Foram desenvolvidos sistemas de medidas visando a caracterização de células solares de sílico monocristalino. Para isso, foram determinadas as características I x V no escuro para diferentes níveis de iluminação. Curvas de resposta espectral e capacitância em função da tensão inversa aplicada foram também obtidas. Foi feita uma avaliação do comportamento dessas células em função da temperatura e realizadas medidas de profundidade de junção utilizando-se três métodos distintos. Os principais parâmetros, que determinam o desempenho dessas células, foram obtidos boa concordância com a teoria e com os resultados apresentados na literatura. / Systems of measurements were developed for the characterization of single crystal silicon solar cells. For that, the curves I x V were measured in the dark and for different intensity of illumination. Curves of spectral response and of capacitance as a function of the reciprocal of the voltage were also measured. The behavior of the cells as a function of temperature was analysed and also measurements of junction depth were made by three different methods. Values for the parameters that characterize the cells were obtained, showing a good agreement with theoretical values and also with already reported values.

The working condition of the electrical transmission systems is a factor that takes a lot of concern among energy suppliers and users. To maintain appropriate conditions for operation of the system is important in all aspects. For this purpose, several devices are used, monitoring and protection electrical devices, for example. These include the fault current limiter, with this device you can limit the fault current in the bus or lines of the electrical system. In this work, it is proposed to accomplish the selection and allocation of fault current limiters devices in electrical systems to minimize the short-circuit current, considering the device cost and the cost due to technical losses. For this, it has been used the multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II for his known efficiency in optimization problems in electrical systems. The proposed algorithm was applied in benchmark systems, a 30-bus and a 57-bus, and the systems were simulated with and without the presence of the devices for comparison and validation of results. / A condição de funcionamento dos sistemas elétricos de transmissão é um fator que demanda muita preocupação por parte dos fornecedores e usuários de energia. Manter condições adequadas para a operação do sistema é importante em todos os aspectos. Para este fim, vários equipamentos são utilizados, dispositivos elétricos de monitoramento e proteção, por exemplo. Entre eles, estão os dispositivos limitadores de corrente de curto-circuito. Com este dispositivo é possível limitar a corrente de falta nas barras ou linhas do sistema elétrico. Neste trabalho, propõe-se realizar a seleção e alocação de dispositivos limitadores de corrente de curto-circuito em sistemas elétricos de modo a minimizar a corrente de curto-circuito, considerando o custo do dispositivo e o custo devido à perdas técnicas. Para isso, foi utilizado o algoritmo genético multiobjetivo NSGA-II por sua já conhecida eficiência em problemas de otimização em sistemas elétricos. O algoritmo proposto foi aplicado em sistemas teste de 30 e 57 barras e os sistemas foram simulados com e sem a presença dos dispositivos para efeito de comparação e validação dos resultados.

