Bibliography: leaves 178-186 / 186 leaves, [9] leaves of plates : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, 1989

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, 1989. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-186).

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / As propriedades dosimétricas principais do jade e dos silicatos brasileiros da família do jade foram estudadas para aplicações em processos de radiação de doses altas. Jade é uma denominação comum a dois silicatos diferentes: jadeita, NaAl(Si2O6), e nefrita, Ca2(Mg, Fe)5(Si4O11)2 (OH)2, que pertencem respectivamente à subclasse dos piroxênios e anfibólios. As amostras de jade, estudadas neste trabalho, são provenientes da Áustria, Nova Zelândia, Estados Unidos e Brasil. Os silicatos brasileiros da família do jade estudados neste trabalho foram os anfibólios: tremolita,Ca2Mg5(Si4O11)2(OH)2 e actinolita, Ca2Fe5(Si4O11)2(OH)2; e os piroxênios: rodonita, MnSiO3 e diopsídio, CaMg(Si2O6). A composição mineralógica e química foi obtida pelas técnicas de análise por ativação com nêutrons e difração de raios X. As propriedades dosimétricas principais (curvas de emissão, curvas de calibração, dose mínima detectável, dependência angular e energética, entre outras) foram estudadas, utilizando as técnicas de termoluminescência, emissão exoeletrônica termicamente estimulada e ressonância paramagnética eletrônica. As amostras de jade-Teflon e as amostras de silicatos-Teflon apresentam pelo menos dois picos TL, um em torno de 115°C (pico 1) e outro próximo de 210°C (pico 2). As curvas de calibração (TL) dos materiais estudados apresentaram comportamento linear na faixa de 0,5Gy a 1kGy. O pico de emissão TSEE ocorre em 240°C para todas as amostras e as curvas de calibração apresentaram comportamento sublinear na faixa entre 100Gy e 20kGy. No caso da técnica de RPE, apenas o jade originário dos Estados Unidos tem potencial de aplicação em dosimetria das radiações. Além disso, ainda foi realizada uma simulação computacional estática dos prováveis defeitos intrínsecos e extrínsecos presentes na rodonita. Entre os defeitos básicos, o defeito Schottky do MnSiO3 é o mais provável de ocorrer e, entre os defeitos extrínsecos, os dopantes bivalentes e trivalentes apresentam uma possibilidade maior de inserção na rodonita. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Orientador: Carlos Roberto de Souza Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T09:20:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Senna_JulianoAlvesde_D.pdf: 63737232 bytes, checksum: 420aa968e8b724cb3159057231ad922a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Matérias primas cerâmicas (MP.C) naturais são materiais geológicos que exercem papel fundamental na economia de países mais desenvolvidos. Entretanto, no Brasil há uma tendência histórica em preterir investimentos na prospecção e explotação destes bens não metálicos em relação aos metálicos. Em função disso, os métodos de lavra até hoje utilizados são empíricos e o controle de qualidade precário, salvo alguns . poucos depósitos administrados por grandes grupos mineradores. Neste sentido, há uma clara lacuna tecnológica a ser preenchida neste setor no Brasil. A Espectroscopia de Reflectância (ER), baseada na faixa do visível e infravermelho de ondas curtas (0.4-2.5um), é uma ferramenta fundamental do sensoriamento remoto e eficaz na detecção de óxidos e hidróxidos de ferro e alumínio, carbonatos e filossilicatos. Seu uso potencial para caracterização espectro-mineral de MPCs é significativo, visto que não requer nenhuma preparação, é uma técnica rápida e de simples operacionalidade, e as análises podem ser feitas diretamente in situo Considerando as complexidades envolvidas nesta caracterização, os objetivos desta pesquisa foram: (i) avaliar a eficácia da ER em separar as faciologias dos minérios, (ii) propor modelos espectro mineralógicos dos depósitos, (iii) analisar as possibilidades de mapeamento dos minerais associados às jazidas, e (iv) determinar parâmetros que auxiliem na classificação dos minérios para uso industrial. Neste contexto, três importantes depósitos (peculiares e representativos metalotectos brasileiros) de MPCs foram escolhidos para investigação: (i) Pirofillita (Agalmatolito, para cerâmica refratária) em Mateus Leme (MG), (ii) Talco (para revestimentos cerâmicos) em Ponta Grossa (PR) e Caulinita (ball-clay, para louça sanitária e porcelana) em São Simão (SP). Em todos os depósitos, os materiais foram cuidadosamente classificados, seja quanto à composição mineral ou a aplicação industrial, com detecção dos principais minerais presentes e de espécimes ainda desconhecidas nos depósitos. Da mesma forma, o mapeamento interativo auxiliado por dados multiespectrais ASTER e espectros selecionados após a classificação, permitiu o reconhecimento espacial das abundâncias, concentrações e misturas minerais existentes nos depósitos. O sucesso da ER em caracterizar MPCs demonstrou a viabilidade.da técnica: (i) para o reconhecimento de fácies litológicas e fases minerais, (ii) para a investigação dos materiais in situ por