Extensamente difundido em nossas cidades e amplamente adotado pelo gosto popular, o shopping center é, ao mesmo tempo, tipo caricaturado e tema controverso entre os críticos de arquitetura, por quem tem sido combatido sem a atenção as suas particularidades. A idéia do shopping center como tipo comercial concebido de forma a prescindir da cidade, desvinculado da rua, concorda com o modelo funcionalista cujos fundamentos são enunciados na Carta de Atenas e que elimina o conceito de rua multifuncional e a substitui pela materialização espacial de quatro funções separadas (habitar, trabalhar, recrear, circular). Contudo, a materialização do shopping center como um edifício fechado e isolado do meio urbano tradicional não consegue abarcar todas as suas manifestações nas cidades contemporâneas. Nascido para atender a demanda de comércio e serviços dos bairros implantados nos subúrbios dos EUA, o shopping center teve sua gênese na década de 1920 e passou, naquele país, por um longo processo evolutivo antes de ser experimentado no Brasil, na década de 1960. Uma década depois, já pode ser identificado o primeiro empreendimento implantado na cidade de Porto Alegre. O estudo de quase um século de evolução, consignado à análise dos edifícios existentes na cidade de Porto Alegre, deixa claro que, longe de um modelo a ser repetido, o shopping center constitui uma família tipológica que apresenta variações e possibilidades conceituais que não podem ser desprezadas. / Extensively spread out in our cities and widely accepted for the popular taste, the shopping center is, at the same time, a controversial subject among the architecture critics, for who have been fought without the attention to its particularitities. The idea of shopping center as commercial type that it does not interact with city, disentailed of the street, agrees to the modern model whose beddings are enunciated in the Athenas Letter and that it eliminates the concept of multi-functional street and substitutes it for the space materialization of four separate functions (to inhabit, to work, to amuse, to circulate). However, the materialization of shopping center as a closed and isolated building without relation with the traditional urban areas does not represent all its manifestations in the contemporaries cities. Born to supply the demand of commerce and services of the U.S. suburbs, shopping center had its genesis in the decade of 1920 and passed, in that country, for a long process before being tried in Brazil, in the decade of 1960. One decade later, already can be identified the first enterprise implanted in the city of Porto Alegre. The study of this almost secular evolution, consigned to the analysis of the existing buildings in the city of Porto Alegre, demonstrates that, far from a repeated model, shopping center constitutes a tipologic family who present variations and conceptual possibilities that cannot be rejected.

Extensamente difundido em nossas cidades e amplamente adotado pelo gosto popular, o shopping center é, ao mesmo tempo, tipo caricaturado e tema controverso entre os críticos de arquitetura, por quem tem sido combatido sem a atenção as suas particularidades. A idéia do shopping center como tipo comercial concebido de forma a prescindir da cidade, desvinculado da rua, concorda com o modelo funcionalista cujos fundamentos são enunciados na Carta de Atenas e que elimina o conceito de rua multifuncional e a substitui pela materialização espacial de quatro funções separadas (habitar, trabalhar, recrear, circular). Contudo, a materialização do shopping center como um edifício fechado e isolado do meio urbano tradicional não consegue abarcar todas as suas manifestações nas cidades contemporâneas. Nascido para atender a demanda de comércio e serviços dos bairros implantados nos subúrbios dos EUA, o shopping center teve sua gênese na década de 1920 e passou, naquele país, por um longo processo evolutivo antes de ser experimentado no Brasil, na década de 1960. Uma década depois, já pode ser identificado o primeiro empreendimento implantado na cidade de Porto Alegre. O estudo de quase um século de evolução, consignado à análise dos edifícios existentes na cidade de Porto Alegre, deixa claro que, longe de um modelo a ser repetido, o shopping center constitui uma família tipológica que apresenta variações e possibilidades conceituais que não podem ser desprezadas. / Extensively spread out in our cities and widely accepted for the popular taste, the shopping center is, at the same time, a controversial subject among the architecture critics, for who have been fought without the attention to its particularitities. The idea of shopping center as commercial type that it does not interact with city, disentailed of the street, agrees to the modern model whose beddings are enunciated in the Athenas Letter and that it eliminates the concept of multi-functional street and substitutes it for the space materialization of four separate functions (to inhabit, to work, to amuse, to circulate). However, the materialization of shopping center as a closed and isolated building without relation with the traditional urban areas does not represent all its manifestations in the contemporaries cities. Born to supply the demand of commerce and services of the U.S. suburbs, shopping center had its genesis in the decade of 1920 and passed, in that country, for a long process before being tried in Brazil, in the decade of 1960. One decade later, already can be identified the first enterprise implanted in the city of Porto Alegre. The study of this almost secular evolution, consigned to the analysis of the existing buildings in the city of Porto Alegre, demonstrates that, far from a repeated model, shopping center constitutes a tipologic family who present variations and conceptual possibilities that cannot be rejected.

