Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. Shigella flexneri type 2a in particular is responsible for the majority of incidents in developing countries. The S. flexneri protease IcsP, is a member of the Omptin family of outer membrane (OM) proteases which cleaves IcsA, a polarly localised OM protein required for Shigella virulence. Mutations in icsP have been shown to effect the observed distribution of IcsA, however the significance of IcsP in Shigella virulence is incompletely understood. In this study, aspects of IcsP biology were investigated. S. flexneri 2457T and M90T icsP mutants were constructed to investigate the role of IcsP in Shigella intercellular spread, and it was found that icsP in both S. flexneri backgrounds did not appear to be essential for cell-tocell spread in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, but enhanced cell-to-cell spread in monkey kidney CV-1 cells (as determined by plaque assays). Complementation with icsP returned the mutant phenotype to wild-type. The results suggest IcsP does play a role in Shigella intercellular spread. The 2457T icsP mutant was subsequently complemented with an altered icsP gene encoding a haemagglutinin epitope tagged IcsP (IcsPHA) to determine the distribution of IcsP on the cell surface. In both S. flexneri and E. coli K-12 possessing smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the distribution of IcsPHA was found to be punctate across the cell surface. Deconvolution analysis revealed that IcsP distribution was punctate and banded in both LPS backgrounds. A smooth LPS E. coli K-12 yfdI mutant strain expressing IcsPHA was also constructed, and experiments involving treatment of this strain with bacteriophage Sf6 tail spike protein suggested that LPS O antigen chains masked IcsP in smooth LPS strains. During these studies, double-labelling of IcsPHA and LPS in a S. flexneri 5a M90T strain revealed a helical distribution of LPS in this strain. Overall, the results suggest IcsP has a punctate, banded distribution across the cell surface. The effect of virK and rmlD mutations on IcsP was then investigated by constructing a virK, rmlD and virK/rmlD double mutant in S. flexneri 2457T. Western immunoblotting showed no change in IcsP expression levels in either the virK, rmlD or virK/rmlD mutants compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, the virK mutant showed no change in IcsA expression levels by Western immunoblotting and plaque assays (using HeLa and CV-1 cells) suggested that virK was not essential for Shigella intercellular spread (contradicting the published data on this gene). No effect was also observed on IcsP expression level or on IcsP’s ability to cleave IcsA into culture supernatants. Finally alternative substrates for the protease activity of IcsP were investigated against known Omptin substrates (plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, complement, protamine and colicins). However, IcsP appeared to have no effect on these substrates as determined by proteolytic cleavage assays and antimicrobial assay. Interestingly, Plg cleavage by rough LPS S. flexneri, and α2AP cleavage by both smooth and rough LPS S. flexneri, was observed. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339487 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. Shigella flexneri type 2a in particular is responsible for the majority of incidents in developing countries. The S. flexneri protease IcsP, is a member of the Omptin family of outer membrane (OM) proteases which cleaves IcsA, a polarly localised OM protein required for Shigella virulence. Mutations in icsP have been shown to effect the observed distribution of IcsA, however the significance of IcsP in Shigella virulence is incompletely understood. In this study, aspects of IcsP biology were investigated. S. flexneri 2457T and M90T icsP mutants were constructed to investigate the role of IcsP in Shigella intercellular spread, and it was found that icsP in both S. flexneri backgrounds did not appear to be essential for cell-tocell spread in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, but enhanced cell-to-cell spread in monkey kidney CV-1 cells (as determined by plaque assays). Complementation with icsP returned the mutant phenotype to wild-type. The results suggest IcsP does play a role in Shigella intercellular spread. The 2457T icsP mutant was subsequently complemented with an altered icsP gene encoding a haemagglutinin epitope tagged IcsP (IcsPHA) to determine the distribution of IcsP on the cell surface. In both S. flexneri and E. coli K-12 possessing smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the distribution of IcsPHA was found to be punctate across the cell surface. Deconvolution analysis revealed that IcsP distribution was punctate and banded in both LPS backgrounds. A smooth LPS E. coli K-12 yfdI mutant strain expressing IcsPHA was also constructed, and experiments involving treatment of this strain with bacteriophage Sf6 tail spike protein suggested that LPS O antigen chains masked IcsP in smooth LPS strains. During these studies, double-labelling of IcsPHA and LPS in a S. flexneri 5a M90T strain revealed a helical distribution of LPS in this strain. Overall, the results suggest IcsP has a punctate, banded distribution across the cell surface. The effect of virK and rmlD mutations on IcsP