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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
41

Análise da interação maciço-suporte de túneis considerando o comportamento dependente do tempo / Tunnel\'s analysis considering time-dependent behaviour in the ground-support interaction

Ricardo Adriano Martoni Pereira Gomes 26 April 1999 (has links)
A utilização de concreto projetado como suporte de túneis é uma prática amplamente difundida no mundo inteiro. Este tipo material possui a característica de começar a agir estruturalmente desde pequenas idades. Apesar disso, os correntes processos de dimensionamento de suportes negligenciam o desenvolvimento de suas propriedades com o tempo, em acoplamento aos efeitos tridimensionais da região onde se localiza a frente de escavação. O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de relatar os procedimentos utilizados na análise da influência de alguns parâmetros da interação maciço - suporte, sobre os esforços solicitantes e os deslocamentos radiais finais do suporte de um túnel, tanto para o caso de concreto projetado, com suas propriedades dependentes do tempo, quanto para materiais com propriedades constantes. São elaboradas soluções adimensionais para o problema da quantificação de esforços solicitantes no suporte e de deslocamentos radiais na interface entre maciço e suporte. Além disso, é proposta uma forma de se determinar, através destas soluções adimensionais, coeficientes de alívio de tensões que auxiliam em simulações bidimensionais de escavações subterrâneas. / The utilization of shotcrete as tunnel support is a widely diffused practice in the whole world. This kind of material has the feature of beginning to act structurally since early ages. Nevertheless, the current processes of support design neglect the development of its properties after some time in connection to the 3D effects of the region where the face of the tunnel is located. The present work relates the procedures adopted in analyzing the influence of some ground-support interaction parameters on the support internal forces and interface radial displacements of a tunnel, not only when shotcrete is used, with its time-dependent properties, but for materials with constant properties as well. Dimensionless solutions are developed for the support thrust and radial displacement quantification problem. Moreover, through this dimensionless solution, a way of quantifying stress relief factors, which are intermediate steps in 2D simulations of underground excavations, is proposed.
42

Modelagem numérica de escavações de túneis em maciços evaporíticos / Numerical modeling of tunnel excavation in solid evaporite

Alberto Douglas Silva Cavalcante 28 September 2012 (has links)
A precaução com a ruína em um material geológico submetido a altas tensões é um problema bastante comum na Geotecnia. Em um túnel, por exemplo, durante a escavação, é possível gerar uma perda de equilíbrio que pode levar à ruptura, fechamento e perda do mesmo. Quando a perfuração é feita em um maciço com características de deformabilidade dependentes do tempo, a redistribuição de tensões pode levar à ocorrência de grandes deformações em longo prazo. Esse fato se deve ao comportamento de fluência (Creep) do mesmo, que se caracteriza por uma deformação lenta e contínua sobtensão e temperaturas constantes. Tendo como fundamento a modelagem para melhor compreensão e controle desses problemas, este trabalho teve inicialmente por objetivo realizar simulações da interação de maciços evaporíticos com a estrutura de suporte, durante e após a escavação de um túnel. Ao longo do trabalho, vislumbrou-se a oportunidade de ampliar seu escopo para problemas mais gerais de interação maciço-suporte, detalhando-se também a interação entre camadas primária e secundária da estrutura de concreto. Assim, incorporaram-se resultados de análises com atrito limitado entre estruturas de suporte e o maciço, e de interação através da interface de uma membrana para impermeabilização aderente às duas camadas. Essas simulações foram realizadas utilizando o programa de elementos finitos Abaqus® e, em alguns casos, levou em conta a utilização de elementos de suporte no contorno do túnel. / Geotechnical engineers have been faced with difficult problems due to failure of geological materials caused by stresses exceeding the strength. The strain around a circular tunnel during and after excavation, for example, may lead to failure due to stresses redistribution. Particularly in rock masses with time-dependent deformation properties, the new stress field can lead to large strains in the long term or even to the closure of the tunnel due to creep behavior under constant stress and temperature. This work aimed originally at simulating the interaction of concrete support structures with evaporites identifying the effects of creep phenomenon in underground excavations. During the development of the work, it was decided to extend the scope to include other phenomena related to the interaction between the first and second layers of tunnel support structures. These include partial friction or the mechanical interface of a waterproofing sprayed membrane. For the development of the present study, numerical simulation of the time-dependent interaction between support and rock masses, during and after excavation of a tunnel were carried out with the commercial FEM software Abaqus®, chosen due to its versatility for the solution of non-linear problems.
43