Orientador: Walmir de Freitas Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T01:48:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pavani_AhdaPionkoskiGrilo_D.pdf: 1263424 bytes, checksum: a9bc6ef797b8137921a5148c04dc44f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta o desenvolvimento de diversos métodos analíticos para análise de geradores de indução com rotor em gaiola de esquilo conectados em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. Foram desenvolvidas metodologias para investigar as seguintes questões técnicas: análise de estabilidade de geradores de indução frente a grandes perturbações; análise de estabilidade de geradores de indução frente a pequenas perturbações; determinação dos valores ótimos dos resistores utilizados por diferentes técnicas de energização de geradores de indução e determinação das correntes de curto-circuito fornecidas por geradores de indução durante faltas desequilibradas. Os métodos analíticos desenvolvidos foram validados por meio de comparações dos resultados obtidos através da aplicação das fórmulas propostas com aqueles obtidos através de simulações computacionais empregando-se típicos programas de análise de sistemas de potência e/ou testes experimentais. Os resultados obtidos comprovam que os métodos analíticos propostos são suficientemente precisos para avaliar o comportamento dos geradores de indução com rotor em gaiola de esquilo, reduzindo o esforço usualmente necessário na realização de análise através de simulações computacionais / Abstract: This thesis presents the development of analytical methods for analysis of squirrel-cage induction generators connected to distribution systems. It was developed analytical methods for evaluation of the following technical issues: large-disturbance stability analysis of induction generators; small-disturbance stability analysis of induction generators; determination of optimum resistances employed by energization devices of induction generators and development of formulas to determine the short-circuit currents of induction generators during unbalanced faults. The analytical methods developed were validated by comparing the results obtained by the proposed formulas with those determined by computational simulations employing typical programs of analysis of power systems and/or experimental tests. The results showed that the proposed analytical methods are enough accurate to evaluate the behavior of the squirrel-cage induction generators, reducing the usually necessary effort for analysis by computational simulations / Doutorado / Energia Eletrica / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-JoaoEduardoRibeiroBaptista.pdf: 2670437 bytes, checksum: 709f4ff36e9da086fee6d4ce44374bb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-15 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Driven by the high indices of solar irradiation in Brazil, the increasing reduction on the price of the photovoltaic solar panels and the high tariffs charged by the utility companies, the photovoltaic distributed generation (PVDG) shall considerably increase its participation percentage in the Brazilian energy matrix in the next years. Due to this tendency, it is important to know the technical impacts of the connection of PVDG to electric grid. It is known that the insertion of DG affects the short circuit levels. One of the most important power quality disturbances in sensitive loads are the short duration voltage variations (SDVV) caused mainly by short circuits (faults) in the electric network. Thus, the insertion of PVDG has the potential to affect quality indices associated with SDVV. However, the power output of the PVDG depends on the stochastic environmental conditions, i.e., the solar irradiance and the environmental temperature. Due to this, a precise assessment of the impact of PVDG on the indices associated with SDVV must be carried out considering uncertainties related to these environmental conditions. This work assessed the impact of PVDG in the SDVV indices of the secondary distribution system proposed by the CIGRÈ using a probabilistic approach. For this purpose, it was developed a model based on the following techniques: network representation in phase coordinates, admittance summation method, failure rate model based on loading condition, state enumeration method and data clustering. Uncertainties in the fault scenario (for example, fault location, type and resistance) and in the output power variation of the PVDG due to random variations of the solar irradiance and the environmental temperature were considered. The fault scenario uncertainties were modeled according to their known probability distributions, while the one related to the input parameters of the PVDG were modeled using data clustering techniques. The state enumeration method based on fault position was chosen to perform the probabilistic prediction of the SDVV indices after a careful comparison between this method and the Monte Carlo simulation method considering both precision and computational effort. The admittance summation method was used to obtain the pre-fault and the post-fault states of the network. It was proposed an improvement of this method in order to reduce the CPU time of the short-circuit states evaluation. It was also proposed a model to obtain the failure rate of a feeder section according to the loading condition of its conductors. This model intended to investigate the variation on SDVV indices due to changing in the reliability data of the feeders caused by the variation on their loading which is caused by the insertion of PVDG in the system. Tests carried on the CIGRÈ low voltage system showed that the insertion of PVDG has little direct effect in the SDVV indices, but it can significantly reduce the indices by the indirect effect of the failure rate reduction caused by the decrease in the distribution network loading. / Impulsionada pelos altos índices de irradiação solar no Brasil, pela crescente redução do preço dos painéis fotovoltaicos e pelas altas tarifas praticadas pelas concessionárias, a geração distribuída fotovoltaica (GDFV) deve aumentar consideravelmente seu percentual de participação na matriz energética brasileira dos próximos anos. Devido a esta tendência, é importante que se conheçam os impactos técnicos da conexão da GDFV à rede elétrica. Sabe-se que a inserção de GD afeta os níveis de curto-circuito. Um dos distúrbios de qualidade de energia mais impactantes em cargas sensíveis são as variações de tensão de curta-duração (VTCD), cuja principal causa são os curtos-circuitos (faltas) na rede elétrica. Desta forma, a inserção de GDFV tem potencial para afetar índices de qualidade associados com as VTCD. No entanto, a potência de saída da GDFV depende de fatores ambientais estocásticos, i.e., a irradiância solar e a temperatura ambiente. Devido a isto, uma determinação precisa do impacto da GDFV nos índices associados com VTCD deve ser realizada considerando as incertezas relacionadas a tais fatores ambientais. Este trabalho avaliou o impacto da GDFV nos índices de VTCD do sistema de distribuição secundário proposto pelo CIGRÈ a partir de um enfoque probabilístico. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se um modelo baseado nas técnicas: representação da rede em coordenadas de fase, método de soma de admitâncias, modelo de taxa de falha baseado na condição de carregamento, método de enumeração de estados e agrupamentos de dados. Foram consideras as incertezas nos cenários de falta (por exemplo, local, tipo e resistência de falta) e na potência de saída da GDFV devido às variações estocásticas na irradiância solar e na temperatura ambiente. As incertezas do cenário de faltas foram modeladas de acordo com suas distribuições de probabilidade conhecidas, enquanto as relacionadas aos parâmetros de entrada da GDFV foram modeladas utilizando-se técnicas de agrupamentos de dados. O método de enumeração de estados baseado nas posições de falta foi escolhido para efetuar a predição probabilística dos índices de VTCD, após criteriosa comparação deste com o método de simulação Monte Carlo em termos de precisão e esforço computacional. O método de soma de admitâncias foi utilizado para obtenção dos estados pré-falta e pós-falta da rede. Foi proposto um aprimoramento desse método, de forma a reduzir o tempo de execução da avaliação dos estados de curto-circuito. Também foi proposto um modelo de obtenção da taxa de falha de uma seção de alimentador de acordo com a condição de carregamento dos seus condutores. Este modelo buscou investigar a variação nos índices de VTCD resultante da alteração dos dados de confiabilidade dos alimentadores provocada pela variação no carregamento dos mesmos, causada, por sua vez, pela inserção de GDFV no sistema. Os resultados dos testes no sistema de baixa tensão do CIGRÈ mostraram que a inserção de GDFV pouco afeta os índices de VTCD de forma direta, mas pode reduzir os índices significativamente de forma indireta devido à redução das taxas de falha anuais dos alimentadores causada pela diminuição no carregamento da rede de distribuição.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-05-18T13:24:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgejaviergimenezledesma.pdf: 4002237 bytes, checksum: 74e94889e9e4afbc4463915274bf7e33 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-05-18T14:07:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgejaviergimenezledesma.pdf: 4002237 bytes, checksum: 74e94889e9e4afbc4463915274bf7e33 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-18T14:07:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 jorgejaviergimenezledesma.pdf: 4002237 bytes, checksum: 74e94889e9e4afbc4463915274bf7e33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-12 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho propõe o desenvolvimento de modelos e métodos numéricos, baseados em redes neurais artificiais, para a detecção e localização de áreas com defeitos de alta impedância em sistemas de distribuição. De forma paralela, também é avaliada a eficiência da utilização de diferentes tipos de formas de medição de dados no desempenho do método, que é implementada através de duas etapas. A primeira etapa consiste na adaptação de um programa existente para cálculo de faltas, tendo como objetivo gerar de forma aleatória vários tipos de defeitos, assim como a localização dos mesmos. A metodologia de cálculo de defeitos foi desenvolvida utilizando as equações de injeção de correntes em coordenadas retangulares. Neste programa, também serão considerados os modelos de carga variantes com a tensão durante os defeitos e modelos de diversas gerações distribuídas, convencionais e não convencionais. Em seguida, foi desenvolvido e implementado um método baseado em redes neurais artificiais, para detecção e identificação de faltas, assim como para estimar a localização de faltas em um sistema de distribuição. Esta rede neural possui como entrada módulos e ângulos das tensões e correntes do sistema elétrico, obtidas através das medições fasoriais dos PMUs e/ou IEDs. As saídas da rede neural correspondem à detecção e localização de áreas de defeitos. O método proposto foi desenvolvido no ambiente MatLab® e com o intuito de avaliar sua eficiência, foi testado em alguns sistemas IEEE e em um sistema real. Os resultados obtidos dos estudos são apresentados sob a forma de tabelas e gráficos com suas respectivas acurácias, números de neurônios e as diferentes configurações adotadas. / This work proposes the development of numerical models and methods, based on artificial neural networks, for the detection and localization of high impedance faults in distribution systems. In parallel, the efficiency is also evaluated using different types of measurement data techniques in the performance of the method, which is implemented through two steps. The first step consists in the adaptation of an existing program for calculation of faults, aiming to generate randomly several types of faults, as well as their location. The faults calculation methodology was developed using current injection equations in rectangular coordinates. In this program the models of load variation with the voltage during the faults and a variety of conventional and unconventional models for distributed generation, are considered. Next, a method based on artificial neural networks is developed and implemented for the detection and identification of faults, as well as to estimate the fault location within a distribution system. The neural network inputs are modules and angles of the voltages and currents of the electrical system, obtained from the PMUs and / or IEDs. The outputs of the neural network correspond to the detection and location of faults. The proposed method was developed in MatLab® environment and tested in some IEEE systems and in a real system in order to evaluate its efficiency. The results obtained from the studies was presented in the form of tables and graphs with their respective accuracy, numbers of neurons and the different configurations adopted.