Os shopping centers, inicialmente dirigidos às classes alta e média-alta, adaptaram-se a um público diversificado, incluindo o de baixa renda. Diversos fatores explicam tal fenômeno, dentre eles o desejo do consumidor de fugir da violência nas ruas, do trânsito congestionado, das dificuldades para estacionar e para caminhar nas calçadas mal mantidas. Esta tese pretende investigar se, pelo fato de possibilitar aos indivíduos executar um maior número de tarefas em um mesmo local, os shopping centers podem funcionar como agentes redutores de viagens. Ou, ao contrário, por representar alternativa a áreas públicas de lazer e socialização, apresentam-se como provocadores de mais deslocamentos pela cidade. O estudo investiga também se o shopping center substitui a frequência ao estabelecimento de rua ou se estes são complementares. A principal fonte de dados para análise é uma survey realizada com mil respondentes, cuja elaboração foi subsidiada por análise dos dados da Pesquisa OD 2007 e a realização de entrevistas em profundidade. Os indivíduos foram descritos pelo seu perfil socioeconômico, características de viagens e atividades realizadas em shopping e em estabelecimentos de rua, e atitudes manifestas. O estudo revelou que os diversos estabelecimentos comerciais e de serviços são utilizados pelos indivíduos de forma semelhante, estando eles dentro ou fora do shopping, e reafirma a capacidade de atração dos shopping centers nas atividades de lazer. Há o reconhecimento da economia de tempo e, em menor escala, da redução do número de deslocamentos que o shopping potencialmente proporciona. Os resultados mostram que o conjunto de clientes de shopping center pode ser agrupado e descrito em uma quantidade limitada de conglomerados. A amostra foi segmentada em quatro conglomerados distintos segundo o modo de transporte utilizado transporte coletivo ou automóvel e o dia da visita aos estabelecimentos durante a semana ou fim de semana, permitindo caracterizar os grupos de indivíduos segundo comportamentos de visita ao shopping que podem ser classificados segundo seus impactos mais ou menos favoráveis ao desempenho do sistema de transportes. / The development of shopping centers in Brazil aimed initially at a higher income public, but have gradually adapted to catering to a diversity of clients, including segments of lower income. This trend can be explained by many factors, such as the need to avoid violent streets, congested traffic, parking scarcity and walking on poorly maintained sidewalks. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate if, due to the possibility of performing many activities in the same place, shopping centers can lead to a reduction in the number of trips taken by individuals. Or, else, as an alternative to public spaces for leisure and socialization, they can stimulate more trips. The study also investigates if shopping centers are replacing visits to street shops or if these alternatives are complementing each other. The main data source for analysis is an internet survey of 1000 individuals; preparation of the questionnaire was based on information provided by the analysis of the 2007 household origin-destination survey for the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo and a number of in-depth semi-structured interviews. Individuals were characterized by their socioeconomic profile, travel and activity patterns related to shopping and other activities, and responses to a set of attitudinal questions. The results indicate that shopping and services are conducted in equal proportion in shopping centers and in street locations; they also reinforce the hypothesis that shopping centers function as an important alternative for leisure activities. Individuals acknowledge the potential of shopping centers in saving time spent on conducting a set of activities and, to a lesser degree, reducing the number of trips taken for this purpose. Respondents to the survey could be grouped and described by a limited number of clusters. The sample was segmented into four clusters, according to the transport mode used car or public transport and the day of the week in which shopping activities are conducted weekday or weekend. Each cluster of individuals could be characterized according to their behavior (when visiting shopping centers) having a less or more favorable impact on the performance of the transportation system.

