Transonic utter is an aeroelastic instability characterized by part-chord shocks over an airfoil and single mode oscillations leading to a drop in the utter boundary. We present a numerical study that examines the influence of shocks, shock-boundary layer interactions, and three-dimensional flow features on the transonic utter boundary. Using energy concepts we show that shocks and shock-boundary layer interactions have a profound influence on the stability of an aeroelastic system. Viscosity stabilizes the aeroelastic system through thickness effects up-to the bottom of the transonic dip. Beyond, shock induced separation not only stalls the aeroelastic system, but also makes it oscillate about a new equilibrium position. In this region, where viscous effects are dominant, the inviscid utter boundary shows multiple utter points. Modal contributions to the response of the aeroelastic systems |viscous and inviscid | indicate that viscosity restricts higher mode participation. Restriction of higher modes by viscosity is responsible for the elimination of multiple utter points that are present in the inviscid case. Multiple forcing frequencies are observed in those regions of the utter boundary where viscous effects are dominant. Further, the shock dynamics exhibit shock-reversal where-in the shock motion predicted by the viscous simulation is 180_ out of phase relative to that of the inviscid case. At Mach numbers beyond the shock-stall region the shock moves close to the trailing edge of the airfoil, and inviscid and viscous simulations predict almost a similar utter boundary. Three-dimensional transonic flow structures on a finite-span wing aeroelastic model de-stabilizes it relative to an equivalent two-dimensional model.

The motion of shock waves is important in many fields of engineering and increasingly so with medical applications and applications to inertial confinement fusion technologies. The flow structures that moving shock waves create when they encounter a change in area is complex and can be difficult to understand. Previousresearchers have carried out experimental studies and many numerical studies looking at this problem in more detail. There has been a discrepancy between numerical and experimental work which had remained unanswered. One of the aims of this project is to try and resolve the discrepancy between numerical and experimental work and try to investigate what experimental techniques are suitable for work of this type and the exact way in which they should be applied. Most previous work has focused on sharp changes in geometry which induce immediate flow separation. In this project rounded corners will also be investigated and the complex flow features will be analyzed.Two geometries, namely a sharp 172 degree knife-edge and a 2.8 mm radius rounded corner will be investigated at three experimental pressure ratios of 4, 8 and 12 using air as the driver gas. This yields experimental shock Mach numbers of 1.28, 1.46 and 1.55. High-speed schlieren and shadowgraph photography with varying levels of sensitivity were used to qualitatively investigate the wave structures. Particle image velocimetry (PIV), pressure-sensitive paint (PSP) and traditional pressure transducers were used to quantify the flow field. Numerical simulations were performed using the commercial package Fluent to investigate the effect of numerical schemes on the flow field produced and for comparison with the experimental results. The sharp geometry was simulated successfully using an inviscid simulation while the rounded geometry required the addition of laminar viscosity. Reynolds number effects will be only sparsely referred to in this project as the flows under investigation show largely inviscid characteristics. As the flow is developing in time rather than in space, quotation of a distance-based Reynolds number is not entirely appropriate; however, Reynolds number based on the same spatial location but varying in time will be mentioned. The density-based diagnostics in this project were designed to have a depth of field appropriate to the test under consideration. This approach has been used relatively few times despite its easy setup and significant impact on the results. This project contains the first quantative use of PIV and PSP to shock wave diffraction. Previous studies have almost exclusively used density-based diagnostics which, although give the best impression of the flow field, do not allow for complete analysis and explanation of all of the flow features present. PIV measurements showed a maximum uncertainty of 5% while the PSP measurements showed an uncertainty of approximately 10%.The shock wave diffraction process, vortex formation, shear layer structure, secondary and even tertiary expansions and the shock vortex interaction were investigate. The experimental results have shown that using one experimental technique in isolation can give misleading results. Only by using a combination of experimental techniques can we achieve a complete understanding of the flow field and draw conclusions on the validity of the numerical results. Expanding the range of the experimental techniques currently in use is vital for experimental aerodynamic testing to remain relevant in an industry increasingly dominated by numerical research. To this end, significant research work has been carried out on extending the range of the PSP technique to allow for the capture of shock wave diffraction, one of the fastest transient fluid processes, and for applications to low-speed flow (< 20 ms−1).