A bord des véhicules électriques (VE) et Hybrides (VEH), les fonctions de tractions sont assurées par des convertisseurs électroniques de puissances. Ces derniers sont constitués de module de puissance (IGBTs ou MOSFETs). Au cours de leur fonctionnement, ces modules sont parfois soumis à de fortes contraintes électriques et thermiques qui amènent à une défaillance ou même à une destruction. Le premier objectif sera de réaliser un banc expérimentale permettant d’étudier le vieillissement des modules IGBTs en régîmes extrêmes de fonctionnement (mode de court-circuit). Ainsi, nous évaluerons les différents indicateurs de vieillissements permettant de prédire la défaillance du composant. Il sera question aussi de suivre le vieillissement ou une dégradation initié sur les composants IGBTs par thermographie infrarouge. Le second objectif sera de modéliser et simuler par éléments finis différentes structures d’IGBTs, afin de valider les modèles en fonctionnement statique et dynamique. L’avantage de l’approche multicellulaire par rapport à l’approche unicellulaire sera mis en avant. / On board electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid (HEV), the functions of traction is provided by power electronic converters. These consist of power modules (IGBT or MOSFET). During their operation, these modules are sometimes subjected to high electrical and thermal stresses that lead to failure or even destruction.The first objective will be to achieve experimental bench to study ageing IGBT modules under extreme operating conditions ( short circuit mode). Thus, we evaluate the various indicators of ageing to predict component failure. Topics will also follow the ageing or degradation initiated on IGBT components by infrared thermography. The second objective is to model and simulate by finite element different IGBT structures to validate the models in static and dynamic operation. The advantage of multicellular approach to the single cell approach will be highlighted.