was then investigated by constructing a virK, rmlD and virK/rmlD double mutant in S. flexneri 2457T. Western immunoblotting showed no change in IcsP expression levels in either the virK, rmlD or virK/rmlD mutants compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, the virK mutant showed no change in IcsA expression levels by Western immunoblotting and plaque assays (using HeLa and CV-1 cells) suggested that virK was not essential for Shigella intercellular spread (contradicting the published data on this gene). No effect was also observed on IcsP expression level or on IcsP’s ability to cleave IcsA into culture supernatants. Finally alternative substrates for the protease activity of IcsP were investigated against known Omptin substrates (plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, complement, protamine and colicins). However, IcsP appeared to have no effect on these substrates as determined by proteolytic cleavage assays and antimicrobial assay. Interestingly, Plg cleavage by rough LPS S. flexneri, and α2AP cleavage by both smooth and rough LPS S. flexneri, was observed. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339487 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

Shigella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria responsible for bacillary dysentery in humans. Shigella flexneri type 2a in particular is responsible for the majority of incidents in developing countries. The S. flexneri protease IcsP, is a member of the Omptin family of outer membrane (OM) proteases which cleaves IcsA, a polarly localised OM protein required for Shigella virulence. Mutations in icsP have been shown to effect the observed distribution of IcsA, however the significance of IcsP in Shigella virulence is incompletely understood. In this study, aspects of IcsP biology were investigated. S. flexneri 2457T and M90T icsP mutants were constructed to investigate the role of IcsP in Shigella intercellular spread, and it was found that icsP in both S. flexneri backgrounds did not appear to be essential for cell-tocell spread in human cervical cancer HeLa cells, but enhanced cell-to-cell spread in monkey kidney CV-1 cells (as determined by plaque assays). Complementation with icsP returned the mutant phenotype to wild-type. The results suggest IcsP does play a role in Shigella intercellular spread. The 2457T icsP mutant was subsequently complemented with an altered icsP gene encoding a haemagglutinin epitope tagged IcsP (IcsPHA) to determine the distribution of IcsP on the cell surface. In both S. flexneri and E. coli K-12 possessing smooth and rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the distribution of IcsPHA was found to be punctate across the cell surface. Deconvolution analysis revealed that IcsP distribution was punctate and banded in both LPS backgrounds. A smooth LPS E. coli K-12 yfdI mutant strain expressing IcsPHA was also constructed, and experiments involving treatment of this strain with bacteriophage Sf6 tail spike protein suggested that LPS O antigen chains masked IcsP in smooth LPS strains. During these studies, double-labelling of IcsPHA and LPS in a S. flexneri 5a M90T strain revealed a helical distribution of LPS in this strain. Overall, the results suggest IcsP has a punctate, banded distribution across the cell surface. The effect of virK and rmlD mutations on IcsP was then investigated by constructing a virK, rmlD and virK/rmlD double mutant in S. flexneri 2457T. Western immunoblotting showed no change in IcsP expression levels in either the virK, rmlD or virK/rmlD mutants compared to wild-type. Surprisingly, the virK mutant showed no change in IcsA expression levels by Western immunoblotting and plaque assays (using HeLa and CV-1 cells) suggested that virK was not essential for Shigella intercellular spread (contradicting the published data on this gene). No effect was also observed on IcsP expression level or on IcsP’s ability to cleave IcsA into culture supernatants. Finally alternative substrates for the protease activity of IcsP were investigated against known Omptin substrates (plasminogen, α2-antiplasmin, complement, protamine and colicins). However, IcsP appeared to have no effect on these substrates as determined by proteolytic cleavage assays and antimicrobial assay. Interestingly, Plg cleavage by rough LPS S. flexneri, and α2AP cleavage by both smooth and rough LPS S. flexneri, was observed. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1339487 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

Shigella est l'agent causal de la shigellose, une maladie à transmission oro-fécale, et responsable d'une grande partie des cas diarrhéiques dans les pays en voie de développement. L'infection par Shigella résulte en la colonisation et l'inflammation de la muqueuse colique. Sa virulence est liée à son Système de Sécrétion de Type 3 (SST3) qui agit comme une "seringue" moléculaire pour l'injection des protéines directement dans le cytoplasme de la cellule hôte, via un pore de translocation, provoquant la subversion de sa physiologie et l'internalisation de la bactérie. Le SST3 est composé d'un bulbe cytoplasmique, d'un corps basal et d'une aiguille extracellulaire assemblée suite à la polymérisation hélicoïdale des sous-unités MxiH, formant ainsi un canal qui permet le transit des substrats du SST3. L'extrémité de