Extensamente difundido em nossas cidades e amplamente adotado pelo gosto popular, o shopping center é, ao mesmo tempo, tipo caricaturado e tema controverso entre os críticos de arquitetura, por quem tem sido combatido sem a atenção as suas particularidades. A idéia do shopping center como tipo comercial concebido de forma a prescindir da cidade, desvinculado da rua, concorda com o modelo funcionalista cujos fundamentos são enunciados na Carta de Atenas e que elimina o conceito de rua multifuncional e a substitui pela materialização espacial de quatro funções separadas (habitar, trabalhar, recrear, circular). Contudo, a materialização do shopping center como um edifício fechado e isolado do meio urbano tradicional não consegue abarcar todas as suas manifestações nas cidades contemporâneas. Nascido para atender a demanda de comércio e serviços dos bairros implantados nos subúrbios dos EUA, o shopping center teve sua gênese na década de 1920 e passou, naquele país, por um longo processo evolutivo antes de ser experimentado no Brasil, na década de 1960. Uma década depois, já pode ser identificado o primeiro empreendimento implantado na cidade de Porto Alegre. O estudo de quase um século de evolução, consignado à análise dos edifícios existentes na cidade de Porto Alegre, deixa claro que, longe de um modelo a ser repetido, o shopping center constitui uma família tipológica que apresenta variações e possibilidades conceituais que não podem ser desprezadas. / Extensively spread out in our cities and widely accepted for the popular taste, the shopping center is, at the same time, a controversial subject among the architecture critics, for who have been fought without the attention to its particularitities. The idea of shopping center as commercial type that it does not interact with city, disentailed of the street, agrees to the modern model whose beddings are enunciated in the Athenas Letter and that it eliminates the concept of multi-functional street and substitutes it for the space materialization of four separate functions (to inhabit, to work, to amuse, to circulate). However, the materialization of shopping center as a closed and isolated building without relation with the traditional urban areas does not represent all its manifestations in the contemporaries cities. Born to supply the demand of commerce and services of the U.S. suburbs, shopping center had its genesis in the decade of 1920 and passed, in that country, for a long process before being tried in Brazil, in the decade of 1960. One decade later, already can be identified the first enterprise implanted in the city of Porto Alegre. The study of this almost secular evolution, consigned to the analysis of the existing buildings in the city of Porto Alegre, demonstrates that, far from a repeated model, shopping center constitutes a tipologic family who present variations and conceptual possibilities that cannot be rejected.

Shopping centres have dominated retailing in North America since the 1950's. But today, many shopping centres are facing serious problems. The future, which once looked unlimited and bright, now seems problematic. It is this transformation on which this thesis will focus. This thesis examines the historical trends behind the regional shopping centre industry. It also deals with the significance of regional shopping centres in the larger body of academic work. Regional shopping centres can be seen as products of modern society's mass production and consumption system. Their design and geographic allocation in the urban landscape is a product of both architects' and urban planners' efforts to control and regulate the modern landscape. Being a product of modernism, regional shopping centres must now meet the challenge of surviving in the post-modern era. This thesis continues with examining the development of the regional shopping centre industry in Canada. The first part of this development (1960-1980) was characterized by growth then stability. However, in the 1990's, significant numbers of centres have experienced considerable turbulence. The number of tenants, the concentration and combination of different retail businesses, as well as the annual vacancy rate are all parameters used to illustrate this. The external and internal conditions that are affecting these contemporary changes are also described, along with the strategies that are being used by the owners of regional shopping centres to meet the changes. For example, the movement away from having only goods tenants, to centres with tenants that also provide services, such as health care and libraries. The downgrading of centres to community-oriented centres, and the increase of non-retail activities are other strategies currently being used to adapt to the new conditions. This thesis includes case studies of six different regional shopping centres in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. The six centres provide the study with valuable information about the industry's history and current condition in the general retail sector. Information was collected through shopping centre surveys, together with various retail studies and trade articles from magazines, newspapers and periodicals. The study was enhanced with interviews of private sector mall managers, owners and developers, as well as the retailers in and architects of various shopping centres. The study shows that the regional shopping centre industry, to a large extent, continues to use the same development and management strategies as in the past (1960's and 1970's). The use of a universal strategy has tended to produce similar results in a centre's tenant mix, geographical location and architectural design. The result is that regional shopping centres today suffer from being undifferentiated and too similar with other competitive regional shopping centres. They also struggle with the same problems in terms of new retail competition and changing consumer demand. Regional shopping centres are facing a variety of new challenges, including new retailing concepts, cross-border shopping and declining consumer spending. There are several strategies that are being used to deal with these changes. The main goal for regional shopping centres is to find a strategy that distinguishes each from the homogenous image that prevails today. The future of the regional shopping centre industry depends on its ability to adapt to changing consumer spending patterns in a number of ways. First, there is likely to be a return of regional shopping centres which cater to the local community. This will be achieved by changing the centre's tenant mix. The level and quality of service will also be adjusted to meet specific community requirements. Secondly, regional shopping centres will incorporate more non-retail facilities. Non-competitive tenants are being acquired to fill in space and give the centres a more diverse character. Finally, regional shopping centres will include leisure and recreational activities, including amusement and entertainment facilities. Ultimately, only those centres that are able to find a specific market niche will survive in the long term. This is in sharp contrast to the old practice of being everything for everyone. / Arts, Faculty of / Geography, Department of / Graduate

Kansas State University master's non-thesis project. / Digitized by Kansas State University Libraries

abstract / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management

published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management