This thesis covers software development for Apple's mobile phonde iPhone. Official iPhone SDK is available from Apple developer's web site. The thesis includes iVoip application, developed using iPhone SDK. This application could be used as VoIP client using SIP protocol.

A tese de doutoramento apresenta uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo principal estudar a resposta IP gerada pela contaminação de solos argilosos por compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Ensaios de campo e laboratório foram realizados para investigar a sensibilidade do método IP à mudanças na propriedades petrofísicas provocadas pela contaminação. Um experimento controlado investigou o efeito IP gerado em amostras coletadas em torno de um aterro de resíduos urbanos, saturadas por diferentes concentrações de chorume, coletado no próprio local. Os resultados mostram um aumento do efeito IP em amostras ricas em CaCO3, observado mesmo para altas concentrações de chorume. Um segundo experimento controlado investigou o efeito do teor e tipo de argila e da salinidade na resposta IP. Misturas de esferas de vidro e diferentes teores de caulinita e montmorilonita foram saturadas por soluções de diferentes concentrações de NaCl. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o efeito da concentração de sais na resposta IP depende do teor de tipo de argila, sendo esse último dominante em relação ao efeito da salinidade. A concentração de sais e o teor de argila atuam de forma acoplada, intensificando o efeito IP. Em um terceiro experimento, a sensibilidade da resposta IP a presença de tolueno foi investigada. Misturas de areia e montmorilonita foram artificialmente contaminadas por diferentes concentrações de tolueno. Os resultados desse experimento mostram que o efeito desse contaminante na resposta IP é pequeno. Ainda assim, foi possível observar uma dependência da resposta IP com a concentração de tolueno que muda com o tempo, provavelmente devido a mudanças interfaciais químicas após a adição de tolueno. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da biodegradação do tolueno em solos argilosos na resposta IP gerada, duas colunas compostas de uma mistura de areia e caulinita, artificialmente contaminadas por tolueno, foram preparadas. Um fluxo de água subterrânea coletada em uma área contaminada foi estabelecido em uma das colunas (ativa), enquanto que uma solução de água deoneizada e NaCl foi estabelecido na outra (controle). A resposta IP das duas colunas foi monitorada por um período de quatro meses e nenhuma mudança na resposta elétrica das colunas que indicasse a ocorrência de biodegradação do tolueno foi observada. Os dados geoquímicos comprovam que não houve mudanças significativas durante o período do monitoramento, mesmo embora a presença de bactérias anaeróbicas vivas tenha sido verificada tanto na solução de entrada como na solução de saída da coluna ativa. Uma possível explicação para o tolueno não ter sido biodegradado de forma eficiente é a sua alta concentração na colunas. O último estudo realizado consiste na utilização do método IP para a investigação de uma área contaminada por BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etil-benzeno e xileno). A contaminação ocorreu devido a derrames acidentais de quantidade não estimada de solventes no solo não impermeabilizado. O ensaio de campo revela uma zona de anomalia, caracterizada por baixas resistividade e cargabilidade e aumento da cargabilidade normalizada. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na área e tiveram suas propriedades elétricas medidas em laboratório. O contraste elétrico observado em campo não foi observado em laboratório, sugerindo que variações do teor de umidade podem estar contribuindo para a anomalia geofísica observada em campo. O teor de argila, bactérias totais e propriedades magnéticas foram medidas em diversas amostras coletadas na área. Os resultados dessas análises mostram que a distribuição do teor de argila não explica a anomalia observada. Entretanto, a população microbiana encontrada foi cinco ordens de magnitude maior na zona de anomalia. As propriedades magnéticas mostram que as amostras coletadas na zona da anomalia são mais ricas em magnetita. Os estudos realizados nessa pesquisa mostram que a resposta IP observada em estudos ambientais é afetada por propriedades petrofísicas como o teor de argila, teor de umidade, mineralogia e propriedades químicas do fluido dos poros. Entretanto a variação natural dessas propriedades também é esperada em ambientes dinâmicos. Consequentemente, isolar a contribuição de mudanças dessas propriedades devido a contaminação é uma tarefa complexa. / This PhD Thesis presents a research that aimed to study the IP response from soils contaminated by organic and inorganic compounds. Field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the sensibility of the IP method to changes in petrophysical properties due to contamination. A controlled experiment investigated the IP effect generated in soil samples collected around an urban waste disposal site, saturated by the leacheate generated at the site. The results show an IP effect increase on samples rich in CaCO3, observed even for high contaminant concentrations in the saturation solution. A second experiment investigated the effect of clay type and content and salinity on the IP response. Glass beads with varying concentration of kaolin and bentonite mixtures were synthesized and saturated by solutions with varying salt concentration. The results of this experiment show that the effect of salinity on the IP response depends upon clay type and content, being the clay effect dominant over the salinity effect. The effects of ionic concentration and clay content on the IP effect are coupled, enhancing the IP response. In a third experiment, the IP sensibility to toluene contamination is investigated. Sand and montmorillonite mixtures were artificially contaminated with varying toluene concentrations. The results show that the toluene effect on the IP response is small. Even though, there is an IP response dependency on toluene concentration that changes with time, probably due to interfacial chemical properties changes after the addition of toluene. With the purpose of studying the effect of toluene biodegradation on the IP response, two columns were packed with a sand and kaolinite mixture, artificially contaminated with toluene. A contaminated groundwater solution flux was established in one column (active), and a NaCl and deoneized water solution flux was established on the other column (control). The IP response from both columns was monitored for a period of four months. No significant changes in the electrical properties of these columns that could indicate toluene biodegradation was observed. Geochemical data confirmed that no significant changes occurred during the monitoring period, even though live anaerobic microorganisms were verified in the active column inflow and outflow. One possible explanation for the inefficiency in degrading toluene is its high concentration in the columns. The last study presented is a BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) contaminated area investigated with the IP method. The contamination events took place due to accidental spills directly into the soil, where the exact amount of contaminant disposed is unknown. The geophysical survey revealed an IP response anomaly, characterized by low resistivities and chargeabilities and normalized chargeability enhancement. Soil samples were collected at the site and its electrical properties were measured in the laboratory. The electrical contrast observed in the field was not observed in the laboratory, suggesting that moisture content could be contributing to the geophysical anomaly observed at the field. Clay content, total bacteria and magnetic properties were measured for some of the collected samples. The results show that the clay content distribution in the area does not explain the geophysical response observed. However, the microbial population was found to be over five orders of magnitude higher in the anomaly zone. Magnetic properties of the samples show that the anomaly zone is richer in magnetite. These studies show that the IP response observed in environmental studies is affected by petrophysical properties such as clay content, moisture content, mineralogy and pore fluid chemical properties. However, natural changes of these properties are also expected in dynamic environments. The isolation of the contribution of soil contamination to changes of these properties is a complex task.

A tese de doutoramento apresenta uma pesquisa que teve como objetivo principal estudar a resposta IP gerada pela contaminação de solos argilosos por compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Ensaios de campo e laboratório foram realizados para investigar a sensibilidade do método IP à mudanças na propriedades petrofísicas provocadas pela contaminação. Um experimento controlado investigou o efeito IP gerado em amostras coletadas em torno de um aterro de resíduos urbanos, saturadas por diferentes concentrações de chorume, coletado no próprio local. Os resultados mostram um aumento do efeito IP em amostras ricas em CaCO3, observado mesmo para altas concentrações de chorume. Um segundo experimento controlado investigou o efeito do teor e tipo de argila e da salinidade na resposta IP. Misturas de esferas de vidro e diferentes teores de caulinita e montmorilonita foram saturadas por soluções de diferentes concentrações de NaCl. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o efeito da concentração de sais na resposta IP depende do teor de tipo de argila, sendo esse último dominante em relação ao efeito da salinidade. A concentração de sais e o teor de argila atuam de forma acoplada, intensificando o efeito IP. Em um terceiro experimento, a sensibilidade da resposta IP a presença de tolueno foi investigada. Misturas de areia e montmorilonita foram artificialmente contaminadas por diferentes concentrações de tolueno. Os resultados desse experimento mostram que o efeito desse contaminante na resposta IP é pequeno. Ainda assim, foi possível observar uma dependência da resposta IP com a concentração de tolueno que muda com o tempo, provavelmente devido a mudanças interfaciais químicas após a adição de tolueno. Com o objetivo de estudar o efeito da biodegradação do tolueno em solos argilosos na resposta IP gerada, duas colunas compostas de uma mistura de areia e caulinita, artificialmente contaminadas por tolueno, foram preparadas. Um fluxo de água subterrânea coletada em uma área contaminada foi estabelecido em uma das colunas (ativa), enquanto que uma solução de água deoneizada e NaCl foi estabelecido na outra (controle). A resposta IP das duas colunas foi monitorada por um período de quatro meses e nenhuma mudança na resposta elétrica das colunas que indicasse a ocorrência de biodegradação do tolueno foi observada. Os dados geoquímicos comprovam que não houve mudanças significativas durante o período do monitoramento, mesmo embora a presença de bactérias anaeróbicas vivas tenha sido verificada tanto na solução de entrada como na solução de saída da coluna ativa. Uma possível explicação para o tolueno não ter sido biodegradado de forma eficiente é a sua alta concentração na colunas. O último estudo realizado consiste na utilização do método IP para a investigação de uma área contaminada por BTEX (benzeno, tolueno, etil-benzeno e xileno). A contaminação ocorreu devido a derrames acidentais de quantidade não estimada de solventes no solo não impermeabilizado. O ensaio de campo revela uma zona de anomalia, caracterizada por baixas resistividade e cargabilidade e aumento da cargabilidade normalizada. Amostras de solo foram coletadas na área e tiveram suas propriedades elétricas medidas em laboratório. O contraste elétrico observado em campo não foi observado em laboratório, sugerindo que variações do teor de umidade podem estar contribuindo para a anomalia geofísica observada em campo. O teor de argila, bactérias totais e propriedades magnéticas foram medidas em diversas amostras coletadas na área. Os resultados dessas análises mostram que a distribuição do teor de argila não explica a anomalia observada. Entretanto, a população microbiana encontrada foi cinco ordens de magnitude maior na zona de anomalia. As propriedades magnéticas mostram que as amostras coletadas na zona da anomalia são mais ricas em magnetita. Os estudos realizados nessa pesquisa mostram que a resposta IP observada em estudos ambientais é afetada por propriedades petrofísicas como o teor de argila, teor de umidade, mineralogia e propriedades químicas do fluido dos poros. Entretanto a variação natural dessas propriedades também é esperada em ambientes dinâmicos. Consequentemente, isolar a contribuição de mudanças dessas propriedades devido a contaminação é uma tarefa complexa. / This PhD Thesis presents a research that aimed to study the IP response from soils contaminated by organic and inorganic compounds. Field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the sensibility of the IP method to changes in petrophysical properties due to contamination. A controlled experiment investigated the IP effect generated in soil samples collected around an urban waste disposal site, saturated by the leacheate generated at the site. The results show an IP effect increase on samples rich in CaCO3, observed even for high contaminant concentrations in the saturation solution. A second experiment investigated the effect of clay type and content and salinity on the IP response. Glass beads with varying concentration of kaolin and bentonite mixtures were synthesized and saturated by solutions with varying salt concentration. The results of this experiment show that the effect of salinity on the IP response depends upon clay type and content, being the clay effect dominant over the salinity effect. The effects of ionic concentration and clay content on the IP effect are coupled, enhancing the IP response. In a third experiment, the IP sensibility to toluene contamination is investigated. Sand and montmorillonite mixtures were artificially contaminated with varying toluene concentrations. The results show that the toluene effect on the IP response is small. Even though, there is an IP response dependency on toluene concentration that changes with time, probably due to interfacial chemical properties changes after the addition of toluene. With the purpose of studying the effect of toluene biodegradation on the IP response, two columns were packed with a sand and kaolinite mixture, artificially contaminated with toluene. A contaminated groundwater solution flux was established in one column (active), and a NaCl and deoneized water solution flux was established on the other column (control). The IP response from both columns was monitored for a period of four months. No significant changes in the electrical properties of these columns that could indicate toluene biodegradation was observed. Geochemical data confirmed that no significant changes occurred during the monitoring period, even though live anaerobic microorganisms were verified in the active column inflow and outflow. One possible explanation for the inefficiency in degrading toluene is its high concentration in the columns. The last study presented is a BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene) contaminated area investigated with the IP method. The contamination events took place due to accidental spills directly into the soil, where the exact amount of contaminant disposed is unknown. The geophysical survey revealed an IP response anomaly, characterized by low resistivities and chargeabilities and normalized chargeability enhancement. Soil samples were collected at the site and its electrical properties were measured in the laboratory. The electrical contrast observed in the field was not observed in the laboratory, suggesting that moisture content could be contributing to the geophysical anomaly observed at the field. Clay content, total bacteria and magnetic properties were measured for some of the collected samples. The results show that the clay content distribution in the area does not explain the geophysical response observed. However, the microbial population was found to be over five orders of magnitude higher in the anomaly zone. Magnetic properties of the samples show that the anomaly zone is richer in magnetite. These studies show that the IP response observed in environmental studies is affected by petrophysical properties such as clay content, moisture content, mineralogy and pore fluid chemical properties. However, natural changes of these properties are also expected in dynamic environments. The isolation of the contribution of soil contamination to changes of these properties is a complex task.