Orientador: Carlos Henrique Inácio Ramos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:29:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_VivianeCristinaHeinzenda_D.pdf: 5558657 bytes, checksum: 719a2c54c3d42be8642a0beb9014221c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: As chaperonas moleculares estão envolvidas na manutenção da homeostase celular, auxiliando no correto enovelamento de proteínas, e consequentemente em sua funcionalidade. Duas famílias de chaperonas moleculares participam de pontos-chave neste sistema. Uma delas é a Hsp100 que tem papel importante na desagregação de proteínas; a outra é a Hsp90 que tem o papel de auxiliar no enovelamento, ativação, e na translocação de proteínas regulatórias e sinalizadoras. Neste trabalho foram caracterizadas as chaperonas Hsp100 e Hsp90 de cana-de-açúcar, denominadas SHsp101 e SsHsp90, respectivamente, cuja expressão em níveis basais foi detectada em tecido foliar. As proteínas recombinantes foram produzidas em Escherichia coli, de maneira solúvel, e após purificação apresentaram-se enoveladas. A SHsp101 foi obtida como um hexâmero em solução, apresentando capacidade de ligar nucleotídeos ATP e ADP, e de hidrolisar o ATP de maneira alostérica com cooperatividade positiva; mas não foi capaz de hidrolisar o ADP, que por sua vez mostrou-se inibidor da atividade ATPásica. A SHsp101 exibiu atividades de proteção do substrato luciferase contra agregação induzida por alta temperatura e de desagregação e reenovelamento da proteína-modelo GFPuv, na presença de ATP e ATP?S. Análises de complementação in vivo revelaram que a superexpressão heteróloga de SHsp101 em cepas de levedura mutantes nulo de hsp104, aumentou a termotolerância a 53°C, proporcionando um aumento de 80 vezes na sobrevivência das leveduras. A SsHsp90 apresentou-se dimérica em solução, com características estruturais e conformacionais (modelo tridimensional gerado por modelagem comparativa e validado por meio de análises de ligação cruzada acoplada à espectometria de massas) semelhantes às homólogas de outros organismos. A SsHsp90 apresentou atividade chaperona de proteção contra agregação da proteína-modelo citrato sintase desnaturada por choque térmico. As informações acerca da expressão, estrutura, e função de SHsp101 e SsHsp90 obtidas neste trabalho, contribuem para um melhor entendimento destas famílias de chaperonas moleculares, particularmente em plantas, que por serem organismos sésseis, estão mais expostos às condições adversas do ambiente / Abstract: Molecular chaperones are involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by promoting the correct folding of proteins, and consequently, ensuring their functionality. Two families of molecular chaperones participate at key points in this system. The first is Hsp90, which assists in protein refolding, activation, and the trafficking of regulatory and signaling proteins, while the second is Hsp100, which has an important role in protein disaggregation. In this study, the Hsp90 and Hsp100 proteins from sugarcane were characterized, denoted as SsHsp90 and SHsp101, respectively, and their basal level of expression was detected in leaf tissue. In addition, both were produced by Escherichia coli as soluble form and then they were purified in a folded state. The SHsp101 was obtained folded as hexamer in solution and showed capacity of bind both ATP and ADP, but could only hydrolyze ATP in an allosteric manner with positive cooperativity. In fact, the presence of ADP had an inhibitory effect on the ATPase activity. SHsp101 exhibited protection against aggregation of luciferase, and showed a disaggregation and refolding activity of GFPuv in the presence ATP and ATP?S. In vivo complementation analysis revealed that heterologous overexpression of SHsp101 in a null hsp104 yeast strain correlated with an 80 fold increase in yeast survival at 53°C. The dimer obtained for SsHsp90 had similar structural and conformational characteristics compared to other Hsp90 homologues, and was compatible with a three-dimensional model generated by comparative modeling, which was validated by cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry. The SsHsp90 protected against thermal aggregation of citrate synthase. Taken together, the information about the expression, structure, and function of SHsp101 and SsHsp90 obtained in this study contribute to a better understanding of these molecular chaperone protein families, particularly in plants, which are sessile organisms and more exposed to adverse environmental conditions / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutora em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T18:56:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 324266 bytes, checksum: 7cb8130236c8d36814fc6baebf56c4e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-17 / Plants are always exposed to aggression of biotic and abiotic agents. Their protection pathway is essential, and it would increase the food production. Navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) are of high economic importance and of agronomic value. It is a susceptible crop to temperature and to water stress, what could lead to metabolic alterations as the synthesis of protein defences. The objective of this work was to study the effect of salicylic acid and the cold shock applied to germinating seeds over the water deficit tolerance, during the beginning of the germination process by means of physiological variables and soluble protein expression. Seeds were embedded in moistened paper substrate, half of the sample in water and half in the salicylic acid (0.01mM) in the first 24 hours. Part of both treatments was then subjected to cold shock 24 hours at 7°C. After that all seeds, from both treatments were subjected to different mannitol induced water potentials: 0;-0.3; -0.6 and -1.2 MPa. Water was considered the zero potential. Four combinations were considered: without shock and salicylic acid (SCHSAS), with shock and without salicylic acid (CCHSAS), without shock with salicylic acid (SCHCAS) and with shock and salicylic acid (CCHCAS). Treatments were evaluated by germination, vigour classification, shoot and root dry weight and length, as by the rate shoot/root. After germination evaluation, five normal seedlings were used to protein and another five to proline extraction. Proline was determined in the whole seedling and protein in shoot and in the root, being compared by SDS-PAGE. Results were analyzed as a completely random design in a factorial design (4x4 as a combination of salicylic acid cold shock with the water restriction) by the Tukey s test (P< 5%) for average comparisons and with polynomial regression for water deficit. Electrophoretic patterns were analyzed by absence presence of bands. Germination was not affected by salicylic acid or by the cold shock treatments, but by the increase in the water deficit. Vigour was altered by salicylic acid and by the shock, being the last one affecting positively and the cold shock negatively. Salicylic acid increased length and weight, especially in the intermediary levels of water deficit. Protein expression of the treatments CCHCAS and SCHCAS showed the same electrophorectical patterns for shoot and root, with an increase in the expression for the lower potentials. The pattern of CCHSAS and SCHSAS treatments exhibited some different bands. / As condições ambientais desfavoráveis fazem com que os vegetais passem por adaptações e a forma como se protegem é essencial, podendo aumentar a produção e qualidade dos alimentos. O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L) é de grande valor econômico e de relevante interesse agronômico. Tratando-se de uma cultura de sensibilidade à temperatura e deficiência hídrica, podem ocorrer aclimatações e alterações no metabolismo celular, entre elas a síntese de proteínas de defesa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do ácido salicílico e do choque frio aplicados às sementes para a possível tolerância à restrição hídrica, durante o início do processo de germinação, por meio de variáveis fisiológicas e expressão de proteínas solúveis. As sementes foram embebidas em substrato papel a temperatura constante de 25°C em água ou solução aquosa correspondente a 2,5 vezes o peso do substrato seco, sendo parte das sementes em água e parte em solução de ácido salicílico à concentração de 0,01 Mm, pelas primeiras 24 horas. Metade das sementes embebidas em água como as embebidas em ácido salicílico foram transferidas para o choque frio, por 24 horas, à temperatura de 7°C. A seguir todas as sementes foram transferidas para um substrato simulando diferentes potenciais osmóticos: 0,0; -0,3; -0,6; -1,2 MPa induzidos por manitol, sendo considerado potencial zero o substrato umedecido com água, compondo quatro combinações sem choque sem ácido salicílico (SCHSAS), com choque sem ácido salicílico (CCHSAS), sem choque com ácido salicílico (SCHCAS) e com choque com ácido salicílico (CCHCAS). Os tratamentos foram avaliados por germinação, classificação de vigor, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e raiz e relação raiz/parte