Možnosti stanovení korelačních vztahů pro pevnostní charakteristiky stříkaných betonů / Possibilities of determination of the correlation relations for the strength characteristics of shotcrete

Liška, Marek January 2012 (has links)
The thesis is focused on the possibility of establishing correlation relationships for the strength characteristics of sprayed concrete. The aim of the thesis is to study the fundamental properties of sprayed concrete recipes. An important point of the thesis will bemade by spraying concrete compared with concrete made with laboratory pressure. Based on the achieved results will be compiled correlation equations for a given set of concrete.
44

Temperaturmätningar i inklädnadssystem och sprutbetong inom Norra länken / Temperature measurments in cladding system and shotcrete within Norra länken

Behaderovic, Irfan, Khaled, Nora January 2019 (has links)
Just nu pågår stora anläggningsprojekt i Stockholm där Trafikverket försöker leda om trafiken från stadskärnan. Därför utfördes projektet Norra länken. Norra länkens tunnelkonstruktion är uppbyggd med ett inklädnadssystem och bergförstärkning som består av sprutbetong. I nuläget saknas information om vilka temperaturer som uppstår i en tunnelkonstruktion och på grund av detta appliceras Trafikverkets generella antagande vid dimensionering av vägtunnlar. Antagandet säger att tunnelkonstruktionens temperatur kommer att motsvara uteluftstemperaturen. Vilket innebär att sprutbetongen behöver vara frostbeständig och därmed appliceras XF4 eller XF2. För att förstå temperaturförhållandet i tunnelkonstruktioner bättre har Trafikverket utfört mätningar i Norra länken. Med ökad förståelse för temperaturförhållandena skulle det vara möjligt att korrigera det nuvarande kraven på exponeringsklasserna. Därmed var syftet med denna rapport att undersöka om mätningarna kunde hjälpa till att utforma ett underlag för framtida val av exponeringsklass i kommande tunnelprojekt med liknade inklädnadssystem. Metoden som användes för att kunna undersöka frågeställningarna var litteraturstudier, studiebesök och analys av mätningarna i Excel. Resultatet visade att bergförstärkningens temperatur aldrig hamnade under 0℃ under perioden som mätningarna erhölls medan inklädnadens temperatur understeg 0℃. Detta innebar att det inte fanns risk för frostskador i bergförstärkningen men att i inklädnaden fanns det risk för det. Däremot när analysen gjordes noterades att två av tre mätstationer blivit vattenskadade och orsakat mycket felaktig data och att all mätdata som erhölls var från milda vintrar. Vilket bidrar till att det finns en osäkerhet kring hur pålitliga mätvärdena var. Från analysen togs slutsatserna att det fanns för lite underlag för att kunna ta beslutet om att ändra val av exponeringsklass inför kommande tunnelprojekt och att Trafikverkets antagande inte stämde. Där av rekommenderas Trafikverket att fortsätta med mätningarna till planerat slutdatum 2025 och på så sätt erhålla tillräckligt med information för att i framtiden kunna utvärdera exponeringsklasserna på nytt. / Trafiverket strives to divert the traffic in Stockholm from the city center. In order to accomplish this, large construction projects are currently being planned and processed. One of them is a tunnel construction called Norra länken. The tunnel construction in Norra länken consists of a cladding system and rock reinforcement consisting of shotcrete. Currently there is not enough information on which temperatures that will occur in the tunnel construction and therefore Trafikverket’s general assumption is applied of when designing road tunnels. This means that the shotcrete needs to be frost resistant and that XF2 and XF4 is applied. In order to understand the temperature conditions in the tunnel construction Trafikverket decided to measure the temperatures in Norra länken. With an increased understanding of the temperature conditions it would be a possibility to alter the exposure classes that are currently applied. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether the resulting measurements could be used to design a basis for future selection of exposure class in coming road tunnel projects with similar cladding systems. For this report literature studies, field trips and analyzes of the measurements in Excel were used as a method to answer these research questions. The result showed that the temperature in the rock reinforcement never fell below 0℃ but that the cladding system did show temperatures below 0℃. Therefor it was only a risk for frostbite in the cladding system. However, when analyzing the data, it was noted that two out of three measuring stations were water damaged which caused a lot of incorrect data. The data was also only obtained from mild winters which makes it difficult to draw general conclusions from it. This contributed to uncertainties about how reliable the measured data was. From the analysis the conclusion was made that there was not enough information to support a decision that would alter the choice of exposure class in future tunnel projects. Thereby Trafikverket was recommended to continue with the measurements until the planed end date 2025 and by doing so they can obtain a sufficient amount of information to evaluate the exposure classes once again. / Temperaturmätning i inklädnadsystem och sprutbetong inom Norra Länken
45