l'aiguille comprend les translocateurs IpaBCD qui constituent le complexe d’extrémité. IpaD module l'insertion membranaire des protéines hydrophobes IpaB et IpaC, qui forment le pore de translocation, et prévient, avec IpaB, la sécrétion prématurée des effecteurs avant le contact cellulaire. La sécrétion est également contrôlée à la base du SST3 par la protéine cytoplasmique MxiC qui perçoit le contact cellulaire par un signal transmis à travers l'aiguille. Ces deux dispositifs de contrôle participent à l'établissement d'une hiérarchie de sécrétion entre translocateurs, effecteurs précoces et tardifs. <p>Lors de cette étude, nous avons essayé de mieux comprendre le fonctionnement du SST3 en ciblant la protéine IpaD. Des variants obtenus par délétions de 10 acides aminés (Schiavolin, 2013) et par mutations ponctuelles (Meghraoui, 2014) d’IpaD ont été générés pour caractériser leurs effets sur l'exposition à la surface des translocateurs, le contrôle de sécrétion, la formation du pore de translocation, et enfin l'invasion cellulaire. Nos résultats ont permis d’identifier trois phénotypes correspondant à i) une sécrétion contrôlée, similaire à la souche sauvage, ii) une sécrétion constitutive de tous les substrats, et iii) un phénotype de sécrétion intermédiaire. Les variants par délétions nous ont permis de comprendre l'importance de la localisation d'IpaD et IpaB à la surface pour le fonctionnement du SST3. Les variants par mutations ont révélé l'indépendance entre le contrôle de sécrétion et l’invasion cellulaire, ainsi qu’une corrélation entre la sécrétion prématurée des translocateurs/effecteurs précoces et l'augmentation de la virulence in vitro. Nous avons aussi étudié les partenaires d'interaction d'IpaD (Meghraoui, in prep) et MxiC (Cherradi, 2013) respectivement à l'extrémité de l'aiguille et à la base du SST3. L'interaction d'IpaD avec elle-même et avec MxiH a pu être montrée uniquement après délétion du domaine auto-chaperon d’IpaD. Ce domaine semble essentiel au maintien d'IpaB à l'extrémité de l'aiguille, au contrôle de sécrétion, à l'insertion du translocon, mais pas à l'invasion cellulaire. D'autre part, nous avons démontré que l'interaction entre MxiC et le composant de la tige interne MxiI participe au contrôle interne de la sécrétion. En conclusion, nos travaux contribuent à une meilleure compréhension du lien entre différents composants et fonctions du SST3 et de l'implication d'IpaD dans la régulation allostérique de la sécrétion. Ces résultats dépassent le cadre de Shigella puisque les composants étudiés dans le cadre de cette thèse sont conservés chez d’autres bactéries utilisant le SST3 comme dispositif principal de virulence./<p><p>Shigella is the causative agent of shigellosis, an oro-fecally transmitted disease, among major causes of diarrhoea in developing countries. Infection by Shigella results in the colonisation and inflammation of colonic mucosa. The virulence of this bacterium is related to a Type 3 Secretion System (T3SS) that acts as a molecular syringe to inject proteins directly into host cell cytoplasm, through a translocation pore, leading to subversion of cell physiology and bacterial internalisation. The T3S apparatus (T3SA) is composed of a cytoplasmic bulb, a basal body and an extracellular needle. The needle is assembled through the helical polymerisation of MxiH subunits that form a channel allowing the passage of T3S substrates and topped by the translocators IpaBCD (needle tip complex). IpaD is a hydrophilic protein that modulates the membrane insertion of the hydrophobic IpaB and IpaC (translocation pore) and prevents, along with IpaB, the leakage of proteins before cell contact. Secretion is also controlled at the base of the T3SA by cytoplasmic MxiC that senses cell contact through the transmission of a signal along the needle. These two control devices are involved in the establishment of a secretion hierarchy between translocators, early and late effectors.<p>In this study, we aimed to better understand the function of the T3SS by targeting the tip protein IpaD. Ten amino-acid deletion (Schiavolin, 2013) and point mutation (Meghraoui, 2014) variants of IpaD were generated to characterise their effects on translocators exposure, secretion control, pore formation and cell invasion. Three secretion phenotypes were identified and correspond to wild-type like secretion control, constitutive secretion and an intermediate secretion phenotype. Deletion variants allowed us to understand the requirement of IpaB and IpaD surface exposure for the T3SS functions. Mutation variants highlighted the uncoupling between secretion control and cell entry and the correlation between the premature secretion of translocators/early effectors and the enhanced in vitro virulence. We also studied interaction partners of IpaD (Meghraoui, in prep) and MxiC (Cherradi, 2013) at the needle tip and T3SA base, respectively. The bindings of IpaD to itself and to the needle subunit MxiH were only possible after deletion of the self-chaperoning domain. This domain was essential for the correct maintenance of IpaB at the needle tip, the secretion control, the insertion of the translocon, but not for cell entry. Besides, we showed that the interaction of MxiC with inner rod component MxiI participates in the internal control of secretion. In conclusion, these observations facilitated