aérea. Após a avaliação da germinação, duas amostras de cinco plântulas normais, por repetição, foram utilizadas para determinação de prolina (plântula toda) e extração de proteínas totais e análise por eletroforese SDS PAGE de parte aérea e raiz. Os resultados foram analisados considerando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial de 4x4 (combinação dos tratamentos com ácido salicílico e choque frio e níveis de deficiência de água no substrato), empregando-se Tukey (5% de probabilidade) para comparação de médias dos tratamentos qualitativos e análise de regressão polinomial para os níveis de deficiência. As análises de eletroforese foram avaliadas por imagem detectando-se presença e ausência de bandas. A germinação não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos com ácido salicílico e choque, mas diminuiu com a progressão da deficiência de água. O vigor foi alterado pelos tratamentos de ácido salicílico e choque, sendo que o tratamento com ácido salicílico influiu positivamente enquanto o choque negativamente. O tratamento com ácido salicílico proporcionou maiores comprimentos e massas secas de parte aérea e total das plântulas, principalmente nos níveis intermediários de deficiência de água. A expressão de proteínas dos tratamentos CCHCAS e SCHCAS revelou o mesmo padrão eletroforético tanto para parte aérea quanto para raiz com maior intensidade de expressão nos potenciais osmóticos menores. O perfil de bandas dos tratamentos CCHSAS e SCHSAS apresentou alteração revelando algumas bandas diferenciadoras.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:51:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao.pdf: 324266 bytes, checksum: 7cb8130236c8d36814fc6baebf56c4e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-17 / Plants are always exposed to aggression of biotic and abiotic agents. Their protection pathway is essential, and it would increase the food production. Navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L) are of high economic importance and of agronomic value. It is a susceptible crop to temperature and to water stress, what could lead to metabolic alterations as the synthesis of protein defences. The objective of this work was to study the effect of salicylic acid and the cold shock applied to germinating seeds over the water deficit tolerance, during the beginning of the germination process by means of physiological variables and soluble protein expression. Seeds were embedded in moistened paper substrate, half of the sample in water and half in the salicylic acid (0.01mM) in the first 24 hours. Part of both treatments was then subjected to cold shock 24 hours at 7°C. After that all seeds, from both treatments were subjected to different mannitol induced water potentials: 0;-0.3; -0.6 and -1.2 MPa. Water was considered the zero potential. Four combinations were considered: without shock and salicylic acid (SCHSAS), with shock and without salicylic acid (CCHSAS), without shock with salicylic acid (SCHCAS) and with shock and salicylic acid (CCHCAS). Treatments were evaluated by germination, vigour classification, shoot and root dry weight and length, as by the rate shoot/root. After germination evaluation, five normal seedlings were used to protein and another five to proline extraction. Proline was determined in the whole seedling and protein in shoot and in the root, being compared by SDS-PAGE. Results were analyzed as a completely random design in a factorial design (4x4 as a combination of salicylic acid cold shock with the water restriction) by the Tukey s test (P< 5%) for average comparisons and with polynomial regression for water deficit. Electrophoretic patterns were analyzed by absence presence of bands. Germination was not affected by salicylic acid or by the cold shock treatments, but by the increase in the water deficit. Vigour was altered by salicylic acid and by the shock, being the last one affecting positively and the cold shock negatively. Salicylic acid increased length and weight, especially in the intermediary levels of water deficit. Protein expression of the treatments CCHCAS and SCHCAS showed the same electrophorectical patterns for shoot and root, with an increase in the expression for the lower potentials. The pattern of CCHSAS and SCHSAS treatments exhibited some different bands. / As condições ambientais desfavoráveis fazem com que os vegetais passem por adaptações e a forma como se protegem é essencial, podendo aumentar a produção e qualidade dos alimentos. O feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L) é de grande valor econômico e de relevante interesse agronômico. Tratando-se de uma cultura de sensibilidade à temperatura e deficiência hídrica, podem ocorrer aclimatações e alterações no metabolismo celular, entre elas a síntese de proteínas de defesa. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o efeito do ácido salicílico e do choque frio aplicados às sementes para a possível tolerância à restrição hídrica, durante o início do processo de germinação, por meio de variáveis fisiológicas e expressão de proteínas solúveis. As sementes foram embebidas em substrato papel a temperatura constante de 25°C em água ou solução aquosa correspondente a 2,5 vezes o peso do substrato seco, sendo parte das sementes em água e parte em solução de ácido salicílico à concentração de 0,01 Mm, pelas primeiras 24 horas. Metade das sementes embebidas em água como as embebidas em ácido salicílico foram transferidas para o choque frio, por 24 horas, à temperatura de 7°C. A seguir todas as sementes foram transferidas para um substrato simulando diferentes potenciais osmóticos: 0,0; -0,3; -0,6; -1,2 MPa induzidos por manitol, sendo considerado potencial zero o substrato umedecido com água, compondo quatro combinações sem choque sem ácido salicílico (SCHSAS), com choque sem ácido salicílico (CCHSAS), sem choque com ácido salicílico (SCHCAS) e com choque com ácido salicílico (CCHCAS). Os tratamentos foram avaliados por germinação, classificação de vigor, comprimento de parte aérea e raiz, massa seca da parte aérea e raiz e relação raiz/parte aérea. Após a avaliação da germinação, duas amostras de cinco plântulas normais, por repetição, foram utilizadas para determinação de prolina (plântula toda) e extração de proteínas totais e análise por eletroforese SDS PAGE de parte aérea e raiz. Os resultados foram analisados considerando o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial de 4x4 (combinação dos tratamentos com ácido salicílico e choque frio e níveis de deficiência de água no substrato), empregando-se Tukey (5% de probabilidade) para comparação de médias dos tratamentos qualitativos e análise de regressão polinomial para os níveis de deficiência. As análises de eletroforese foram avaliadas por imagem detectando-se presença e ausência de bandas. A germinação não foi influenciada pelos tratamentos com ácido salicílico e choque, mas diminuiu com a progressão da deficiência de água. O vigor foi alterado pelos tratamentos de ácido salicílico e choque, sendo que o tratamento com ácido salicílico influiu positivamente enquanto o choque negativamente. O tratamento com ácido salicílico proporcionou maiores comprimentos e massas secas de parte aérea e total das plântulas, principalmente nos níveis intermediários de deficiência de água. A expressão de proteínas dos tratamentos CCHCAS e SCHCAS revelou o mesmo padrão eletroforético tanto para parte aérea quanto para raiz com maior intensidade de expressão nos potenciais osmóticos menores. O perfil de bandas dos tratamentos CCHSAS e SCHSAS apresentou alteração revelando algumas bandas diferenciadoras.

<p>&nbsp;U okviru ove doktorske disertacije posmatrani su zakoni održanja sa funkcijom fluksa koja ima prekid u x = 0, pri čemu delovi fluksa levo i desno od x = 0 imaju smo po jedan ekstrem. U prvoj glavi se može naći pregled osnovnih pojmova, definicija i teorema. U drugoj&nbsp; glavi su opisani hiperbolični sistemi zakona održanja, slaba re&scaron;enja, kao&nbsp;<br />i numerički postupci za njihovo re&scaron;avanje. U trećoj glavi su predstavljeni&nbsp; diskretni profili darnih talasa. U četvrtoj glavi su opisani zakoni održanja&nbsp; sa prekidnom funkcijom fluksa i ukratko su predstvaljeni rezultati drugih autora iz ove oblasti. U petoj glavi je najpre analizirana tzv. jednačina sa dva fluksa u slučaju kada oba dela fluksa levo i desno od&nbsp; x = 0 imaju minimum, a pri tome se seku u najvi&scaron;e jednoj tačci unutar intervala. Primenom regularizacije na intervalu [&minus;<em>&epsilon;, &epsilon;</em>], za<em> &epsilon;</em> &gt; 0 dovoljno malo, dokazano je postojanje diskretnih udarnih profila za postupak Godunova za zakone održanja sa promenljivom funkcijom fluksa. Definisan je i odgovarajući diskretan uslov entropije, a postojanje entropijskog diskretnog&nbsp; udarnog profila je postavljen kao kriterijum za dopustivost udarnih talasa. Potom je analizirana ista jednačina u slucaju kada deo fluksa levo&nbsp; od x = 0 ima maksimum, a deo fluksa desno od x = 0 minimum, dok se oba dela fluksa seku na&nbsp; krajevima posmatranog intervala. U ovom slučaju, uop&scaron;ten je uslov entropije. U okviru ove glave je prikazano nekoliko numeričkih primera za oba opisana slučaja. Numerički rezultati&nbsp; su dobijeni kori&scaron;cenjem softvera razvijenog za potrebe ove teze u pro<br />gramskom paketu <em>Mathematica</em>.