This thesis deals with the assessment of the location of the new transformer station 400/110 kV in terms of conditions in the 110 kV network, which will be supplied from this substation. The new 400/110 kV transformer station will replace the current transformer station 220/110 kV Tábor, which will be decommissioned in connection with the overall 220 kV system attenuation in the Czech power transmission system. On the basis of the load flow simulation of the 110 kV distribution network and calculations of the short-circuit conditions performed by simulation SW LUG two variants of the location of a new 400/110 kV transformer station were assessed. The 110 kV network calculations were focused on the evaluation of voltage conditions, the 110 kV lines loading in the standard operating scheme and in failure states according to the N-1 criterion, short-circuit conditions and losses. On the basis of the computational analyses, the technical measures necessary to ensure the reliable operation of the 110 kV network in the given area are designed and economically evaluated.

The aim of this Master’s Thesis is to describe protections for overhead lines in distribution networks. Here are described requirements for the protection and the basic protections. Protections are divided according to their protective function. For each protection is given its use and its power plans. It is stated in the work setting of protection in the real network. On this network is simulated place with short-circuit and described the action of protection. The work also deals with the coordination of protection with automatic circuit breakers. This chapter shows that, given the selectivity is not possible to deploy two or more reclosers (remotely-operated switches) to the core network management. The next chapter describes two representatives reclosers available on the Czech market OSM 27 and GVR 27. Chapter describes and compares their performance characteristics. Conclusion the work includes a proposal protected the lead in incorporating automatic circuit breakers (remotely operated circuit breakers and reclosers). The proposal is based on two different levels of annual number of interruptions and duration of annual general interruption of electricity supply. For these levels the company EGÚ Brno, a.s. proposed several variants of the use of remote-controlled in terms of reducing the cost of the penalty. Our task was to choose a variant that would be applicable in the real network. Reducing costs is feasible only in the limits Ln = 6 failures / year and Lt = 720 min / year, where the selected option No. 4. The limits Ln = 8 failures / year and Lt = 1,080 min / year, not in the real network may no option in terms of selectivity.

Securing of electrical devices is important not only to protect against destruction under the effects of electric current, but also for protection of people or animals against electric shock. With increasing of living standards goes hand in hand increasing of the electricity consumption. Therefore In the grid of low voltage, there are increasing short-circuit currents. With improving technology is posed considerable demand on the performance, security and switching capacity of circuit breakers. This thesis is oriented on development of thermal and electromagnetic switch of circuit breaker on which is put a big demand in development of new types of circuit breakers. The thesis is interesting because of comprehensive use of circuits’ breakers since it can be used in AC and DC networks with frequency of 50 Hz and 400 Hz.

The thesis is focused on a presentation of a model creating which is followed by the simulation of running real network with using the compensatory elements to minimize the incurred failures. This thesis is divided into two thematic parts – the first theoretical one deals with the basis structuring of short-circuit faults and more detailed study of ineffective ground connection. Particularly this part attends to the problematic of a network description with extinguishing suppression. Using the compensation minimizes the impact of the failure state. A short-term fixing of a resistor improves the function of the ground-fault protection and helps to detect the outgoing section damaged by the defect. Furthermore the thesis indicates simulation programs, compares them and chooses the most suitable one for the next practical part. This is focused on a simulation of a real network run, together with elements for an effective defect-reduction or easier detection of ground connection. As a simulation of a ground short-circuit is the model in the end of the thesis modified on a network with an effective grounded bundle. Testing of the model correctness and creating a record of a model using the real ground protection settings is also one part of this thesis.