padding rate to reduce the bandwidth overhead. Based on the mimic smart home application data, we verify our proposed method can preserve privacy while minimizing bandwidth overheads and latencies.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) was designed to provide fast data rates to replace 3G service for mobile devices. As LTE networks and the user base for those networks grow, it becomes necessary for the resources used for those networks to be used as efficiently as possible. This thesis presents an implementation which utilizes an algorithm extended upon the Frank Kelly algorithm to determine resource allocation for UEs and shapes traffic for each UE to meet those allocation limits. The implementation's network represents what an LTE network would do to manage data rates for a UE through a distributed algorithm for rate allocation. The main focus of the implementation is on the UE, where traffic shaping limits application rates by an elastic or inelastic classification through the use of Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) queuing disciplines. / Master of Science

Software-Defined Wide Area Networking (SD-WAN) is an emerging technology that has the potential to satisfy the increasing demand for reliable and efficient Wide Area Networks (WANs) in the enterprise-network market. This thesis focuses on the main features of an SD-WAN network and on the technical challenges facing the design and implementation of an SD-WAN infrastructure. It also provides a detailed comparison between the SD-WAN and the otherWANs solutions such as MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS). The thesis is based on the project that is about the migration of network infrastructure that uses the MPLS technology to a network infrastructure that uses the SD-WAN technology. The migration process includes many phases such as the analysis of the existing MPLS based infrastructure, identification of suitable appliances based on customer requests, and the design of the SD-WAN infrastructure that can be implemented without disrupting the network functioning during the transition stage. The thesis provides a detailed description of these steps and it discusses the trade-offs that were made during the design phase of the project. The results presented in the thesis are obtained through on-site tests performed for the new SD-WAN infrastructure. The tests were performed with the objective to evaluate some of the main SD-WAN functionalities such as load balancing, traffic shaping, and high availability. The obtained results show the effective functioning of the network infrastructure and illustrate some of the main advantages that the new SD-WAN infrastructure has over the old MPLS infrastructure. Finally, this thesis could be of interest to network professionals and employees who consider SD-WAN as a possible solution for their company’s business. / Software-Defined Wide Area Networking (SD-WAN) är en framväxande teknik som har potential att tillgodose den ökande efterfrågan på tillförlitliga och effektiva Wide Area Networks (WAN) på företagsnätverksmarknaden. Denna avhandling fokuserar på huvudfunktionerna i ett SD-WAN-nätverk och på de tekniska utmaningarna för design och implementering av en SD-WAN-infrastruktur. Det ger också en detaljerad jämförelse mellan SD-WAN och andra WAN-lösningar som MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS). Avhandlingen bygger på projektet som handlar om migrering av nätverksinfrastruktur som använder MPLS-tekniken till en nätverksinfrastruktur som använder SD-WAN-tekniken. Migreringsprocessen omfattar många faser, till exempel analys av befintlig MPLS-baserad infrastruktur, identifiering av lämpliga apparater baserat på kundförfrågningar och utformningen av SD-WAN-infrastrukturen som kan implementeras utan att nätverket fungerar under övergångssteget. Avhandlingen ger en detaljerad beskrivning av dessa steg och diskuterar de avvägningar som gjordes under projektets designfas. Resultaten som presenteras i avhandlingen erhålls genom test på plats för den nya SD-WAN-infrastrukturen. Testerna utfördes i syfte att utvärdera några av de viktigaste SD-WAN-funktionerna som lastbalansering, trafikformning och hög tillgänglighet. De erhållna resultaten visar att nätinfrastrukturen fungerar effektivt och illustrerar några av de största fördelarna som den nya SD-WAN-infrastrukturen har jämfört med den gamla MPLS-infrastrukturen. Slutligen kan denna avhandling vara av intresse för nätverkspersonal och anställda som anser SD-WAN som en möjlig lösning för företagets verksamhet.

In our technological society, the growth of applications is not always followed by the growth of network capacity. There is an increasing demand of bandwidth which cannot always be answered properly. It is especially true in wireless networks such as 3G. Mobile devices can store and use more and more applications which are all using the bandwidth without any control. The Internet experience for the end user can thus be quickly degraded. In this respect, my objective in this thesis is to fill the gap on this matter by implementing a traffic shaping software working on Android devices. In order to get the necessary knowledge to create such an application, series of tests are conducted on similar software based on Windows 7. The outcome of this research is my own solution to shape the traffic on Android mobile devices. The software allows the end user to choose which of his applications should get a higher priority to improve his overall experience with them.

As Ethernet based networks have become the dominant choice for Flight Test Instrumentation (FTI) network applications, it is also clear that Ethernet based camera integration and applications have yet to become more wide spread for system level design and integration. A significant customer base utilizes either separate video compression systems or even just stand-a-lone gopro cameras for recording purposes in an unsynchronized ways. The use of uncompressed high definition (HD) video from GigE Vision Ethernet cameras for flight test applications is a significant issue in managing the large volumes of data produced by the cameras and forwarding them to any 1000BASE-T(x) switch port without packet loss and significant delays. Of course an easy approach to overcome this issue would be to just increase the network bandwidth from 1000BASE-T(x) to 10GBASE-SR, but most FTI systems just moved to 1000BASE-T(x) in the past years and therefore changing the overall system hardware is cost prohibited. One concern has been the use of compression algorithms to reduce the required video bandwidth, with the negative side effect that the image quality reduces and end-to-end latency increases, which is not acceptable for some applications. Further, it is important that data from cameras is available to a number of different multicast consumers within the FTI network, for example workstations, recorders and telemetry systems. These video data stream also require synchronization so that they can be analyzed in post processing.

Quality of service is commonly used to shape network traffic to meet specified criteria. The various scenarios include limiting and reserving bandwidth for a particular application, host or user, prioritizing latency sensitive traffic or equal distribution of unreserved bandwidth. The DynShaper software distributes and controls a traffic quota by more sophisticated means than fixed per user limits and simple disconnection after the user reaches the limit. It distributes the quota on a daily basis, where each day receives the same share. The users are sorted into predefined groups with different bandwidths depending on their recent consumption. This classification is periodically updated to ensure the sorting order is maintained. The bandwidths of these groups is dynamically adjusted depending on the actual consumption to provide an efficient utilization. This thesis presents another distribution model using a case-based reasoning approach, a method for machine learning which is classified as conventional artificial intelligence. Case-based reasoning tries to solve new problems based on the solutions of similar problems from the past. Controlling the network traffic to remain within a fixed quota can be modeled as such a problem if the traffic patterns are recurring. Possible solutions can be derived from statistical data and altered to suit the new problems. When an untested solution is applied, the software supervises the execution and revises the solution accordingly, if the actual results deviate from the precalculated schedule.

Quality of service is commonly used to shape network traffic to meet specified criteria. The various scenarios include limiting and reserving bandwidth for a particular application, host or user, prioritizing latency sensitive traffic or equal distribution of unreserved bandwidth. The DynShaper software distributes and controls a traffic quota by more sophisticated means than fixed per user limits and simple disconnection after the user reaches the limit. It distributes the quota on a daily basis, where each day receives the same share. The users are sorted into predefined groups with different bandwidths depending on their recent consumption. This classification is periodically updated to ensure the sorting order is maintained. The bandwidths of these groups is dynamically adjusted depending on the actual consumption to provide an efficient utilization. This thesis presents another distribution model using a case-based reasoning approach, a method for machine learning which is classified as conventional artificial intelligence. Case-based reasoning tries to solve new problems based on the solutions of similar problems from the past. Controlling the network traffic to remain within a fixed quota can be modeled as such a problem if the traffic patterns are recurring. Possible solutions can be derived from statistical data and altered to suit the new problems. When an untested solution is applied, the software supervises the execution and revises the solution accordingly, if the actual results deviate from the precalculated schedule.

The aim of this thesis project is to explore a network traffic regulator using bandwidth management techniques that regulates data traffic with the objective to use the network bandwidth to its maximum capacity while ensuring that the network is not overloaded. The bandwidth in the existing network architecture is shared between two co-existing, distinct data flows for on-board communication and diagnostic communication in an in-vehicle network. The diagnostic communication must not interfere with the more critical on-board communication and it should comply with the remaining bandwidth. In the existing solution, fixed delays are imposed on the data traffic which result in a waste of network capacity. The approach presented in this thesis uses two regulation algorithms for different types of diagnostic services. One regulation algorithm is activated for diagnostic services that require data segmentation and multiple data frames to accommodate the transferred data. This algorithm makes use of the Flow Control parameter Separation Time specified in ISO 15765-1:2011 "Road vehicles -- Diagnostic communication over Controller Area Network (DoCAN)". The other algorithm regulates diagnostic services that generate bursts of single frames where data segmentation is not required and it does so using traffic shaping techniques. The results in this thesis show that the network traffic indeed can be regulated for different diagnostic services by using the two mentioned regulation algorithms. The results also show that data is not lost due to high network utilisation and that the bandwidth is used to its maximum capacity without having to impose fixed delays on the network system. The regulator is adaptive in the sense that it can be used for different vehicle configurations with compatible network systems to ensure quality of service and a robust network system. / I detta examensarbete är målet att utforska en metod för att reglera  nätverkstrafik genom att använda tekniker inom bandbreddshantering  med syfte att utnyttja bandbredden till dess maximala kapacitet utan att överbelasta nätverket. Bandbredden i den nuvarande nätverksarkitekturen delas mellan två dataflöden för onboard kommunikation och diagnostisk kommunikation. Den diagnostiska kommunikationen får inte på någotvis störa onboard kommunkationen och får anpassa sig till den bandbredd som kvarstår. I det existerande systemet införs fixa fördröjningar i nätverkstrafiken vilket medför ett onödigt slöseri på nätverkskapaciteten och som också medför att de diagnostiska tjänsterna tar längre tid att utföra.  Tillvägagångssättet som presenteras i detta arbete använder två regleringsalgoritmer för olika typer av diagnostiska tjänster. En algoritm används för tjänster som kräver datasegmentering och flera dataramar för att skicka data. Den här algoritmen använder parametern Separation Time som är specificerad i ISO standarden 15765-1:2011 "Road vehicles -- Diagnostic communication over Controller Area Network (DoCAN)". Diagnostiska tjänster som istället genererar en skur av enstaka dataramar regleras med en traffic shaping algoritm som heter Token Bucket. Resultaten i detta arbete visar att det går att reglera nätverkstrafiken för olika typer av diagnostiska tjänster genom att använda de två utvecklade algoritmerna. Resultaten visar också att data inte går förlorat vid höga nätverkslaster och att bandbredden används maximalt utan att behöva införa fixa fördröjningar i nätverkssystemet. Regleraren är adaptiv i bemärkelsen att den kan användas för alla tänkbara fordonskonfigurationer med kompatibelt nätverkssystem för att försäkra quality of service och robusthet.