our understanding of the links between the different components and functions of the T3SS and the involvement of IpaD in the allosteric regulation of secretion. Our work is relevant beyond the Shigella field as genes studied here are conserved among several pathogenic bacteria using T3SS as a virulence weapon. <p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Les cellules épithéliales constituent la première ligne de défense face à l’infection et jouent un rôle actif dans l'immunité innée. Par la sécrétion locale de cytokines, ces cellules sont capables d'orchestrer la réponse immunitaire contre les pathogènes invasifs. L'activation des récepteurs de reconnaissance de pathogènes, qu’ils soient intracellulaires ou extracellulaires, conduit à une cascade de signalisation complexe. Cette dernière entraîne l'activation du facteur de transcription NF-kB ainsi que la production ultérieure de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. Cependant, les mécanismes moléculaires qui gouvernent ce processus n'ont pas été entièrement élucidés. La bactérie à Gram négatif Shigella flexneri est un pathogène humain majeur à l’origine de la dysenterie bacillaire. Cette maladie se caractérise par une inflammation aiguë du colon qui peut entraîner la destruction du tissu intestinal et même dans les cas les plus graves, la mort. En effet, S. flexneri peut envahir les cellules épithéliales du colon et se répliquer dans leur cytoplasme. Après la détection de bactéries intracellulaires, les cellules infectées et non infectées déclenchent des voies de signalisation inflammatoire, ce qui entraîne une production massive d'interleukine-8. En utilisant S. flexneri comme modèle d'infection, nous avons identifié une nouvelle voie de signalisation qui joue un rôle central dans l'activation de NF-kB et la production d'IL-8 qui en résulte lors des infections bactériennes à Gram négatif. Après la détection cytosolique des bactéries, les protéines TIFA forment des oligomères à travers un processus dépendant de leur thréonine en position 9, ainsi que de leur domaine « Forkhead-associated ». D’une part, ces oligomères interagissent avec TRAF6, ce qui conduit à l’oligomérisation de cette dernière et à l'activation subséquente de NF-kB. D'autre part, nous montrons que l'oligomérisation de TIFA dépend de la kinase ALPK1 et que cette voie est activée en réponse au métabolite bactérien heptose-1, 7-bisphosphate. Ces observations pourraient être étendues au pathogène entéro-invasif Salmonella typhimurium ainsi qu'à la bactérie extracellulaire Neisseria meningitidis. Nos résultats démontrent donc le rôle central de la voie de signalisation ALPK1-TIFA-TRAF6 en réponse aux pathogènes bactériens à Gram négatif intracellulaires et extracellulaires. Ainsi, ces travaux contribuent à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires régissant la réponse immunitaire des cellules épithéliales aux bactéries pathogènes. / Epithelial cells represent the first line of defense against pathogens and play an active role in innate immunity. Via local secretion of cytokines, they are able to orchestrate the immune response against invading pathogens. The activation of both intracellular and extracellular pathogen recognition receptors leads to a complex signaling cascade, resulting in the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor kB(NF-kB)and the subsequent production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the molecular mechanisms governing this process have not been fully elucidated. The Gram-negative bacterium Shigella flexneriis an important human pathogen and the causative agent of bacillary dysentery. This disease is characterized by acute inflammation of the colon resulting in the destruction of the intestinal tissue and, in severe cases, death. S. flexneri can invade and replicate within colonic epithelial cells. Following detection of the bacteria, both infected and uninfected bystander cells initiate inflammatory signaling pathways, which result in massive interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by the latter. Using S. flexneri as a model of infection, we have identified a novel signaling pathway, which is central to the activation of NF-kB and the subsequent production of IL-8 during Gram-negative bacterial infections. Following the cytosolic detection of bacteria, the protein TRAF-interacting factor with forkhead-associated domain (TIFA) forms oligomers, a process dependent on its threonine at position 9 and theforkhead-associated domain. These oligomers interact withTNF receptor associated factor (TRAF)6, leading to its oligomerization and the subsequent activation of NF-kB. In addition, we show that oligomerization of TIFA is dependent on the kinase alpha-kinase(ALPK)1 and that this pathway is activated in response to the detection of the bacterial metabolite heptose-1, 7-bisphosphate (HBP). These observations could be extended to the enteroinvasive pathogen Salmonella typhimurium as well as the extracellular bacteria Neisseria meningitidis. Our results therefore demonstrate the central role of the ALPK1-TIFA-TRAF6 signaling pathway in response to HBP of both intracellular and extracellular Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, and offer a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the epithelial cell immune response to pathogenic bacteria.