equipamentos portáteis, (iii) para dar suporte ao planejamento de lavra de curto e longo prazo, e (iv) para aplicações multidisciplinares nos estágios pré e sinindustrialização. Desta forma, a pesquisa contemplou o objetivo de caracterizar os mais clássicos tipos de MPCs brasileiras, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de explotação adequada a cada caso, considerando um controle de qualidade ideal. Adicionalmente, a análise integrada dos dados permitiu avanços no entendimento da geometria e gênese desses depósitos, os quais poderão ser utilizados em etapas futuras de prospecção dessas commodities. / Abstract: Raw ceramic materials (CM) are geological resources that play a fundamental role in the economy ofhigh1y developed countries. However, in Brazil there is a historical tendency in disregarding investments in the prospecting and exploitation of these non-metallic commodities, in contrast to the metallic equivalents. As a function of that, current mining approaches are yet too empirical and the quality control precarious, exception made to a few deposits administered by large mining companies. fu this sense, there has been a c1ear technological gap to be filled in this sector in Brazil. Reflectance Spectroscopy (RE), based on visible, near-inftared and shortwave inftared wayelengths, is a key remote sensing tool and effective in detecting Fe- and Al-bearing oxides and hydroxides, carbonates 8l1d phyllosilicates. Its potential use to the spectral-mineralogical characterization of CMs is significant, as it is a quick,operational, nondestructive technique that requires no sample preparation and that can be use for measuring materials in situo Considering the complexities involved in this characteyization, the objectives of this research were: (i) to evaluate the efficacy of ER in separating ores fades and associated rocks; (ii) to propose spectral-mineralogical models for the deposits, (iii) to analyze the possibility to map minerals associated to the deposits, and (iv) to determine parameters that might help in the c1assification of ores employed by the industry. In this context, three important deposits (peculiar and representative Brazilian metalotects) of ceramic materials were chosen for the investigation: (i) Pyrophyllite (agalmatolite, for reftactory pottery) in Mateus Leme (Minas Gerais), (ii) Ta1c (for ceramic coverings)in Ponta Grossa (PR) and, (iii) Kaolinite (ball-c1ay, for sanitaryware and china pottery) in São Simão (SP). In all of these deposits, the materials were carefu11y c1assified as regards both mineral composition and industrial applications, with detection of both foremost minerals and specimens yet unknown in the deposits. Similarly, the interactive mapping provided by the c1assification of ASTER multispectral data based on selected spectral endmembers permitted the spatial recognition of the abundances, concentrations and existing mineral mixtures in the deposits. The success of the ER in characterizing CMs showed the feasibility of the technique (i) for the recognition of lithologic facies and mineral phases, (ii) for the analysis of geologic materials in situ by portable instruments, (iii) to provide support to the planning of short- to longterm mining and, (iv) for multidisciplinary applications during pre- to contemporary-industrialization stages. Consequently, the main objective of the overall research to characterize a multitude of c1assic Brazilian CMs was achieved, allowing the development of new methods for quality controlled exploitation of distinct ceramic ores. Additionally, the integrated analysis of the data permitted advancements in the understanding of the geometry and genesis of those deposits, which could be utilized in future phases of prospecting of those commodities. / Doutorado / Metalogenese / Doutor em Ciências

From Chapter 1: It has been a long standing belief that many nickel sulphide ores are derivatives of magmatic processes in ultramafic and mafic rocks, and that they segregate from these magmas as immiscible sulphide droplets which are then concentrated into an orebody by gravitational settling either during intrusion or extrusion, or during the early stages of crystallization of the magma (Naldrett, 1981). Some geologists however, have suggested alternative mechanisms to explain the concentration of nickeliferous sulphides in the mafic and ultramafic hosts. These include hydrothermal replacement (Fleet, 1977), exhalative volcanic processes (Lusk, 1976), or major metamorphic upgrading of low grade, initially magmatic deposits (Barrett et al., 1977). It is not the purpose of this study to verify or disprove these hypotheses, but in so far as the initial concentration of sulphides in most deposits is concerned, these effects are relatively unimportant (Naldrett, 1981). The nickel sulphide ores associated with these mafic and ultramafic host rocks, invariably consist of nickeliferous pyrrhotite as the dominant phase, together with lesser, but variable, amounts of magnetite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, cubanite, and platinum group elements (Reynolds, 1982).