Temperaturmätningar i inklädnadssystem och sprutbetong inom Norra länken / Temperature measurments in cladding system and shotcrete within Norra länken

Behaderovic, Irfan, Khaled, Nora January 2019 (has links)
Just nu pågår stora anläggningsprojekt i Stockholm där Trafikverket försöker leda om trafiken från stadskärnan. Därför utfördes projektet Norra länken. Norra länkens tunnelkonstruktion är uppbyggd med ett inklädnadssystem och bergförstärkning som består av sprutbetong. I nuläget saknas information om vilka temperaturer som uppstår i en tunnelkonstruktion och på grund av detta appliceras Trafikverkets generella antagande vid dimensionering av vägtunnlar. Antagandet säger att tunnelkonstruktionens temperatur kommer att motsvara uteluftstemperaturen. Vilket innebär att sprutbetongen behöver vara frostbeständig och därmed appliceras XF4 eller XF2. För att förstå temperaturförhållandet i tunnelkonstruktioner bättre har Trafikverket utfört mätningar i Norra länken. Med ökad förståelse för temperaturförhållandena skulle det vara möjligt att korrigera det nuvarande kraven på exponeringsklasserna. Därmed var syftet med denna rapport att undersöka om mätningarna kunde hjälpa till att utforma ett underlag för framtida val av exponeringsklass i kommande tunnelprojekt med liknade inklädnadssystem. Metoden som användes för att kunna undersöka frågeställningarna var litteraturstudier, studiebesök och analys av mätningarna i Excel. Resultatet visade att bergförstärkningens temperatur aldrig hamnade under 0℃ under perioden som mätningarna erhölls medan inklädnadens temperatur understeg 0℃. Detta innebar att det inte fanns risk för frostskador i bergförstärkningen men att i inklädnaden fanns det risk för det. Däremot när analysen gjordes noterades att två av tre mätstationer blivit vattenskadade och orsakat mycket felaktig data och att all mätdata som erhölls var från milda vintrar. Vilket bidrar till att det finns en osäkerhet kring hur pålitliga mätvärdena var. Från analysen togs slutsatserna att det fanns för lite underlag för att kunna ta beslutet om att ändra val av exponeringsklass inför kommande tunnelprojekt och att Trafikverkets antagande inte stämde. Där av rekommenderas Trafikverket att fortsätta med mätningarna till planerat slutdatum 2025 och på så sätt erhålla tillräckligt med information för att i framtiden kunna utvärdera exponeringsklasserna på nytt. / Trafiverket strives to divert the traffic in Stockholm from the city center. In order to accomplish this, large construction projects are currently being planned and processed. One of them is a tunnel construction called Norra länken. The tunnel construction in Norra länken consists of a cladding system and rock reinforcement consisting of shotcrete. Currently there is not enough information on which temperatures that will occur in the tunnel construction and therefore Trafikverket’s general assumption is applied of when designing road tunnels. This means that the shotcrete needs to be frost resistant and that XF2 and XF4 is applied. In order to understand the temperature conditions in the tunnel construction Trafikverket decided to measure the temperatures in Norra länken. With an increased understanding of the temperature conditions it would be a possibility to alter the exposure classes that are currently applied. The purpose of this report is to investigate whether the resulting measurements could be used to design a basis for future selection of exposure class in coming road tunnel projects with similar cladding systems. For this report literature studies, field trips and analyzes of the measurements in Excel were used as a method to answer these research questions. The result showed that the temperature in the rock reinforcement never fell below 0℃ but that the cladding system did show temperatures below 0℃. Therefor it was only a risk for frostbite in the cladding system. However, when analyzing the data, it was noted that two out of three measuring stations were water damaged which caused a lot of incorrect data. The data was also only obtained from mild winters which makes it difficult to draw general conclusions from it. This contributed to uncertainties about how reliable the measured data was. From the analysis the conclusion was made that there was not enough information to support a decision that would alter the choice of exposure class in future tunnel projects. Thereby Trafikverket was recommended to continue with the measurements until the planed end date 2025 and by doing so they can obtain a sufficient amount of information to evaluate the exposure classes once again.
46