Neutrophile Granulocyten wirken als einer der ersten Abwehrmechanismen gegen invasive Mikroorganismen im angeborenen Immunsystem von Mammalia. Aktiviert durch inflammatorische Signale verlassen diese Granulocyten das vaskuläre System und migrieren durch das Gewebe zum Infektionsherd. Dort binden sie die Mikroorganismen, phagozytieren und eliminieren diese schließlich mit hoher Effizienz. Humane Neutrophile Elastase (NE) ist Bestandteil der neutrophilen Granula und spielt eine entscheidende Rolle im Abbau von Virulenzfaktoren enteroinvasiver Bakterien, einschließlich der Shigella Virulenzfaktoren IpaB (invasion antigen plasmid B) und IcsA (intracellular spread A). NE gehört zu der Familie der Chymotrypsin-ähnlichen Serinproteasen, die sich durch Sequenz- und Strukurähnlichkeit auszeichnen, jedoch sehr unterschiedliche biologische Funktionen aufweisen. Cathepsin G (CG) ist wie NE eine Chymotrypsin-ähnliche Serinprotease und ebenfalls in neutrophilen Granula lokalisiert. Allerdings zeigt CG keine Aktivität gegenüber Virulenzfaktoren von Shigella. Obwohl die Kristallstrukturen von CG und NE fast identisch sind, konnten einzelne oder mehrere Aminosäuren in der Substratbindungsspalte identifiziert werden, die zwischen den beiden Enzymen differieren. Dies legte die Vermutung nahe, dass die Spezifität von NE gegenüber Virulenzfaktoren in diesen Unterschieden codiert sein könnte. Daher wurden diese Aminosäuren durch die analogen CG Aminosäuren oder durch Alanin ersetzt. Der Vergleich der funktionellen Eigenschaften der NE Mutanten mit wildtyp NE zeigte, dass die Aminosäuren an den Positionen 98 und 216-224 entscheidend für die Substratspezifität von NE sind. Die NE Mutanten N98A, 216-218 und 216-224 waren nicht mehr in der Lage, die Virulenzfaktoren IcsA und IpaB sowie das NE Peptidsubstrat abzubauen. Stattdessen haben diese Mutanten die Fähigkeit erlangt, das CG Peptidsubstrat abzubauen. Zusammenfassend konnten wir Aminosäuren in NE identifizieren, die sowohl die Spezifität von NE für das Peptidsubstrat als auch für die Virulenzfaktoren von Shigella flexneri determinieren. / Neutrophil granulocytes are one of the first lines of defense of the mammalian innate immune system against invading microorganisms. In response to inflammatory stimuli, neutrophils migrate from the blood stream to infected tissues where they bind, engulf and inactivate microorganisms efficiently. Human neutrophil elastase (NE), a neutrophil granule component, is a key host defense protein that rapidly destroys virulence factors of enteroinvasive pathogens including IpaB (invasion plasmid antigen B) and IcsA (intracellular spread A) from Shigella. NE belongs to the family of chymotrypsin-like serine proteases with sequence and structural similarity but with very different biological functions. Cathepsin G (CG) is another abundant chymotrypsin-like serine protease in neutrophil granules. However, in contrast to NE, CG does not cleave virulence factors of Shigella. The crystallographic structures of NE and CG are very similar but we identified single or multiple residues in the substrate-binding cleft to differ in these two enzymes. We hypothesized that NE specificity for bacterial virulence factors resides within these structural differences. Therefore these specific residues in NE were replaced with the analogous amino acids of CG or with alanine. By comparing the functional properties of these NE mutants to wildtype NE we were able to show that the amino acids at position 98 and 216-224 are crucial for the substrate specificity of NE. The NE mutants N98A, 216-218 and 216-224 did not cleave the virulence factors IcsA and IpaB as well as the NE peptide substrate but cleaved the CG peptide substrate. In summary, we identified residues in NE that determine the specificity of NE for the peptide substrate and for the Shigella flexneri virulence factors.

Escherichia coli enteroinvasora (EIEC) é um dos agentes etiológicos da disenteria bacilar, caracteriza-se pela destruição do epitélio do cólon provocado pela resposta inflamatória induzida após invasão da mucosa por bactérias. Cepas de EIEC são bioquímica, genética e patogênica semelhante a Shigella spp. A patogenicidade de EIEC e Shigella dependem da presença da pInv plasmídeo, que contém os genes necessários para a colonização bacteriana na mucosa intestinal. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que genes plasmidias ospC1, ospG e ospF de S. flexneri estão envolvidos na inibição da resposta inflamatória em células epiteliais intestinais, um fator importante na iniciação da colonização bacteriana e produção de doença. Como a EIEC mostrou doença menos grave, foi analisada as sequências de aminoácido, avaliada a transcrição destes genes plasmídiais e resposta inflamatória modulada por este micro-organismo na célula epitelial intestinal Caco-2. As células Caco-2 foram infectadas em momentos diferentes com 11 sorotipos de EIEC e S. flexneri (M90T). Os dados sobre a capacidade de invasão e sobrevivência de bactérias, expressão de genes de bactérias e da quimiocina IL-8 foram obtidos por CFU, RT-PCR, e ELISA, respectivamente. A significância estatística foi avaliada por ANOVA de dois fatores. Os 11 sorotipos de EIEC estudados apresentaram similaridade de 100% com S.flexneri para OspC1 e OspF,contudo, foram diferentes na homologia do OspG. Quando comparamos as sequências de aminoácido dos 11 sorotipos observamos 100% de similaridade entre eles para OspG, sugerindo o envolvimento destas proteínas na modulação da resposta imune induzida por estes micro-organismos. Os sorotipos de EIEC apresentam diferenças na capacidade de invasão dos enterócitos. Algumas diferenças significativas foram observadas na transcrição dos genes e na produção de IL-8. Os sorotipos de EIEC O29: H-e O167: H-apresentou um baixo transcrição de genes ospC1 e ospF, e um aumento significativo na