</p> / <p>We consider conservation laws with a flux discontinuity at x = 0, where the flux parts from both left and right hand side of x = 0 have at most one extreme on the&nbsp; observed &nbsp;domain. The first chapter provides elementary definitions and theorems..The second chapter refers to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, their solutions, and&nbsp; numerical procedures. The third chapter is devoted to discrete&nbsp; shock profiles. The fourth chapter describes conservation laws with discontinuous flux functions and provides basic information upon known results in this field. In the&nbsp; fifth chapter, we first &nbsp;analyse the two-flux equation when both flux parts have a minimum and cross at most&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; at one point in the interior of the domain. Using a flux regularization on the interval [&minus;&epsilon;,&nbsp;&nbsp; &epsilon;], for &epsilon; &gt; 0 small enough, we show the existence of discrete shock profiles for Godunov&rsquo;s scheme for conservation laws with discontinuous flux functions. We also define a discrete entropy condition accordingly, and use the existence of an entropy discrete shock profile as an entropy criterion for shocks. Then we analyse the same problem in the case when the flux part on the left of x = 0 has a maximum and the part on the right of x = 0 has a minimum, whereas the fluxes cross at the edges of the interval. We derive a more general discrete entropy condition in this case. We provide several numerical examples in both of the above mentioned flux cases. All the&nbsp; presented numerical results are obtained using a program written in Mathematica. Finally, in chapter six, we prove the existence of&nbsp; singular shock waves in the case when the graph of one of the flux parts is above the graph of the other one on the entire domain. For that purpose, we use the shadow wave technique. At the end of this chapter, we provide a numerical verification of the obtained singular solution.</p>

Acute and chronic morphine administration can significantly reduce ischemia- reperfusion injury of the rat heart. However, the molecular mechanisms mediating the protective effect of morphine are not yet fully elucidated. Concurrently, there is a lack of information about the effects of the long-term action of morphine on heart tissue. Therefore, in the first part of the project, we studied the effect of long-term administration of high doses of morphine (10 mg/kg/day, 10 days) on rat heart tissue. In the second part of the project, we investigated the effect of 1 mM morphine on viability and redox state of rat cardiomyoblast cell line H9c2 that was influenced by oxidative stress elicited by exposure to 300 μM tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). Our experiments have shown that long-term morphine administration affected neither the amount nor the affinity of myocardial β-adrenergic receptors (β-AR), but almost doubled the number of the dominant isoforms of myocardial adenylyl cyclase (AC) V/VI and led to supersensitization of AC. At the same time, proteomic analyses revealed that long-term morphine administration was associated with significant changes in the left ventricular proteome. In particular, there was an increase in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Increased expression of HSP27...

More students at college and universities are taking advantage of the opportunity to study abroad. During their time overseas, many will confront culture shock. Upon their return, they may also encounter a difficult transition, resulting in reverse culture shock. This study explores the various long term effects of reverse culture shock among study abroad alumni at a land grant institution. The alumni in this sample represent a variety of study abroad programs as well as experiences with reentry shock. By contributing further evidence regarding the influence of reverse culture shock over an extended period, it can provide incentive for universities to increase the level of reentry support for their students. Furthermore, by assisting students through the challenges of their reentry, educators can enhance the level of cultural learning from the experience as well as contribute to the students’ personal development.

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