Etude du comportement des voûtes en maçonnerie renforcées par matériaux composites : Application aux ouvrages d'assainissement / Behavior of masonry vaults reinforced by composites materials : Application for sewerage systems

Saade, Maamoun 27 June 2012 (has links)
Les ouvrages d’assainissement en maçonnerie de meulière construits au 19ème siècle à Paris ont une forme ovoïdale et sont soumis à des sollicitations agressives qui ont largement augmenté depuis le début du 20ème siècle. Si la majorité de ces ouvrages continuent à fonctionner, leur état général se dégrade inexorablement. Comme la reconstruction n’est pas toujours possible pour des raisons de coût et d’impact social, la réhabilitation est la solution adoptée par de nombreux maîtres d’ouvrages. La thèse est une partie du projet RESAME qui a pour but de réduire les coûts de réhabilitation, d’améliorer la durabilité des réparations et de diminuer le temps d’intervention sur le site. L’objectif principal de la thèse est de mettre au point de nouvelles méthodes de restructuration plus économiques que les méthodes usuellement utilisées. Après avoir présenté les ouvrages d’assainissement et leurs types de dégradations. Les techniques d’auscultation et de réhabilitation sont données. Une synthèse bibliographique de l’application des matériaux composites sur des structures en maçonnerie est détaillée en première partie. Du fait de la géométrie et des matériaux, des voutes ont été substitué aux ovoïdes pour nos essais présentés en seconde partie. Deux procédés ont été mis au point au cours de la thèse : un chemisage mince par mortier fibré de 3 cm et un renforcement par collage de matériaux composites (Lamelles et tissus). Vingt voûtes ont subi un chargement jusqu’à la rupture. Le but de l’ensemble des essais est de déterminer les mécanismes de ruine, les charges de la première fissuration et les charges à la rupture. Un gain important est alors constaté pour les méthodes de renforcement. Les résultats obtenus sont présentés et discutés. / In 19th century, Sewerage systems constructed in Paris were egg-shaped and made of masonry. Collectors are subjected to aggressive loads which have largely increased since the early 20th century. Even, if the majority of structures are still in service, their general condition deteriorates inexorably, and as the reconstruction is not always possible for reasons of cost and social impact, rehabilitation is the solution adopted by many clients. The thesis is a part of the project RESAME designed to reduce rehabilitation costs, improve the durability of repairs and reduce response times on the site. The main objective of this thesis is to develop new methods of restructuring. After introducing sewerage systems and their types of damage, auscultation techniques and rehabilitation will be presented. A bibliographical survey of the application of composite materials on planes and curved structures masonry is detailed in first time. Because of the complexity of geometry and materials, the vaults were substituted by the ovoid for our tests presented in the second half. Two methods are developed in this thesis: a thin layer of fiber reinforced mortar (FRM) by 3 cm and reinforcement by composite materials. Twenty vaults have been loading up to failure. The purpose of the tests is to determine the failure mechanisms, the first cracking loads and breaking loads. An important gain is then observed as well as a delay in cracking for every reinforcement method. The results are presented and discussed. These two processes will be applicable on several projects soon.
47

Análise tridimensional de túneis considerando o comportamento dependente do tempo na interação maciço-suporte / Tunnel\'s analysis considering time-dependent behaviour in the ground-support interaction