produção de IL-8 quando comparado com outros sorotipos. Além disso, demonstrou que a maior transcrição destes genes por alguns sorotipos de EIEC parecem estar relacionados com a menor indução de IL-8. Estes dados sugerem que as proteínas OspC1 e OspF desempenham um papel na resposta inflamatória. No entanto, não se observou relação na transcrição ospG para a produção de IL-8. Estes resultados sugerem que as proteinas efetoras OspC1 e OspF estão envolvidas na inibição da resposta inflamatória em células epiteliais do intestino favorecendo a invasão da EIEC. / Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) is one of the etiological agents of bacillary dysentery, it is characterized by the destruction of the colonic epithelium caused by the inflammatory response induced upon invasion of the mucosa by bacteria. Strains of EIEC are biochemical, genetic and pathogenic similar to Shigella spp. The pathogenecity of EIEC and Shigella depend on the presence of the plasmid pInv, which contains the genes necessary for bacterial colonization in the intestinal mucosa. Recently, it was demonstrated that the plasmid genes ospC1, ospG and ospF of S. flexneri are involved in inhibition of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells, an important factor in the initiation of bacterial colonization and production of disease. As EIEC has showed less severe disease, we evaluated the transcription of these plasmid genes and inflammatory response modulated by this microorganism in the intestinal epithelial cell Caco-2. The Caco-2 cells were infected in different times with 11 serotypes of EIEC and S. flexneri M90T strain. The data about sequences of amino acids, invasiveness and survival of bacteria, bacterial genes expression, and chemokine IL-8 were obtained by CFU, RT-PCR, and ELISA, respectively. The statistical significance was evaluated by two-way ANOVA. All EIEC serotypes studied showed 100% similarity with S.flexneri to OspC1 and OSPF, however, were different in the homology of OspG. Compared the amino acid sequences of the 11 serotypes observed 100% similarity between them to OspG, suggesting the involvement of them in modulating of the immune response induced by these microorganisms. There were no differences in the invasion the enterocytes among EIEC serotypes. However, some significant differences were observed in the transcription of those genes and production of IL-8. The EIEC serotypes O29:H- and O167:H- showed a low transcription of genes ospC1 and ospF, and a significant increase in production of IL-8 when compared with other serotypes. Furthermore, it was shown that the high transcription of ospF and ospC1 by some EIEC serotypes are related to low induction of IL-8. These data suggested that the proteins OspC1 and OspF play a role in the inflammatory response. However, we did not observed association between ospG transcription to the production of IL-8. These results lead us to believe that the effector proteins OspF and OspC1 are involved in inhibition of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells favoring the EIEC invasion.

Orientador: Wanderley Dias da Silveira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Penatti_MarioPauloAmante_D.pdf: 3721430 bytes, checksum: 2233dee3467177800c9c87d56e40c34c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Bactérias do ¿gênero¿ Shigella spp. apresentam-se como bacilos gram-negativos, anaeróbios facultativos, imóveis, não formam esporos e pertencem à família Enterobacteriaceae. De acordo com testes de aglutinação com anti-soros específicos, estas bactérias são classificadas em quatro sorogrupos: Sorogrupo A (Shigella dysenteriae), Sorogrupo B (Shigella flexneri), Sorogrupo C (Shigella boydii) e Sorogrupo D (Shigella sonnei). Estas bactérias são responsáveis pela Shiguelose ou Disenteria Bacilar enfermidade endêmica que anualmente acomete milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, sendo que mais de 70% de todos os casos ocorrem em crianças de 1 até 5 anos de idade, possuindo grande importância epidemiológica devido à alta morbi-mortalidade. Os principais determinantes de patogenicidade neste grupo bacteriano são: o plasmídio de alto peso molecular, que determina o fenótipo invasivo desta espécie; genes cromossômicos, que regulam a expressão dos genes de virulência no plasmídio e a produção de uma exotoxina que atua destruindo a barreira de células epiteliais. No Brasil, até então, não foram encontrados trabalhos publicados que comparem as diferentes amostras bacterianas de Shigella spp. isoladas de casos de Shiguelose, relacionando suas características biológicas e estrutura clonal. Sendo assim, neste trabalho, estudamos as características biológicas (sorotipagem, perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos, adesão e invasão, análise do perfil de DNA plasmidial) de diferentes amostras de Shigella spp. relacionando-as através de técnicas de Biologia Molecular (ERIC-PCR, REPPCR e DRE-PCR) permitindo, assim, determinar a clonalidade epidemiológica destas. As amostras de Shigella spp. foram isoladas de diferentes surtos, de diversas cidades das regiões de Campinas e de São João da Boa Vista, e pertencem à coleção do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Campinas / Abstract: Shigella spp are gram-negative, anaerobic facultative, non-motile, and non-sporulated bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family, responsible for ¿Shigellosis¿ or the Bacillary Dysentery (BD) disease, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. The pathogenic determinants of Shigella spp include high molecular weight plasmids responsible for the bacterial invasive capacity, as well as chromosomal genes encoding for different pathogenic, factors such as exotoxins that destroy epithelial host cells. Little is known about the antibiotic resistance profiles and the population structure of Shigella species isolated from humans in Brazil. In this work, we have studied the antibiotic resistance profiles and the clonal structure of Shigella strains isolated from humans in different cities located in the region of Campinas, a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We have also related the antibiotic resistance of these strains with the bacterial clonal groups determined by the molecular techniques ERIC, REP, and DRE-PCR. Our data indicate that many strains of S. flexneri and S. sonnei are multiresistant, and our results also support the circulation of specific clones among the cities. These data indicate that the human sanitary conditions in the cities analyzed herein should be improved. / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular

Escherichia coli enteroinvasora (EIEC) é um dos agentes etiológicos da disenteria bacilar, caracteriza-se pela destruição do epitélio do cólon provocado pela resposta inflamatória induzida após invasão da mucosa por bactérias. Cepas de EIEC são bioquímica, genética e patogênica semelhante a Shigella spp. A patogenicidade de EIEC e Shigella dependem da presença da pInv plasmídeo, que contém os genes necessários para a colonização bacteriana na mucosa intestinal. Recentemente, demonstrou-se que genes plasmidias ospC1, ospG e ospF de S. flexneri estão envolvidos na inibição da resposta inflamatória em células epiteliais intestinais, um fator importante na iniciação da colonização bacteriana e produção de doença. Como a EIEC mostrou doença menos grave, foi analisada as sequências de aminoácido, avaliada a transcrição destes genes plasmídiais e resposta inflamatória modulada por este micro-organismo na célula epitelial intestinal Caco-2. As células Caco-2 foram infectadas em momentos diferentes com 11 sorotipos de EIEC e S. flexneri (M90T). Os dados sobre a capacidade de invasão e sobrevivência de bactérias, expressão de genes de bactérias e da quimiocina IL-8 foram obtidos por CFU, RT-PCR, e ELISA, respectivamente. A significância estatística foi avaliada por ANOVA de dois fatores. Os 11 sorotipos de EIEC estudados apresentaram similaridade de 100% com S.flexneri para OspC1 e OspF,contudo, foram diferentes na homologia do OspG. Quando comparamos as sequências de aminoácido dos 11 sorotipos observamos 100% de similaridade entre eles para OspG, sugerindo o envolvimento destas proteínas na modulação da resposta imune induzida por estes micro-organismos. Os sorotipos de EIEC apresentam diferenças na capacidade de invasão dos enterócitos. Algumas diferenças significativas foram observadas na transcrição dos genes e na produção de IL-8. Os sorotipos de EIEC O29: H-e O167: H-apresentou um baixo transcrição de genes ospC1 e ospF, e um aumento significativo na produção de IL-8 quando comparado com outros sorotipos. Além disso, demonstrou que a maior transcrição destes genes por alguns sorotipos de EIEC parecem estar relacionados com a menor indução de IL-8. Estes dados sugerem que as proteínas OspC1 e OspF desempenham um papel na resposta inflamatória. No entanto, não se observou relação na transcrição ospG para a produção de IL-8. Estes resultados sugerem que as proteinas efetoras OspC1 e OspF estão envolvidas na inibição da resposta inflamatória em células epiteliais do intestino favorecendo a invasão da EIEC. / Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) is one of the etiological agents of bacillary dysentery, it is characterized by the destruction of the colonic epithelium caused by the inflammatory response induced upon invasion of the mucosa by bacteria. Strains of EIEC are biochemical, genetic and pathogenic similar to Shigella spp. The pathogenecity of EIEC and Shigella depend on the presence of the plasmid pInv, which contains the genes necessary for bacterial colonization in the intestinal mucosa. Recently, it was demonstrated that the plasmid genes ospC1, ospG and ospF of S. flexneri are involved in inhibition of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells, an important factor in the initiation of bacterial colonization and production of disease. As EIEC has showed less severe disease, we evaluated the transcription of these plasmid genes and inflammatory response modulated by this microorganism in the intestinal epithelial cell Caco-2. The Caco-2 cells were infected in different times with 11 serotypes of EIEC and S. flexneri M90T strain. The data about sequences of amino acids, invasiveness and survival of bacteria, bacterial genes expression, and chemokine IL-8 were obtained by CFU, RT-PCR, and ELISA, respectively. The statistical significance was evaluated by two-way ANOVA. All EIEC serotypes studied showed 100% similarity with S.flexneri to OspC1 and OSPF, however, were different in the homology of OspG. Compared the amino acid sequences of the 11 serotypes observed 100% similarity between them to OspG, suggesting the involvement of them in modulating of the immune response induced by these microorganisms. There were no differences in the invasion the enterocytes among EIEC serotypes. However, some significant differences were observed in the transcription of those genes and production of IL-8. The EIEC serotypes O29:H- and O167:H- showed a low transcription of genes ospC1 and ospF, and a significant increase in production of IL-8 when compared with other serotypes. Furthermore, it was shown that the high transcription of ospF and ospC1 by some EIEC serotypes are related to low induction of IL-8. These data suggested that the proteins OspC1 and OspF play a role in the inflammatory response. However, we did not observed association between ospG transcription to the production of IL-8. These results lead us to believe that the effector proteins OspF and OspC1 are involved in inhibition of the inflammatory response in intestinal epithelial cells favoring the EIEC invasion.