Recently it has been concluded that the SiO₄ silicate tetrahedra in crystals behave as rigid bodies. This conclusion is based on analyses of the atomic displacement factors of Si and O atoms obtained from single crystal diffraction experiments wherein the amplitudes of atomic vibrations are ascribed to translational, librational and screw-correlated modes of motion for the entire SiO₄ group. If the displacement ellipsoids are considered to represent time averaged quadratic surfaces of equal configurational potential energy about the mean position of an atom, then an analysis of the these displacements should provide detailed information about the SiO₄ group and the crystal. The apparent SiO bond lengths recorded for silicates over a range of temperatures are typically either invariant or exhibit a contraction with increasing temperature. A rigid-body thermal analysis was completed for the tetrahedra in nine silicates whose structures have been determined over a range of temperatures from 15 K to 1250 K and whose tetrahedra seem to behave as rigid units. The coordinates provided by the analysis yield bond lengths and polyhedral volumes corrected for the librational motion of each silicate tetrahedron. The bond lengths and volumes estimated for tetrahedra with four bridging oxygens seem to increase with temperature at a faster rate than those with four nonbridging oxygen atoms. Those for tetrahedra with two or three nonbridging oxygen atoms tend to increase at an intermediate rate. An analysis of the rigid-body motion of coordinated polyhedra yields a simple but accurate expression for correcting bond lengths for thermal vibrations. Observed anisotropic displacement parameters for Si and O atoms indicate that the SiO₄ tetrahedra in quartz behave as rigid bodies. A configurational potential energy curve, constructed from the librational components of the rigid body motion of the tetrahedra, shows a double well for α quartz and a single well for β quartz when plotted as a function of the displacement of the O atom with temperature. The configurational energetics of α and β quartz are examined with a theoretical potential energy function based on parameters obtained from molecular orbital calculations. The calculations indicate that the temperature behavior of a quartz is governed by the energetics of the SiOSi angle, in contrast to β quartz which is governed by the energetics of the SiO bond. The mechanism of the α ⇌ β transition is examined in terms of the experimental and modeled configurational potential energy curves. Evidence for the proposal that π bonding is the driving mechanism for the transition is lacking. Structural and volume compressibility data for α-cristobalite were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods for pressures up to ~1.6 GPa, where cristobalite undergoes a reversible phase transition. The bulk modulus was determined to be 11.5(7) GPa with a pressure derivative of 9(2). The SiOSi angle shows a greater decrease than observed for quartz and coesite while the SiO bond lengths and the OSiO angles remain essentially unchanged. The responses of V/V₀ and SiOSi angle to pressure for the silica polymorphs are compared and it is found that the percentage decrease in the volume is linearly correlated with the percentage decrease in the SiOSi angle, regardless of the framework structure type. A mathematical modeling of the energies of the structural changes that are induced by pressure suggests that the contribution to the total energy ascribed to Si0Si angle bending terms is the same in quartz and cristobalite. / Ph. D.