Ricardo Adriano Martoni Pereira Gomes 29 September 2006 (has links)
A utilização de concreto projetado como suporte de túneis é uma prática amplamente difundida no mundo inteiro. Este tipo material possui a característica de começar a agir estruturalmente desde pequenas idades. Apesar disso, os correntes processos de dimensionamento de suportes negligenciam o desenvolvimento de suas propriedades com o tempo, em acoplamento aos efeitos tridimensionais da região onde se localiza a frente de escavação. O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de relatar os procedimentos utilizados na análise da influência de alguns parâmetros da interação maciço - suporte, sobre os esforços solicitantes finais do suporte de um túnel, tanto para o caso de concreto projetado, com suas propriedades dependentes do tempo, quanto para materiais com propriedades constantes. São elaboradas soluções adimensionais para o problema da quantificação de esforços solicitantes de compressão e flexão no suporte. A maioria das simulações realizadas para atingir essa meta foi conduzida com auxílio de técnicas de processamento paralelo. / Shotcrete has been more and more used worldwide for tunnel support. This kind of material has the characteristics of starting to act structurally since early ages. Nevertheless, the current processes of support design neglect the development of its properties after some time in connection to the 3D effects of the region where the face of the tunnel is located. The present work relates the procedures adopted in analyzing the influence of some ground-support interaction parameters on the support structure internal forces of a tunnel, not only when shotcrete is used, with its time-dependent properties, but for materials with constant properties as well. Dimensionless solutions are developed for the support thrust and bending moments quantification problem. Most of the numerical simulations performed to reach this purpose were carried out by means of parallel processing techniques.
48

Modelagem do suporte de túneis com comportamento viscoelástico usando o método dos elementos de contorno. / Numerical modeling of the viscoelastic behavior of shotcrete tunnel linings using the boundary element method.

Társis Rafael Silva Travassos Oliveira 30 November 2009 (has links)
Mesmo com os avanços na aplicação de métodos numéricos em engenharia, a simulação computacional da escavação de túneis ainda apresenta um baixo grau de precisão e de representação. Os modelos de escavação de túneis normalmente utilizam domínios com extensão infinita ou semi-infinita. Esta característica impacta negativamente as simulações numéricas baseadas no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), pois uma superfície fictícia deve ser utilizada para limitar a geometria do modelo. De maneira inversa, a modelagem dos domínios infinitos é naturalmente integrada nos modelos baseados no Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC), já que apenas uma representação discreta dos contornos de um modelo precisa ser considerada. Em geral, as simulações computacionais realísticas de obras de túneis envolvem uma combinação de materiais estruturais e geotécnicos como solo, rocha, concreto estrutural, concreto projetado e elementos estruturais metálicos. Assim, os modelos de túneis podem ter camadas de materiais com propriedades diferentes, intactos ou fragmentados. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar modelagens bidimensionais da estrutura de suporte de túneis com comportamento viscoelástico usando o MEC. O presente desenvolvimento também apresenta um novo algoritmo para simulação da interação maciço-concreto projetado usando uma abordagem pura do MEC. Esta pesquisa está incorporada em um projeto maior, voltado para o desenvolvimento de novos algoritmos para simulações numéricas precisas da escavação de túneis. Os desenvolvimentos anteriormente realizados por Noronha e Pereira (2003), Pereira (2004), Müller (2004) e Carbone (2007) foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. / Despite the progress in numerical methods applied to engineering, computational simulation of tunnel excavation still presents a low degree of accuracy and representativeness. Tunnel excavation models normally use infinite or half-infinite domains. This feature negatively impacts numerical simulations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), since a fictitious bounding surface must be used to truncate the model geometry. Inversely, infinite domain modeling is intrinsic to the Boundary Element Method (BEM), since it requires a boundary-only representation. A realistic computational simulation of tunnel excavation involves structural and geotechnical materials like rock, structural concrete, shotcrete and rebar rock bolts and anchors. This implies that tunnels models may be composed of layers with different material properties, intact of fragmented. The main goal of this work is to carry out 2D modeling of tunnel support using the BEM and viscoelastic material models. The work also presents a new algorithm to simulate the rock-shotcrete interaction based on a pure-BEM approach. This research is integrated into a bigger study, which integrates new software developments for accurate numerical simulation of tunnel excavation. The previous research development proposed by Noronha and Pereira (2003), Pereira (2004), Müller (2004) and Carbone (2007) were particularly relevant to the present study.
49

Análise tridimensional de túneis considerando o comportamento dependente do tempo na interação maciço-suporte / Tunnel\'s analysis considering time-dependent behaviour in the ground-support interaction

Gomes, Ricardo Adriano Martoni Pereira 29 September 2006 (has links)
A utilização de concreto projetado como suporte de túneis é uma prática amplamente difundida no mundo inteiro. Este tipo material possui a característica de começar a agir estruturalmente desde pequenas idades. Apesar disso, os correntes processos de dimensionamento de suportes negligenciam o desenvolvimento de suas propriedades com o tempo, em acoplamento aos efeitos tridimensionais da região onde se localiza a frente de escavação. O presente trabalho tem a finalidade de relatar os procedimentos utilizados na análise da influência de alguns parâmetros da interação maciço - suporte, sobre os esforços solicitantes finais do suporte de um túnel, tanto para o caso de concreto projetado, com suas propriedades dependentes do tempo, quanto para materiais com propriedades constantes. São elaboradas soluções adimensionais para o problema da quantificação de esforços solicitantes de compressão e flexão no suporte. A maioria das simulações realizadas para atingir essa meta foi conduzida com auxílio de técnicas de processamento paralelo. / Shotcrete has been more and more used worldwide for tunnel support. This kind of material has the characteristics of starting to act structurally since early ages. Nevertheless, the current processes of support design neglect the development of its properties after some time in connection to the 3D effects of the region where the face of the tunnel is located. The present work relates the procedures adopted in analyzing the influence of some ground-support interaction parameters on the support structure internal forces of a tunnel, not only when shotcrete is used, with its time-dependent properties, but for materials with constant properties as well. Dimensionless solutions are developed for the support thrust and bending moments quantification problem. Most of the numerical simulations performed to reach this purpose were carried out by means of parallel processing techniques.
50

Modelagem do suporte de túneis com comportamento viscoelástico usando o método dos elementos de contorno. / Numerical modeling of the viscoelastic behavior of shotcrete tunnel linings using the boundary element method.

Oliveira, Társis Rafael Silva Travassos 30 November 2009 (has links)
Mesmo com os avanços na aplicação de métodos numéricos em engenharia, a simulação computacional da escavação de túneis ainda apresenta um baixo grau de precisão e de representação. Os modelos de escavação de túneis normalmente utilizam domínios com extensão infinita ou semi-infinita. Esta característica impacta negativamente as simulações numéricas baseadas no Método dos Elementos Finitos (MEF), pois uma superfície fictícia deve ser utilizada para limitar a geometria do modelo. De maneira inversa, a modelagem dos domínios infinitos é naturalmente integrada nos modelos baseados no Método dos Elementos de Contorno (MEC), já que apenas uma representação discreta dos contornos de um modelo precisa ser considerada. Em geral, as simulações computacionais realísticas de obras de túneis envolvem uma combinação de materiais estruturais e geotécnicos como solo, rocha, concreto estrutural, concreto projetado e elementos estruturais metálicos. Assim, os modelos de túneis podem ter camadas de materiais com propriedades diferentes, intactos ou fragmentados. O objetivo deste trabalho é realizar modelagens bidimensionais da estrutura de suporte de túneis com comportamento viscoelástico usando o MEC. O presente desenvolvimento também apresenta um novo algoritmo para simulação da interação maciço-concreto projetado usando uma abordagem pura do MEC. Esta pesquisa está incorporada em um projeto maior, voltado para o desenvolvimento de novos algoritmos para simulações numéricas precisas da escavação de túneis. Os desenvolvimentos anteriormente realizados por Noronha e Pereira (2003), Pereira (2004), Müller (2004) e Carbone (2007) foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento do presente trabalho. / Despite the progress in numerical methods applied to engineering, computational simulation of tunnel excavation still presents a low degree of accuracy and representativeness. Tunnel excavation models normally use infinite or half-infinite domains. This feature negatively impacts numerical simulations based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), since a fictitious bounding surface must be used to truncate the model geometry. Inversely, infinite domain modeling is intrinsic to the Boundary Element Method (BEM), since it requires a boundary-only representation. A realistic computational simulation of tunnel excavation involves structural and geotechnical materials like rock, structural concrete, shotcrete and rebar rock bolts and anchors. This implies that tunnels models may be composed of layers with different material properties, intact of fragmented. The main goal of this work is to carry out 2D modeling of tunnel support using the BEM and viscoelastic material models. The work also presents a new algorithm to simulate the rock-shotcrete interaction based on a pure-BEM approach. This research is integrated into a bigger study, which integrates new software developments for accurate numerical simulation of tunnel excavation. The previous research development proposed by Noronha and Pereira (2003), Pereira (2004), Müller (2004) and Carbone (2007) were particularly relevant to the present study.

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