Shigella provoque la dysenterie bacillaire en envahissant les muqueuses du colon. Cette maladie diarrhéique est responsable d’un million de décès par an essentiellement dans les pays en voie développement. Les gènes nécessaires àl’entrée dans les cellules hôtes sont regroupés sur un fragment d’ADN plasmidique de 30-kb. Celui-ci contient deux types de gènes, les gènes ipa(B, C et D) et ipgcodant pour des protéines responsables de l’entrée de la bactérie dans les cellules, et les gènes mxi/spacodant pour un système de sécrétion appelétype III (SST3) nécessaire àla sécrétion des facteurs de virulence. Les gènes mxi/spaetipa/ipgsont exprimés à37°C et les protéines Ipa/Ipgrestent dans le cytoplasme jusqu’àce que le SST3 soit activéau contact de la cellule hôte. Ce contact induit l’internalisation de la bactérie par macropinocytose, suivie de sa dissémination intra-et intercellulaire. Des observations en microscopie électronique (ME) montrent que le SST3 est composéde trois parties: i) une aiguille dont la longueur est régulée à50 nm par la protéine Spa32, ii) un corps basal qui traverse les membranes interneet externe ainsi que le peptidoglycane, et iii) un bulbe cytoplasmique. Le SST3 est le dispositif principal de virulence et permet l’injection de facteurs de virulences du cytoplasme bactérien vers celui de la cellule cible. Shigelladoit sécréter ces protéines de manière ordonnée. Très peu de travaux ont abordécette question. L’objectif principal de ce travail de thèse a étéd’étudier les mécanismes moléculaires impliqués dans la hiérarchie de sécrétion.Nous avons principalement investiguéle rôle de 3 protéines: Spa32, Spa40 et MxiC dans la sécrétion. Nous avons montré, par des études génétiques, que contrairement aux études publiées sur les protéines homologues, Spa32 n’agit pas comme un «molecularruler»pour réguler la taille de l’aiguille. Nous avons montréque cette régulation nécessite l’interaction de Spa32 via ses résidus 206-246 au domaine C-terminal de Spa40 (Spa40C) (Botteaux et al. 2008a). Ayant identifiécette interaction avec Spa40, l’étape suivante de notre travail a portésur la caractérisation de la fonction du gène spa40par des méthodes génétique, biochimique et structurale (ME). Nos résultats montrent que Spa40 joue un rôle important dans l’assemblage du SST3. Des plus, nous avons mis en évidence de nouvelles interactions impliquant Spa40C et des composants du SST3 (Botteaux et al. in preparation).Parallèlement àces travaux, nous avons montréque l’inactivation du gène mxiCaboutit àune dérégulation spécifique de la sécrétion des effecteurs sans altérer celle des translocateurs IpaB et IpaC. Cette augmentation de sécrétion est due àune augmentation de transcription des gènes tardifs, conséquence de la sécrétion précoce de l’anti-activateur transcriptionnel, OspD1 (Botteaux et al. 2008b). De plus, nous avons montréque MxiC est un substrat de l’appareil de sécrétion et que cette sécrétion est associée àsa fonction. Finalement, la mise en évidence d’une interaction entre MxiC et Spa47, l’ATPase du SST3 nous permet de proposer un modèle régulant la hiérarchie de sécrétion des effecteurs.Dans une autre partie de notre travail, nous avons identifié, par des expériences de ME et d’immunomarquage, que l’invasineIpaD est localisée au sommet de l’aiguille du SST3 oùelle lui sert de bouchon. Enfin, de manière très intéressante, nous avons montréque des anticorps anti-IpaD neutralisent l’entrée de Shigelladans les cellules (Sani, Botteaux et al. 2007, dépôt de brevet). IpaD, étant conservée dans les isolats invasifs de Shigella, représente donc un réel candidat vaccinal pouvant pallier la diversitédes sérotypesbactériens.En conclusion, nos travaux représentent une contribution importante àla compréhension des mécanismes de virulence bactériens et dépassent le cadre de Shigellapuisque les systèmes de sécrétion sont hautement conservés parmi plusieurs pathogènes. L’identification de drogues pouvant interférer avec ces systèmes de sécrétion représente une voie d’avenir pour le développement de nouveaux agents anti-infectieux. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished