Fibre reinforced polymer matrix composites are used frequently in aerospace applications. Manufacturers of aerospace components favour composites over traditional metallic alloys due to their light weight, high modulus, corrosion resistance and fatigue resistance. Advantages of composites for non-structural interior components over metallic include: ease of manufacturing for single parts of complex geometry as opposed to assemblies, cheaper manufacturing of a limited series of parts and composites greatly reduced noise, vibration and harshness. However, manufacturing interior composite components requires critical attention to detail during the preforming stages and handling of dry fabric textiles. Since these components are handmade they often yield lower profits and therefore efficient preforming is critical. Designing draping strategies for industrial liquid composite moulding processes requires a significant amount of time and testing, in simulation and also working on physical moulds. Mould and part surfaces are often defined by a number of geometric features, labelled base surfaces in the context of this thesis, which can be used to quickly probe multiple draping strategies and identify the best one. Traditionally, trial and error work is performed over a full mould surface until a working or acceptable draping strategy is found, rarely identifying the best strategy. The work in this thesis presents the initial development stages for a draping predictive tool aimed at quickly probing multiple draping scenarios in simulation prior to receiving moulds and identifying the best draping strategy for industrial non-structural aerospace composites. A multi-parameter remodelling tool – the conical frustum – was developed for uniformly identifying base surfaces through 12 geometric parameters linked into a database of in-plane shear and yarn orientations results. The development of the database is discussed, detailing Taguchi methods of experimental design used for developing linear functions from the database results, which allow interpolation of results on base surfaces that do not directly exist within the database. This thesis also includes major developments for the core draping algorithm used for linking individual base surface results together when probing draping strategies. Further investigations were performed on unique elements of in-plane shear behaviour that are encountered during draping, so that these could ultimately be considered during the development of this version of the draping algorithm whilst others may be included in future developments.

A planar harmonic mapping is a complex-valued function ƒ : D → C of the form ƒ(x+iy) = u(x,y) + iv(x,y), where u and v are both real harmonic. Such a function can be written as ƒ = h+g where h and g are both analytic; the function w = g'/h' is called the dilatation of ƒ. This thesis considers the convolution or Hadamard product of planar harmonic mappings that are the vertical shears of the canonical half-plane mapping p;(z) = z/(1-z) with respective dilatations e^iθz and e^ipz, θ, p ∈ R. We prove that any such convolution is univalent. We also derive a convolution identity that extends this result to shears of p(z) = z/(1-z) in other directions.

<p> This thesis is a study of the adhesive behaviour of HeLa cells using a novel instrument designed for measuring both the shearing and compression force applied to the cells. For these experiments a micropipette forged as a double cantilever is used to grasp and manoeuvre a cell onto a silicon or Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) coated substrate. The substrate is then moved perpendicularly with respect to the micropipette tip thereby sliding and shearing the cell across the surface. The perpendicular and parallel deflection of the cantilever enables us to directly measure the friction and normal force. A new approach for calibrating both sections of the cantilever has been developped and will also be presented in this work. As a proof of concept, the experiment is also performed with a polystyrene bead. The polystyrene bead, a simpler system, manifests some of the typical results expected from friction experiments. </p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The NE-SW trending Great Glen Fault (GGF) is one of mainland Scotland's most significant crustal-scale faults, although our understanding of its early kinematics is in question. Previous studies generally agree that the GGF was initiated as a Silurian sinistral strike-slip fault displacing c. 425 Ma isotopically dated granitic plutons. Stewart et al. (2001) argued that dikes fed by these plutons were sinistrally sheared by the GGF while in the sub-magmatic state, suggesting continuous strike-slip motion on the GGF by 425 Ma. Strike-slip offset post-dating overlying Devonian sedimentary basins is likely only a few tens of kilometers, requiring substantial (100s of kms) Silurian-aged strike-slip movement on the GGF in most plate reconstruction models for the Caledonian mountain belt, now exposed in East Greenland, Scandinavia, and Scotland. In contrast, a recent study (Searle 2021) has argued that motion on the GGF may instead have initiated in the Upper Paleozoic and that off-set is therefore minimal, bringing current restoration models into question. Several papers report widespread field and microstructural evidence from crystalline bedrock and overlying Devonian sedimentary rocks for brittle upper-crustal shearing on the GGF. However, evidence for high-temperature crystal plastic shearing at deeper crustal levels on the GGF, potentially of Silurian to Early Devonian age, is limited. During summer 2022, suites of oriented and plastically deformed metasedimentary rock samples were collected from the NW side (Moine/Lewisian gneisses and quartzites), center (Moine quartzites), and SE side (Dalradian quartzites) of the GGF. Additional samples included plutonic rocks from locations adjacent to the GGF and the associated Strathconnon fault that were believed to have been intruded during strike-slip motion, but after regional metamorphism and deformation in the surrounding Moine rocks. Microstructures and quartz c-axis fabrics from samples on the NW side and in the center of the GGF indicate a NW side up to the SW sense of displacement about NE to E plunging slip vectors, and these results are compatible with oblique sinistral motion on the GGF below the brittle-ductile transition zone during Silurian - Early Devonian times. However, radiometric dating is needed to prove the absolute timing of this shearing. In contrast, on the SE side of the GGF, NW side up or NW side down senses of shearing are indicated at different locations. Brittle fracturing is observed in all collected samples, overprinting the earlier high-temperature (300 - 650 °C) crystal fabrics and microstructures developed below the brittle-ductile transition zone. No convincing microstructural evidence for sub-magmatic shearing during pluton emplacement was found in the samples collected. However, the local presence of high-low temperature (c. 650 - 300 °C) solid-state deformation microstructures in both quartz and feldspar grains in these 430 - 425 Ma plutons suggests that the plutons were deforming internally in response to far-field stresses generated by shearing on the adjacent GGF and Strathconnon fault during cooling to background regional temperatures. / Master of Science / The Great Glen Fault (GGF) is one of mainland Scotland's most significant large-scale faults, although our understanding of its early motion is debated. Most geologists agree that the GGF began displacing existing rocks during the Silurian (c. 444 - 419 Ma), including igneous bodies, known as plutons, of approximately the same age (c. 425 Ma). Stewart et al. (2001) argued that during shearing, dikes fed by these plutons were deformed before cooling to background temperatures, which may suggest that the GGF was continuously undergoing lateral strike-slip motion by 425 Ma and that post-Silurian offset was likely only a few tens of kilometers. Most plate reconstruction models for the Caledonian mountain belt, now exposed in East Greenland, Scandinavia, and Scotland, assume that significant lateral motion and shearing occurred on the GGF during the Silurian. However, new research has suggested that the GGF was initiated several million years later, bringing current restoration models into question. Several published papers have reported widespread evidence for upper-crustal brittle shearing of crystalline bedrock and overlying Early Devonian (c. 420 - 359 Ma) sedimentary basins within the GGF. However, evidence for lower-crustal shearing during the same time frame, resulting in plastic deformation, is limited. To address this knowledge gap, I collected suites of oriented bedrock samples and 430 - 425 Ma plutonic rocks from locations adjacent to the GGF and associated Strathconnon Fault believed to have been intruded during strike-slip motion. Samples from the NW side and center of the GGF suggest oblique left-lateral motion within the fault zone, with the rocks on the NW side of the GGF moving upward relative to the SE side, compatible with current generally accepted models for the Silurian-Early Devonian age on the GGF; however, these results must be verified with radiometric dating to constrain the absolute timing of shearing. On the SE side of the GGF, vertical offset is variable at different locations. Brittle upper-crustal shearing is observed in all samples, which overprints early high-temperature (300 - 650 °C) deformation. Early lower-crustal shearing on the GGF is recorded by these deformation indicators and was followed by uplift and fracturing within the GGF of these initially lower-crust rocks. The local presence of solid-state deformation microstructures in the plutons suggest internal deformation due to shearing on the adjacent Great Glen and Strathconnon Faults during their cooling to regional background temperatures.

The air found in a shearing shed environment is normally contaminated with many different airborne substances. These contaminants include dust (predominantly organic), bioaerosols (fungi and bacteria), and gases (ammonia and carbon monoxide). Respiratory disorders have been associated with exposure to the types of contaminants found in a normal sheep shearing environment. Twenty nine shearing sheds in the state of New South Wales in Eastern Australia were sampled for concentrations of airborne contaminants. Based on the results of this study the following recommendations are made for the shearing industry: under the current dust and bioaerosol exposure standards there are no requirements to investigate mechanical ventilation to reduce airborne contaminants and there is no need for respiratory protection in any of the monitored sheds. However, it is recommended that if a person has a known predisposition to respiratory illness/stress they should be closely monitored while working in a shearing shed. There are issues raised in this thesis that require further research including the need for an epidemiological study on the health of people working in shearing sheds in relation to their respiratory health. The monitoring of shearing sheds in other regions of Australia needs to be undertaken and based on available literature similar studies are also needed in other livestock industries in Australia. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Copy of author's previously published work inserted. / xii, 138, [51] leaves, [29] leaves of plates. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The aim of this thesis is to investigate the process of applying the plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) to shearing tools and to test surface modified tools in a sheep shearing environment. Detailed observations are made of the microstructural changes occurring near the surface of a Cr-Mo-V alloy tool steel rod subjected to nitrogen ion implantation at 350oC by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 1996

The thesis presents a design of a progressive cutting tool for the production of shaped blanks from sheet metal Usibor 1500 (22MnB5) with a thickness of 1.5 mm. The tool is designed by using CATIA V5 software in cooperation with Žďas, a.s. company. Based on the literature review of the cutting process, cutters were designed, shear clearance and order of operations in the tool were determined. The proposed cutting tool consists of both manufactured and standardized parts. Tool parts fall out of the chute onto the conveyor belt. The tool is designed to operate on an AIDA 1000 excentric press with a nominal force of 10,000 kN. Cutters that are not standardized are made of tool steel and heat treated according to drawing documentation.

The aim of the thesis is the design of the production process and tools for production of two grooves in coats of concrete clamp. Shell anchors are made of longitudinally welded stainless steel tubes 17 240. The size of the production of all types of shell of concrete clamps is 18 000 PCs per year. The number and the dimensions of grooves in the coats of anchors were determined on the basis of a practical verification. To the present day the grooves are made by cutting on a band saw, which is little productive and on finishing operations demanding way. The grooves in the coats of anchors will be newly manufactured by technology of shearing, which was a literary study. On the basis of the calculations was selected for the production a hydraulic press of CUPS 25 D. The grooves will be produced on the newly designed shearing tool. Work is carried out by technical-economic evaluation, which compares the current technology of production with the newly proposed technology. Part of the thesis is drawing documentation of coats of concrete clamps of all dimensions and drawing documentation of shearing tool.

Alloy castings are usually solidified with a coarse columnar grain structure under normal casting conditions unless the mode of the solidification is carefully controlled. It is desirable for the grain structure to be fine and equiaxed to improve their mechanical performance as finished castings. It is possible to develop a fine and equiaxed grain structure either by increasing the number of nucleation sites or by grain multiplication. Immiscible alloys with a microstructure in which a soft phase is dispersed homogeneously in a hard matrix have significant potential applications in advanced bearing systems, especially for the automotive industry. Despite considerable efforts made worldwide, including extensive space experiments, no casting techniques so far can produce the desired immiscible microstructure of alloys. Experimental results on Al-Sn-Cu immiscible alloys have confirmed that intensive shearing using melt conditioning by an advanced shearing technology (MCAST) unit, is an effective way to achieve a fine and uniform dispersion of the soft phase without macro-demixing, and that such a dispersed microstructure can be further refined in alloys with precipitation of the primary Al phase prior to the demixing reaction. In addition, it was found that melt shearing at 200 rpm for 60 s will be adequate to produce a fine and uniform dispersion of the Sn phase, and that a higher shearing speed and prolonged shearing time can only achieve further minor refinement. A study of Al-Si hypoeutectic and hypereutectic alloys presents the effects of the processing temperature and intensive shearing on the microstructural and mechanical properties which have been investigated systematically. Attempts have been made to explain the solidification mechanism with intensive melt shearing. The sheared melt was cast into tensile test samples by high pressure die caster (HPDC) to examine the microstructures and mechanical properties. The experimental results reveal that significant grain refinement and uniformity of grains was achieved by the intensive shearing and also a considerable increase in mechanical properties with pouring temperature by changing intermetallic particles morphology, the position of defect band and reduced microscopic defects.

Submitted by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-09-29T12:37:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alfredo Gracioli Aita - 2017.pdf: 6975718 bytes, checksum: 026ed225b1586837407c2e848d7b2ed1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marlucy Farias Medeiros (marlucy.farias@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-09-29T16:24:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alfredo Gracioli Aita - 2017.pdf: 6975718 bytes, checksum: 026ed225b1586837407c2e848d7b2ed1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T16:24:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Alfredo Gracioli Aita - 2017.pdf: 6975718 bytes, checksum: 026ed225b1586837407c2e848d7b2ed1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-17 / A Soldagem Ponto Fricção e Mistura Mecânica (Friction Stir Spot Welding - FSSW) é uma técnica de soldagem para união pontual de juntas sobrepostas no estado sólido. Por não envolver fusão das chapas que estão sendo soldadas, proporciona melhores propriedades mecânicas em comparação com a soldagem convencional. Outras vantagens são pouca distorção térmica, não necessidade de preparação da superfície e não geração de fumos (tecnologia limpa), o que vem tornando o processo atrativo para a industria automotiva. Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo do desempenho mecânico de juntas sobrepostas soldadas pelo processo FSSW da liga AA6060-T5. Propriedades metalúrgicas e mecânicas de juntas FSSW em chapas de 3,2 mm de espessura foram investigadas, em termos de dureza, resistência ao cisalhamento, macroestrutura e área soldada. Planejamento de experimentos (DOE) foi implementado, pelo Método Taguchi, para determinar as combinações de parâmetros de soldagem a serem testadas e para a interpretação dos resultados. Os parâmetros de processo estudados foram velocidade de rotação, tempo de permanência e velocidade de penetração, em três níveis cada, formando uma matriz ortogonal L9. Com os resultados do Método Taguchi foram escolhidos os dois parâmetros mais significativos e aplicou-se um planejamento Fatorial completo 2³. Para cada condição de soldagem, foram produzidas quatro amostras, uma para avaliação macroestrutural e microdureza e três para testes mecânicos de cisalhamento. Os resultados mostraram que soldas de qualidade são possíveis para a liga e equipamentos usados nesse estudo. Resistências ao cisalhamento superiores a 2,4kN foram observadas, associadas a longos tempo de soldagem. O tempo de permanência e a velocidade de rotação são os parâmetros de maior influência na resistência ao cisalhamento. Os tempos de soldagem muito longos causam diminuição da resistência ao cisalhamento devido a ascentuação do gancho. O aumento da velocidade de rotação leva ao fenômeno de transição chamado de stick/slip, o que limita a sua magnitude. Equações empíricas para prever a força de cisalhamento em função dos parâmetros de soldagem são satisfatórias quando obtidas por interpolação quadrática. / The Friction Stir Spot Welding (FSSW) is a welding technology to produce overlap spot joints in the solid state. The absence of bulk melting leads to enhanced mechanical properties in comparison to conventional welding. Other advatages are little thermal distortion, no need of surface preparation and no fumes (clean technology), all contributing to the attractiveness of this process in the industry, specialy the automotive. This work aimed the study of the mechanical performance of FSSW joints produced with the AA6060-T5. Mechanical and metallurgical properties of FSSW produced in sheets 3,2mm thick were investigated, in terms of hardness, shear tensile strength, macrostructure and welded area. Design of Experiments (DOE) was applied by means of the Taguchi Method to determine the welding parameters to be tested and to understand the results. The welding parameters tested were rotational speed, dwell time and plunge rate, three levels each which led to a L9 orthogonal matrix (9 welding configurations). With results of the Taguchi Method, the two welding parameters more significant (dwell time and rotational speed) were selected for a complete factorial 2³ assessment. For each welding configuration five samples were produced, one for macrostructural and hardness assessment and four for mechanical tests. The results showed that sound welds are possible with the selected alloy and welding equipment. Shear strength higher than 2,4kN, was observed, associated to long welding time. The dwell time and rotational speed are the parameters most effective on the joint shear strength. Too long welding times lead to poor joint strength due to the hook. There is a limit to the rotational speed associated to the transition phenomenon known as slick/slip. Empirical equations for predicting joint strength in terms of welding parameters were sucsessfuly obtained by quadratic interpolation.