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo contribuir para o conhecimento sobre a gênese da Jazida de Urânio Cachoeira (Lagoa Real, BA), caracterizando piroxênios (com ênfase nos associados à mineralização uranífera e que hospedam inclusões fluidas) e suas inclusões associadas. Em função das análises realizadas, foram descritos, de maneira geral, os passos que devem ser seguidos para obtenção e nterpretação de dados, em inclusões fluidas (IF), na linha D09B XRF Fluorescência de Raios-X do Laboratório Nacional de Luz síncrotron (LNLS), Campinas, SP. As análises dos piroxênios revelaram augita, diopsídio e aegirina-augita, havendo também termos intermediários, por exemplo entre augita e diopsídio. Os piroxênios apresentaram inclusões fluidas bifásicas e trifásicas (que podiam apresentar fase sólida birrefringente), sendo algumas possivelmente primárias. Os piroxênios apresentaram, também, inclusões sólidas. A análise de algumas inclusões sólidas revelou tratarem-se de albita, que provavelmente é anterior ao piroxênio hospedeiro. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os piroxênios estudados estão associados a uma importante fase de metassomatismo cálcico. Tais piroxênios não estariam totalmente associados à precipitação do minério uranífero. No estudo petrográfico das amostras chamou a atenção, a identificação de duas gerações de plagioclásios, uma fortemente alterada e outra menos alterada. A luz síncrotron, utilizada para estudo de IF, é uma poderosa ferramenta de análise. Foi constatado que cuidados na preparação da amostra, como a seleção de IF superficiais, são muito importantes para se obter um bom dado. Devido principalmente a fatores experimentais, somente o vanádio foi detectado em maior quantidade na área que continha as IF (no piroxênio), em relação à área branca, nos estudos com luz síncrotron. A ocorrência de tal elemento é de difícil interpretação. Estudos futuros, envolvendo as inclusões fluidas e sólidas do piroxênio, e de outros minerais, serão importantes para compreender a Jazida Cachoeira. A pesquisa de U em IF, mediante uso da luz síncrotron, será também de grande importância. / This work had as objective to contribute for the knowledge about the genesis of the Cachoeira uranium deposit (Lagoa Real Uranium Province, Bahia State, Brazil), characterizing pyroxenes (with emphasis in those associated with the uranium mineralization and those hosting inclusions) of the deposit and their associated inclusions. In function of the accomplished analyses, steps that should be followed to obtain and interpret data from fluid inclusions (FI), in the D09B XRF X-Ray Fluorescence Beam Line of the National Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Campinas, Brazil, have been described. The analyzed pyroxenes are augites, diopsides and aegirine-augites, and intermediate terms, for example between augite and diopside, were detected. They presented two and three phases fluid inclusions being some, possible, primary ones. The three phases FI could present a birefringent solid phase. The pyroxenes presented, also, solid inclusions. The analysis of some solid inclusions revealed that they were albites. These albites are, probably, previous to the pyroxene host mineral. The obtained results indicated that the studied pyroxenes are associated to an important phase of calcic metasomatism. These pyroxenes are not totally associated to the precipitation of the uranium. In the petrographic study of the samples, two types of plagioclase were identified, one very altered and other less altered. Synchrotron light is a powerful tool for analyze FI. It was verified that care in the preparation of the sample, such as the selection of near-surface FI, are very important to obtain reliable data. In the studies with synchrotron light only the vanadium was detected in larger amount in the area that contained FI (in pyroxene), in relation to the control area, due, mainly, to experimental factors. The presence of this element its not easy to interpret. Additional studies, on solid and fluid inclusion in pyroxene, and in other minerals, will be important to understand the Cachoeira uranium deposit. The research of U in FI, using synchrotron light, will be of great importance as well.

