This research deals with determining the acoustic attenuation of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) ductwork. A finite element approach was developed for calculating insertion loss and breakout transmission loss. Procedures for simulating the source and receiving rooms were developed and the effect of structureborne flanking was included. Simulation results have been compared with measurements from the literature and the agreement is very good. With a good model in place, the work was extended in three ways. 1) Since measurements on full-scale equipment are difficult, scale modeling rules were developed and validated. 2) Two different numerical approaches were developed for evaluating the transmission loss of silencers taking into account the effect of higher order modes. 3) A power transfer matrix approach was developed to assess the acoustic performance of several duct components connected in series.

The currently low requirements on sound emissions for industrial trucks are expected to be raised in the near future. The company Kalmar Industries AB, which develop, produce and market industrial trucks, want to improve their truck silencers as a precaution to the future harder restrictions and also to improve their competitiveness. The sound emission produced by a vehicle depends on type and range of application it is designed for but the dominant part of the sound is usually produced by the engine and silencer. A new measuring method is developed for studying sound emanating through the silencer system. The analysis of the measurement data establishes that the silencers are not working well. The simulations made with SIDLAB, which is a computer programme for calculating the propagation of sound in ducts, confirms that the silencers are inefficient and that they are simply too small. A simulation which implements a parallel resonator in the main silencer shows that it is possible to make great improvements in reducing the noise from the truck as well as meeting requirements on space. Mathematical modelling based on linearity and one-dimensional interaction between the silencer elementsis advantageous and gives very good results when understanding, analysing and simulating the silencer. The simulation tool SIDLAB works well and saves a lot of time by its fast modelling and easy interface.

<p>The currently low requirements on sound emissions for industrial trucks are expected to be raised in the near future. The company Kalmar Industries AB, which develop, produce and market industrial trucks, want to improve their truck silencers as a precaution to the future harder restrictions and also to improve their competitiveness. The sound emission produced by a vehicle depends on type and range of application it is designed for but the dominant part of the sound is usually produced by the engine and silencer.</p><p>A new measuring method is developed for studying sound emanating through the silencer system. The analysis of the measurement data establishes that the silencers are not working well. The simulations made with SIDLAB, which is a computer programme for calculating the propagation of sound in ducts, confirms that the silencers are inefficient and that they are simply too small.</p><p>A simulation which implements a parallel resonator in the main silencer shows that it is possible to make great improvements in reducing the noise from the truck as well as meeting requirements on space.</p><p>Mathematical modelling based on linearity and one-dimensional interaction between the silencer elementsis advantageous and gives very good results when understanding, analysing and simulating the silencer. The simulation tool SIDLAB works well and saves a lot of time by its fast modelling and easy interface.</p>

This work is primarily comprised of five self-contained papers. Three papers are applications oriented. A common element in the first three papers is that micro-perforated panels (MPP), the permeable membranes in diesel particulate filters, and a source impedance are all modeled as a transfer impedance. The first paper deals with enhancing the performance of micro-perforated panels by partitioning the backing cavity. Several different backing schemes are considered which enhance the performance without increasing the total volume of the MPP and backing. In the second paper, a finite element modeling approach is used to model diesel particulate filters below and above the plane wave cutoff frequency. The filter itself is modeled using a symmetric finite element model and results are compared to plane wave theory. After the transfer matrix of the filters is known, it is used in three-dimensional finite and boundary element models. The third paper is a tutorial that shows how a source impedance can be modeled using transfer impedance approaches in finite element analysis. The approach used is useful for better understanding the resonance effects caused by pipes upstream and downstream of the exhaust. The fourth paper examines the best practice for the two-load transmission loss measurement. This method was integral to obtaining the measurements for validating the diesel particulate filter models. The fifth paper proposes transmission and insertion loss metrics for multi-inlet mufflers. It is shown that the transmission loss depends on the amplitude and phase relationship between sources (at the inlets) whereas insertion loss depends on both the source strength and impedance for each inlet.

One dimensional, linear, plane-wave modelling of silencer systems in the frequency domain provides an efficient means to analyse their acoustic performance. Software packages are available to analyse silencers within these modelling parameters; however, they are heavily restricted. The thesis develops an algorithm that increases the computational efficiency of the silencer analysis. The thesis concentrates on how data, within a software package, is stored, retrieved and analysed. The computational efficiency is increased as a result of the predictable patterns caused by the repetitive nature of exhaust system analysis. The work uses the knowledge gained from the construction of two previous algorithms of similar parameters; it isolates and maximises their advantages whilst minimising their associated disadvantages. The new algorithm is dependent on identifying consecutively sequenced exhaust components and sub-systems of such components within the whole exhaust system. The algorithm is further generalised to include multiple time-variant sources, multiple radiation points and exhaust systems that have a balance pipe. Another feature of the improved algorithm encompasses the option of modelling secondary noise sources such as might arise from flow generated noise or be included for active noise cancellation systems. The validation of these algorithmic techniques is demonstrated by comparison of the theoretical noise predictions with experimental or known results. These predictions are achieved by writing computational code using object orientated programming techniques in the language of c++ to implement the algorithms.

Les silencieux à baffles parallèles sont largement utilisés dans les systèmes de chauffage, ventilation et climatisation (CVC) pour réduire le bruit généré par les sources aérauliques. Ces silencieux sont composés d'un certain nombre de baffles insérés dans un conduit de section rectangulaire. Chaque baffle est constitué d'un cadre métallique garni d'un matériau absorbant. Ce travail de thèse vise à analyser l'efficacité acoustique de ces silencieux afin d'en améliorer les performances en basses fréquences. Dans un premier temps, un modèle de propagation bidimensionnel à ``couches'' est développé afin de prédire les pertes par transmission pour une large variété de ce type de silencieux. Ce modèle multimodal repose principalement sur le calcul des modes acoustiques pour la pression moyenne dans chaque couche et a pour avantage de simplifier grandement la procédure de raccordement modal à l'interface entre deux domaines successifs. C'est un modèle facilement implémentable et approprié à des procédures d'optimisation de par sa rapidité et sa facilité de mise en données. Il a été validé expérimentalement lors de deux campagnes de mesure à des échelles réduite et réelle. Dans un second temps, le modèle développé est utilisé pour appréhender différentes pistes d'amélioration en basses fréquences et concevoir des solutions optimisées. Des premières pistes sont examinées dans le cas de silencieux standards concernant l'influence du nombre de baffles, de la symétrie et de la périodicité du silencieux sur le couplage modal et les performances acoustiques. Les autres pistes d'amélioration ainsi que les solutions optimisées ne figurent pas dans cette version pour des raisons de confidentialité. / Baffle-type silencers are widely used in the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems of buildings to reduce noise being emitted from air-moving devices such as fans and air conditioners. These silencers generally consist of several baffles inserted in a duct with a rectangular cross section. Each baffle is made of sound absorbing material such as rockwool or glasswool. Usually, a metallic fairing is also placed at each end of the baffle. This thesis aims to analyze the effectiveness of these acoustic silencers to improve performance at low frequencies. First, a two-dimensional multimodal model is developed to predict the transmission loss for a wide variety of this type of silencer. The numerical model relies mainly on the computation of approximate acoustic modes for the mean pressure in each layer corresponding either to the airway or the baffle. The method offers the advantage that it greatly simplifies the mode matching procedure at the junction between successive domains and it can be used to tackle relatively complex geometrical configurations with the possibility of taking into account the presence of resistive screens between the porous baffle and the air domain. It is also an easy-to-implement and relatively inexpensive model suitable for optimization purposes. It has been experimentally validated in two measurement campaigns at reduced and actual scales. In a second step, the developed model is used to investigate different ways of improving performance at low frequencies. Suggested improvements are discussed in the case of standard silencers regarding the influence of the number of baffles, symmetry and periodicity of the silencer on the modal coupling and acoustic performance. For confidentiality reasons, other suggested improvements and optimized solutions are not included in this version.

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Downsizing in cars lead to higher noise emissions through the addition of turbo-/superchargers. These noise emissions must be counteracted and cancelled in order to contribute to the overall quality feel of a car. This project follows a product development method in order to research if a new type of silencers are applicable in air induction systems in order to dampen noise emissions. The project also cover how to manufacture the new type of silencers, traditionally used as acoustic insulation in offices. The project covered everything from literature review on silencers, noise regulations, downsizing and traditional plastic manufacturing methods. After the analysis of the results, it stood clear that the new silencers are more effective than conventional solutions. A manufacturing process was also determined, which needs further research in order to derive what the manufacturing cost would be. The project resulted in strong indicators that the new silencers are promising but also opened up to new research questions.