Em uma aeronave, dispositivos de hiper-sustentação à altos ângulos de ataque promovem a formação de esteiras. Tais esteiras influenciam o desempenho aerodinâmico. A esteira do eslate, por exemplo, afeta o ponto de transição do elemento principal da asa e é a fonte de ruído mais importante na estrutura do avião. Devido a geração de sustentação estas esteiras são assimétricas. Corpos imersos em escoamento cisalhante também produzem esteiras assimétricas, com importantes aplicações para a indústria petrolífera. Existem aspectos de tais escoamentos que precisam de investigação. Por exemplo, não há consenso sobre se pode ou não a assimetria suprimir desprendimento de vórtice ou como afeta o desprendimento da frequência. Na verdade, existe uma aparente discrepância entre os resultados encontrados na literatura. O objetivo do presente trabalho é contribuir para esta questão. A idéia foi investigar a influência da assimetria em um perfil de esteira bidimensional sob desenvolvimento temporal. O perfil da esteira assimétrica foi obtido por uma combinação entre um perfil de uma esteira gaussiana e um perfil tangente hiperbólico da camada de mistura. Foi desenvolvido uma análise bidimensional (2D) da teoria de estabilidade linear para o perfil. O trabalho também incluiu simulações numéricas diretas (DNS) bidimensionais da evolução da perturbação usando formulação característica das equações compressíveis de Navier-Stokes na forma não-conservativa. Os resultados mostraram que a assimetria reduz o frequência de desprendimento para a faixa investigada do parâmetro de assimetria 0 \'< OU =\' K \'< OU =\' 0,25. Para pequenos valores deste parâmetro os resultados mostraram que a assimetria promove a estabilidade. Efeitos do número de Mach na esteira assimétrica também foram investigados. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do Ma reduziu a máxima taxa de amplificação e a banda instável. Além disso, os resultados da literatura foram reconciliados, levando-se em conta a variação do coeficiente de arrasto com a assimetria. Portanto, uma possível explicação para a controvérsia foi oferecido. / In an aircraft, high-lift devices operating at high angle of attack promote the formation wakes. Such wakes influence the aerodynamic performance. The slat wake, for example, affects the transition point of the wing main element and is the most important source of noise in the airframe. Owing to the generation of lift these wakes are asymmetries. Bodies immersed in a shear flow also produce asymmetric wakes, with important applications to the oil industry. There are aspects of such flows that need investigation. For instance, there is no consensus about whether or not the asymmetry can suppress vortex shedding or how it affects the shedding frequency. Indeed there is an apparent discrepancy between results found in literature. The aim of the present work was to contribute to this issue. The idea was to investigate the influence of asymmetry on a two-dimensional wake profile under temporal development. The asymmetric wake profile was obtained by a combination between a Gaussian wake profile and a hyperbolic tangent mixing layer profile. The bidimensional (2D) linear stability theory analysis of the profile was performed. The work also included 2D Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) using the characteristic formulation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in non-conservative form. The results showed that the asymmetry reduces the shedding frequency for the range of 0 \'< OU =\' K \'< OU =\' 0,25 investigated. For small values of the asymmetric parameter the results showed that the asymmetry promotes stability. Effects of the number of Mach in asymmetric wake also were investigated. The results showed that the increase of Ma reduced the maximum rate amplification and the band unstable. Moreover, the results from literature were reconciled by taking into account the variation of the drag coefficient with the asymmetry. Therefore, a possible explanation for the controversy was offered.

No description available.

A suspension flow model based on the "suspension balance" approach has been developed. This work modifies the model to allow the solution of suspension flows under general flow conditions. This requires the development of a frame-invariant constitutive model for the particle stress which can take into account the spatially-varying local kinematic conditions. The mass and momentum balances for the bulk suspension and particle phase are solved numerically using a finite volume method. The particle stress is based upon the computed rate of strain and the local kinematic conditions. A nonlocal stress contribution corrects the continuum approximation of the particle phase for finite particle size effects. Local kinematic conditions are accounted through the local ratio of rotation to extension in the flow field. The coordinates for the stress definition are the local principal axes of the rate of strain field. The developed model is applied to a range of problems. (i) Axially-developing conduit flows are computed using both the full two-dimensional solution and the more computationally efficient "marching" method. The model predictions are compared to experimental results for cross-stream particle concentration profiles and axial development lengths. (ii) Model predictions are compared to experiments for wide-gap circular Couette flow of a concentrated suspension in a shear-thinning liquid. With minor modification, the suspension flow model predicts the major trends and results observed in this flow. (iii) Comparisons are made to experiments for an axisymmetric contraction-expansion. Model predictions for a two-dimensional planar contraction flow test the influence of model formulation. The variation of the magnitude of an isotropic particle normal stress with local kinematic conditions and anisotropy in the in-plane normal stresses are both explored. The formulation of the particle phase stress is found to have significant effects on the solid fraction and velocity. (iv) Finally, for a rectangular piston-driven flow and an obstructed channel flow, a "computational suspension dynamics" study explores the effect of particle migration on the bulk flow field, system pressure drop and particle phase composition.

Turbulent mixed convection is a complicated flow where the buoyancy and shear forces compete with each other in affecting the flow dynamics. This thesis deals with the near wall dynamics in a turbulent mixed convection flow over an isothermal horizontal heated plate. We distinguish between two types of mixed convection ; low-speed mixed convection (LSM) and high-speed mixed convection (HSM). In LSM the entire boundary layer, including the near-wall region, is dominated by buoyancy; in HSM the near-wall region, is dominated by shear and the outer region by buoyancy. We show that the value of the parameter (* = ^ determines whether the flow is LSM or HSM. Here yr is the friction length scale and L is the Monin-Obukhov length scale. In the present thesis we proposed a model for the near-wall dynamics in LSM. We assume the coherent structure near-wall for low-speed mixed convection to be streamwise aligned periodic array of laminar plumes and give a 2d model for the near wall dynamics, Here the equation to solve for the streamwise velocity is linear with the vertical and spanwise velocities given by the free convection model of Theerthan and Arakeri [1]. We determine the profiles of streamwise velocity, Reynolds shear stress and RMS of the fluctuations of the three components of velocity. From the model we obtain the scaling for wall shear stress rw as rw oc (UooAT*), where Uoo is the free-stream velocity and AT is the temperature difference between the free-stream and the horizontal surface.A similar scaling for rw was obtained in the experiments of Ingersoll [5] and by Narasimha et al [11] in the atmospheric boundary layer under low wind speed conditions. We also derive a formula for boundary layer thickness 5(x) which predicts the boundary layer growth for the combination free-stream velocity Uoo and AT in the low-speed mixed convection regime.

No description available.

The characteristics of fibers suspensions depend on the properties of fibers, the suspending fluid, and fiber-fiber interactions. This thesis demonstrates the development and application of a novel coupled method (lattice Boltzmann and finite element methods) to investigate these relationships. Fibers are modeled as flexible rod particles which are simulated by the finite element method. The fluid flow that causes the fibers to deform is calculated by the lattice Boltzmann method. The method is extended from the two dimensional case to the three dimensional case. Results from simulation show the rigid fiber in simple shear flow produces a good agreement for orientation of a fiber relative to the theoretical study by Jeffery (1922). The flexible fiber exhibits an increase on the rotational period from the rigid fiber due to more deformation shape is revealed during rotation. The simulation technique demonstrates the ability to simulate fiber-fiber interactions to further study of relative viscosity of suspensions in shear flow. Simulation results show that fiber orientation and relative viscosity depend on the fiber characteristics (fiber aspect ratio, fiber flexibility, and volume fraction). The results are verified against known experimental measurements and theoretical results. The broad aim of this research is to better understand the behavior of fibers in fluid flow. It is hoped that future researchers may benefit from the new technique and algorithms developed here.

Em uma aeronave, dispositivos de hiper-sustentação à altos ângulos de ataque promovem a formação de esteiras. Tais esteiras influenciam o desempenho aerodinâmico. A esteira do eslate, por exemplo, afeta o ponto de transição do elemento principal da asa e é a fonte de ruído mais importante na estrutura do avião. Devido a geração de sustentação estas esteiras são assimétricas. Corpos imersos em escoamento cisalhante também produzem esteiras assimétricas, com importantes aplicações para a indústria petrolífera. Existem aspectos de tais escoamentos que precisam de investigação. Por exemplo, não há consenso sobre se pode ou não a assimetria suprimir desprendimento de vórtice ou como afeta o desprendimento da frequência. Na verdade, existe uma aparente discrepância entre os resultados encontrados na literatura. O objetivo do presente trabalho é contribuir para esta questão. A idéia foi investigar a influência da assimetria em um perfil de esteira bidimensional sob desenvolvimento temporal. O perfil da esteira assimétrica foi obtido por uma combinação entre um perfil de uma esteira gaussiana e um perfil tangente hiperbólico da camada de mistura. Foi desenvolvido uma análise bidimensional (2D) da teoria de estabilidade linear para o perfil. O trabalho também incluiu simulações numéricas diretas (DNS) bidimensionais da evolução da perturbação usando formulação característica das equações compressíveis de Navier-Stokes na forma não-conservativa. Os resultados mostraram que a assimetria reduz o frequência de desprendimento para a faixa investigada do parâmetro de assimetria 0 \'< OU =\' K \'< OU =\' 0,25. Para pequenos valores deste parâmetro os resultados mostraram que a assimetria promove a estabilidade. Efeitos do número de Mach na esteira assimétrica também foram investigados. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do Ma reduziu a máxima taxa de amplificação e a banda instável. Além disso, os resultados da literatura foram reconciliados, levando-se em conta a variação do coeficiente de arrasto com a assimetria. Portanto, uma possível explicação para a controvérsia foi oferecido. / In an aircraft, high-lift devices operating at high angle of attack promote the formation wakes. Such wakes influence the aerodynamic performance. The slat wake, for example, affects the transition point of the wing main element and is the most important source of noise in the airframe. Owing to the generation of lift these wakes are asymmetries. Bodies immersed in a shear flow also produce asymmetric wakes, with important applications to the oil industry. There are aspects of such flows that need investigation. For instance, there is no consensus about whether or not the asymmetry can suppress vortex shedding or how it affects the shedding frequency. Indeed there is an apparent discrepancy between results found in literature. The aim of the present work was to contribute to this issue. The idea was to investigate the influence of asymmetry on a two-dimensional wake profile under temporal development. The asymmetric wake profile was obtained by a combination between a Gaussian wake profile and a hyperbolic tangent mixing layer profile. The bidimensional (2D) linear stability theory analysis of the profile was performed. The work also included 2D Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) using the characteristic formulation of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations in non-conservative form. The results showed that the asymmetry reduces the shedding frequency for the range of 0 \'< OU =\' K \'< OU =\' 0,25 investigated. For small values of the asymmetric parameter the results showed that the asymmetry promotes stability. Effects of the number of Mach in asymmetric wake also were investigated. The results showed that the increase of Ma reduced the maximum rate amplification and the band unstable. Moreover, the results from literature were reconciled by taking into account the variation of the drag coefficient with the asymmetry. Therefore, a possible explanation for the controversy was offered.

Les bactéries lactiques (LAB) ont suscité ces dernières années un intérêt accru en agroalimentaire du fait de leur potentiel probiotique, i.e. des potentiels bénéfices santé associés à leur consommation. Les interactions adhésives entre bactéries et composants alimentaires sont susceptibles de jouer un rôle-clé à la fois sur la protection et la répartition des bactéries au sein de l’aliment, impactant donc leur action probiotique. Les travaux réalisés au cours de cette thèse ont pour objectif une meilleure compréhension de ces interactions, afin d’optimiser la fonctionnalité d’aliments contenant des LAB. En effet, le comportement adhésif de la majorité des LAB, ainsi que l’effet des interactions adhésives sur la structuration de l’aliment, sont encore mal connus. En outre, certaines étapes de fabrication alimentaire, telles que l’atomisation, peuvent être génératrices de stress pour les bactéries et donc partiellement compromettre leur capacité à adhérer. Dans le cas où ces bactéries seraient intégrées au sein d’une matrice adhésive, il est également légitime de s’interroger sur les effets de cette adhésion sur la protection des bactéries vis-à-vis du stress infligé. Une méthode de criblage haut-débit a d’abord été développée dans l’objectif d’évaluer rapidement l’affinité adhésive d’une centaine de souches vis-à-vis d’une gamme de biomolécules d’intérêt. Cette méthode a ensuite été appliquée à une collection de 73 souches LAB et a permis de dégager des caractéristiques communes parmi les souches adhérentes, notamment en termes de spécificité d’adhésion. Deux études (expérimentale et théorique) ont été menées conjointement sur l’impact du stress de cisaillement sur la fonctionnalité et l’intégrité des chaînes bactériennes. Ces études suggèrent que la rupture de chaînes bactériennes induite par un stress mécanique serait un processus protecteur de la fonctionnalité bactérienne. Le modèle construit prédit une régiosélectivité des dommages infligés aux cellules bactériennes en chaînes, dont l’intensité dépendrait également de la longueur de chaîne. Appliqué aux interactions adhésives bactéries-particules dans une matrice alimentaire soumise au cisaillement, le modèle suggère un impact défavorable de cette adhésion sur les dommages infligés aux bactéries, d’autant plus important que les particules sont de grande taille. Ce travail pluridisciplinaire apporte ainsi plusieurs éléments-clé qui seront utiles lors la conception et production d’aliments fonctionnels optimisés par rapport à leur action probiotique. / In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the potential health effects associated with consumption of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) in foods. Adhesive interactions between bacteria and food components are likely to play a key role on bacterial probiotic action by modulating both bacterial protection and distribution within food matrices. Research presented in this thesis aims a better understanding of these interactions to help optimizing functional food design. Indeed, the adhesive behavior of most LAB, as well as the impact of adhesive interactions on food structuration, remain mostly unknown. Furthermore, some food manufacturing steps, such as spray-drying, may induce stress on bacteria, which can cause partial loss of bacterial adhesive capacities. In case of bacteria integrated within an adhesive matrix, the effect of adhesive interactions on bacterial protection from stress can also be questioned. A high-throughput screening method was first designed to screen quickly a hundred of strains for their adhesive affinities towards a given range of biomolecules of interest. This method was then applied to a 73-LAB strains collection which allowed identifying common characteristics amongst adhesive strains, especially in terms of adhesion specificity. Two studies (experimental and theoretical) were performed in parallel to determine the impact of shear stress on bacterial functionality and bacterial chains integrity. These studies suggest that the stress-induced breaking-down process of bacterial chains can be thought of as a functionality protective process. The proposed model predicts regioselectivity of damages inflicted to bacterial cells within a chain, which intensity would vary with chain length. When applied to bacteria-spherical component adhesive interactions within a food matrix submitted to shearing, the model suggests an unfavorable impact of adhesion on bacterial cell damages, which would be all the more important than spheres are big. This multidisciplinary research project points out several key findings that may help with designing more efficient food matrices for optimized LAB delivery.

Cette thèse présente une étude numérique des régimes turbulents au sein d'un écoulement de Poiseuille plan forcé par un gradient de pression constant. L'effort numérique a porté principalement sur le concept d'Unité Minimale. Dans la première partie, des simulations en régime turbulent ont été conduites en géométrie périodique. Les DNS en Unité Minimale montrent que, l'activité turbulente se trouve localisée à proximité d'une des parois, et que la dynamique aux temps longs s'organise autour de renversements abrupts. Dans la seconde partie, on recherche par le calcul les états cohérents exactes en particulier les états dits frontière. Ces états frontière, obtenus par dichotomie, sont caractérisés par tourbillons longitudinaux et une paire unique de stries toujours localisées à proximité d'une seule paroi. Des représentations de la dynamique dans l'espace des phases sont reconstruites à l'aide de divers observables. La dynamique d'un renversement s'articule autour de visites transitoires vers un espace de solutions quasi-symétriques. Une onde progressive exacte, instable et quasi-symetrique a ainsi été identifiée. L'analyse de stabilité révèle que ses vecteurs propres séparent l'espace des phases en deux basins distincts. La dernière partie remet en question l'auto-similarité des différents régimes d'équilibre d'écoulement. Contrairement aux études récentes qui se concentrent sur les solutions à structure symétrique imposée, nos résultats suggèrent que les unités de parois sont également pertinentes pour les états frontière lorsqu'ils sont localisés près d'une paroi, meme si l'auto-similarité n'est pas aussi flagrante que pour les régimes turbulents. / This thesis numerically investigates the dynamics of turbulence in plane Poiseuille flow driven by a fixed pressure gradient. The focus is especially on computations carried out within the minimal flow unit (M.F.U.). In the first part, turbulent simulations are carried out in spatially periodic channels. In the M.F.U. simulations, the turbulent activity appears to be localised near one wall and the long term dynamics features abrupt reversals. In the next part, we look numerically for exact coherent states in the M.F.U. system. Edge states, which are computed using bisection exhibit streamwise vortices and a single pair of streaks localised near only wall at all times. Different state space representations and phase portraits were constructed using appropriately chosen variables. The dynamics along a turbulent reversal is organised around transient visits to a subspace of (almost) symmetric flow fields. A nearly-symmetric exact travelling wave (TW) solution was found in this subspace. Stability analysis of the TW revealed that its unstable eigenvectors separate the state space into two symmetric basins. In the last part of this thesis, the self-similarity of the different non-trivial equilibrium flow regimes computed in this work, is addressed. Contrarily to most studies focusing on symmetric solutions, the present study suggests that inner scaling is relevant for the description of edge regimes as well although the self-similarity is not as satisfactory as for the turbulent regimes.

The desire for repair of tissue defects and injury is the major need prompting research into tissue engineering. Engineering of anisotropic tissues requires production of ordered substrates that orient cells preferentially and support cell viability and differentiation. Towards this goal, this thesis investigated methodologies to align extracellular matrix structures in vitro to guide stem/progenitor cell behaviour for tissue regeneration. Aligned collagen fibrils were deposited on planar substrates from collagen solutions streaming through a microfluidic channel system. Collagen solution concentration, degree of gelation, shear rate and pre-coating of the substrate were demonstrated to determine the orientation and density of the immobilized fibrils. The degree of collagen fibril orientation increased with increasing flow rates of the solution while the matrix density increased at higher collagen solution concentrations and on hydrophobic polymer pre-coatings. Additionally, the length of the immobilized collagen fibrils increased with increasing solution concentration and gelation time. Aligned collagen matrices were refined by incorporating the glycosaminoglycan heparin to study multiple extracellular matrix components in a single system. Multilineage (osteogenic/adipogenic/chondrogenic) differentiation of mesenchymal stem and progenitor cells was maintained by the aligned structures. Most noticeable was the observation that during osteogenesis, aligned collagen substrates choreographed ordered matrix mineralization. Likewise, myotube assembly of C2C12 cells was profoundly influenced by aligned topographic features resulting in enhanced myotube organization and length. Neurites from neural stem cells were highly oriented in the direction of the underlying fibrils. Neurite outgrowth was enhanced on aligned collagen compared to non-aligned collagen or poly-D-lysine substrates, while neural differentiation and cell survival were not influenced by the type of substrate. Using the new method to align collagen type I, the interior walls of cellulose hollow fiber membranes were coated with longitudinally aligned collagen fibrils to fabricate an advanced guidance conduit for nerve regeneration. First cell culture experiments showed that the tubes coated with aligned collagen supported viability and adherence of spinal cord-derived neurospheres. Together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of aligned collagen matrices as a versatile platform to control cell behaviour towards tissue regeneration. Ultimately, the new method to align collagen fibrils and to coat hollow membranes may become an integral component of tissue engineering, working synergistically with other emerging techniques to promote functional tissue replacements.