In this thesis, I seek to analyse the reproduction of elite mobilities through participation in Study Internship Programmes (SIP) in Washington D.C. SIPs are programmes for both American as well as international students that come to Washington and participate in a programme that combines an academic track on specific topics with an internship. These programmes can be seen as exemplars of a specialised form of neoliberal education in which middle-class students attempt to acquire mobility capital in the hope of accelerating their future careers. With the help of in-depth interviews and ethnographic methods, I have gathered data about the SIPs which were analysed via textual analysis. I conducted interviews with SIP-alumni, with current SIP-students as well as stakeholders in these programmes. As a theoretical framework, I have utilised a mobilities perspective, along with ideas on individualisation and cosmopolitan capital to develop a framework for study-internship research. I argue that students go to Washington to acquire mobility and cosmopolitan capital, as this might offer a competitive edge. I explore how SIPs affect and transform its participants, their career paths and mobilities, as well as the city of Washington D.C itself as a place. My research showcases the layered identities of the participants through their mobilities, and how their mobilities are connected to the city of Washington D.C., and the key institutions involved. The research also demonstrates that SIPs are indicative of broader career patterns and mobility decision-making among young people in the West. Furthermore, my research indicates how integral the images of Washington D.C. and career-narratives are to the reproduction of elites and to Washington D.C.'s image of power for the SIP-participants to represent their success and aspirations.

TITLE: Videoconference at school AUTHOR: Petr Karadžos DEPARTMENT: Department of technical and informatics education SUPERVISOR: doc. RNDr. František Lustig, CSc. ABSTRACT: The theoretical goal is based on overview of videoconferencing solutions regarding to usage in educational process and overview of application videoconferencing solutions. Moreover, theory part is also focused on how videoconferences are working according to technical background. The descriptions of signaling process between two or more ending points and how are multimedia data transmitted during videoconference calls. The topic of practical part is to analyze how videoconferences can be used as technical educational tools in learning environment based on videoconferencing pilot project. KEYWORDS: Videoconferencing, H.323, SIP, webinar, multimedia, ICT, Multicast, Moodle, GoToWebinar

Uranium contamination of the subsurface remains a significant problem at the Department of Energy Hanford site. A series of column experiments were conducted on Hanford sediment saturated with simulated groundwater to study the effects of aqueous bicarbonate and microbial growth on the mobility of Uranium. Spectral induced polarization (SIP) measurements in the columns were conducted concurrently with pore water sampling in order to monitor changes occurring inside the sediment after the initiation of microbial growth induced by glucose injection. The microbial growth caused significant increases in the real component of the complex conductivity and is the result of ion release into the pore fluid. In addition, an increase in the imaginary conductivity was observed at low frequencies (Hz), which may be due to biotic processes. Due to the use of natural sediment, the SIP response is complex and difficult to understand. However, results across all columns with microbial growth are consistent. Pore water testing showed that microbial growth leads to sudden increases in uranium concentrations; however, microbes also eventually create reducing conditions in the sediment which transforms soluble U6+ to insoluble U4+. Bicarbonate leads to significant increases in uranium concentrations likely due to the formation of mobile uranyl carbonate complexes. For the purposes of field scale remediation, microbial growth in an oxic environment should be avoided. However, within reducing conditions present in the deep vadose zone and phreatic zone, microbial growth seems unlikely to significantly increase uranium mobility.

<p>The interest for various multimedia services accessed via the Internet has been growing immensely along with the bandwidth available. A similar development has emerged in the 3G mobile network. The focus of this master thesis is on the speech/audio part of a 3G multimedia application. The purpose has been to implement a traffic generating tool that can measure QoS (Quality of Service) in 3G networks. The application is compliant to the 3G standards, i.e. it uses AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate), SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol). AMR is a speech compression algorithm with the special feature that it can compress speech into several different bitrates. SIP signalling is used so that different applications can agree on how to communicate. RTP carries the speech frames over the network, in order to provide features that are necessary for media/multimedia applications. Issues like perception of audio and QoS related parameters is also discussed, from the perspective of users and developers.</p>

<p>The result of this master thesis report describes the advantages and the drawbacks that will arise when implementing an Ethernet based intercommunication system in military vehicles. The report presents a possible solution and describes how different sound applications will be implemented into the suggested solution. </p><p>The report show that IP LAN in vehicles leads to more advantages than drawbacks. The main advantages are that all kind of media can share the same LAN and that there is a lot of knowledge of this technique in the civil area. The main drawback is about delay. The drawbacks are otherwise well known and methods are known to decrease the impact of them. In the suggested intercommunication system the processing delay gives the largest impact on not deliver data in real time. The suggested solution, with separate connections for intercom unit and PC platform to the switch at each crew member gives good reliability and security.</p>

<p>Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) arises as a new standard of establishing and releasing connections for vast variety of multimedia applications. The protocol may be used for voice calls, video calls, video conferencing, gaming and many more.</p><p>The 3GPP (3^rd Generation Partnership Project) suggests SIP as the signalling solution for 3^rd generation telephony. Thereby, this purely IP-centric protocol appears as a promising alternative to older signalling systems such as H.323, SS7 or analog signals in PSTN. In contrast to them, SIP does not focus on communication with PSTN network. It is more similar to HTTP than to any of the mentioned protocols. </p><p>The main standardisation body behind Session Initiation Protocol is The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). The most recent paper published on SIP is RFC 3261 [5]. Moreover, there are working groups within IETF that publish suggestions and extensions to the main standard. One of those extensions is “Caller Preferences for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)” [1]. </p><p>This document describes a set of new rules that allow a caller to express preferences about request handling in servers. They give ability to select which Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI) a request gets routed to, and to specify certain request handling directives in proxies and redirect servers. It does so by defining three new request header fields, Accept-Contact, Reject-Contact, and Request-Disposition, which specify the caller preferences. [1]. </p><p>The aim of this project is to extend the existing software with caller preferences and evaluate the new functionality.</p>

<p>This thesis evaluates and shows an implementation of a video telephony solution for network connected set-top boxes based on the SIP protocol for managing sessions. </p><p>Unlike other video telephony implementations the set-top box does not handle both audio and video, but only video. A separate phone is used to handle audio. To maintain compatibility with other video telephony implementations, which expect a single SIP device with both audio and video capabilities, a mechanism to merge the audio (SIP-phone) and video (set-top box) into a single entity was developed using a back-to-back user agent. </p><p>Due to the set-top boxes'limited hardware it could be impossible to have video compression and decompression performed by the set-top boxes. However, numerous performance tests of compression algorithms showed that the computational power available in the set-top boxes is sufficient to have acceptable frame rate and image quality in a video telephony session. A faster CPU or dedicated hardware for video compression and decompression would however be required in order to compete with dedicated video telephony systems available today. </p><p>The implemented video telephony system is based on open standards such as SIP, RTP and H.261, which means interoperability with other video telephony implementations, such as Microsoft's Windows Messenger 4.7, is good.</p>