With the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide steadily increasing and little sign of a reduction in fossil fuel demand worldwide, there is a well-established need for an alternative strategy for dealing with carbon emissions from energy production. One possible solution is the accelerated weathering of ultramafic rocks. Accelerated weathering is an environmentally benign route to a thermodynamically and kinetically stable form of carbon. The chemistry is based on naturally occurring reactions and the raw materials are abundant across the earth's surface. However, the reactions are relatively slow, and achieving reaction rates sufficient to match the carbon dioxide production rate at an energy conversion facility is challenging. This work addresses a number of the challenges facing the integration of accelerated weathering with energy conversion, and presents one view of how the integration could be achieved. This work begins by developing a suite of tools necessary for investigating the dissolution and precipitation of minerals. Chapter 2 starts with a description of the minerals that will be evaluated, and then goes on to develop the techniques that will be used. The first is a differential bed reactor, which is used for measuring the dissolution rates of minerals under tightly controlled conditions. Next a bubble column reactor is developed for the investigating the adsorption of carbon dioxide and the precipitation of mineral carbonates in a single vessel. These techniques, together with a batch reactor for studying direct carbonation reactions, constitute a comprehensive set of tools for the investigation of accelerated mineral weathering. With the necessary techniques developed and proven, Chapter 3 addresses the first challenge faced by accelerated mineral weathering; the dissolution rate of magnesium from a silicate mineral. While the dissolution of this mineral is thermodynamically favorable, the kinetics are prohibitively slow. It is thought that this is because silica from the mineral tends to accumulate on the particle surface creating a passivation layer, which limits the reaction rate of the mineral. In this work, the effects of a combination of chemical chelating agents, catechol and oxalate, are evaluated for their ability to circumvent this passivation layer. The results indicate that catechol and oxalate modify the passivation layer as it forms, both accelerating the dissolution rate of the mineral and maintaining pore volume, leading to greater dissolution rates. This pore modification process is proposed as the primary mechanism by which catechol affects the passivation layer. The combination of catechol and oxalate under acidic conditions is also shown be effective when the ambient solution approaches the saturation point of silica. Finally, the chelating does not impede the precipitation of carbonate products, a critical hurdle for a carbon storage process. The chelating agent work is extended in Chapter 4, with a sensitivity study that evaluates the response of the dissolution rate to changes in both pH and the concentration of the chelating agents. Oxalate and pH are found to exhibit a strong influence on the mineral dissolution rate, while the effect of catechol is more apparent after significant dissolution has taken place. These observations are in agreement with the model of passivation layer modification proposed. In addition, some alternatives to the chelating agent catechol are evaluated. It is found that when used in combination with oxalate, these alternatives appeared equivalent to catechol, but alone they had only a minor effect. Catechol was also noted to have a significant effect on the dissolution rate of iron from the silicate mineral, and a mechanism for this effect was proposed. The direct adsorption of carbon dioxide and precipitation of solid carbonates in a single reaction step presents another challenge for accelerated mineral carbonation. In general, the magnesium carbonates formed at ambient pressure and moderate temperatures tend to be hydrated, and at times contain unused hydroxides, leading to inefficiencies in both transport and storage. It is shown in Chapter 5 that by seeding reaction vessels with the anhydrous form of magnesium carbonate, it is possible to grow this desired phase with minimal formation of the metastable hydrated phases. The formation of this phase is primarily limited by the precipitation rate, but in some situations, carbon dioxide hydration kinetics and magnesium hydroxide precipitation kinetics also play a role. In Chapter 6, these developments in both magnesium silicate dissolution and carbonate precipitation are combined into a proposed technology for the direct capture and storage of carbon dioxide. This application of accelerated mineral weathering is shown to significantly reduce the carbon emissions of an energy conversion technology through life cycle assessment. This novel approach to the mitigation of carbon emissions presents a compelling argument for the continued development of accelerated mineral weathering as a combined carbon capture and storage technology.

Rising concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is attributed to increasing consumption of fossil fuels. One of the most effective mechanisms to store CO2 captured from power plants is via geological injection of CO2 into formations that contain calcium and magnesium silicate and alumino-silicate minerals and rocks. The mechanism that ensures permanent storage of CO2 within rocks is mineral carbonation. When CO2 is injected into mineral or rock formations rich in calcium or magnesium silicates, they react with CO2 to form calcium or magnesium carbonates, which is also known as carbon mineralization. Calcium and magnesium carbonates are stable and insoluble in water. However, the kinetics of in-situ mineral carbonation involve CO2 hydration, mineral dissolution and formation of carbonates, and the relative rates of these phenomena when coupled, are not very well understood. In this study, the coupled interactions of CO2-reaction fluid-minerals were investigated to determine the optimal conditions for carbon mineralization, and to identify the chemical and morphological changes in the minerals as they react to form carbonates. Carbon mineralization in various minerals and rocks such as olivine ((Mg,Fe)2SiO4)), labradorite ((Ca, Na)(Al, Si)4O8), anorthosite (mixture of anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8), and basalt (rock comprising various minerals) were studied at high temperatures (Tmax = 185 oC) and high partial pressures of CO2 (PCO2, max = 164 atm) which are relevant for in-situ conditions. These minerals and rocks differ considerably in their chemical compositions and reactivity with CO2. A systematic comparison of the effects of reaction time, temperature, partial pressure of CO2, and fluid composition on the conversion of these magnesium and calcium bearing minerals and rocks showed that olivine was the most reactive mineral followed by labradorite, anorthosite, and basalt, respectively. Previous studies at Albany Research Center (Gerdemann et al., 2007; O'Connor et al., 2004) reported that a solution of 1.0 M NaCl + 0.64 M NaHCO3 was effective in achieving high extents of carbonation in olivine, heat-treated serpentine, and wollastonite. However, the independent effects of NaCl and NaHCO3 and their role in mineral carbonation were not sufficiently explained. In this study, the role of varying concentrations of NaCl and NaHCO3 on carbon mineralization of various minerals was elucidated. NaHCO3 buffered the pH and served as a carbon carrier, resulting in higher carbonate conversions. Except in the case of olivine, NaCl had a negligible effect on enhancing mineral carbonation. Unlike NaHCO3, NaCl does not buffer the pH or serve as a carbon carrier, but Cl- may serve as a weak chelating agent can complex with Mg or Ca in the mineral matrix to enhance dissolution. The competing effects of ionic strength and pH swings as the mineral dissolves and carbonation further complicate the role of NaCl on mineral carbonation. Based on the experimental methodologies developed to study carbon mineralization in minerals and rocks at high temperatures and pressures, alternative applications such as the remediation of hazardous alkaline wastes such as asbestos containing materials were identified. Asbestos is composed of chrysotile, a fibrous hydrated magnesium silicate mineral and a form of serpentine known to cause respiratory illnesses. By treating asbestos containing materials with CO2 in the presence of 0.1 M Na-oxalate, dissolution of chrysotile and precipitation of newer phases such as glushinkite (Mg(C2O4)* 2H2O) and magnesite (MgCO3) occurred, which reduced the chrysotile content in asbestos. Based on the methodologies for studying mineral dissolution and carbonation kinetics, and coupled mineral dissolution and carbonation behavior, a scheme for connecting laboratory scale experiments with simulations to estimate the uncertainties associated with carbon mineralization was developed. The effects of temperature, different dissolution rates, and varying levels of surface area changes due to passivation or reactive cracking on the rates of carbon mineralization were simulated using PhreeqC, a computer program developed for geochemical speciation calculations (Parkhurst & Appelo, 1999). Various studies proposed that microfractures and cracks may occur in geologic formations due to the extensive growth of carbonate crystals (Kelemen & Hirth, 2012; Kelemen & Matter, 2008; Matter & Kelemen, 2009; Rudge et al., 2010). Other studies have suggested that the formation of carbonates may plug the pore spaces and limit further reactivity (Hövelmann et al., 2012; King et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2004). The effects of changes in surface area due to the formation of microfractures or passivation due to carbonate growth on the rates of carbon mineralization were also simulated. Overall the results of these studies demonstrate the effect of various parameters on carbon mineralization and how these parameters can be connected to predict CO2 storage in mineral formations. The frameworks to connect laboratory scale experiments with simulations to determine carbon mineralization rates and to assess the risks associated with CO2 injection in reactive formations, can be used to direct future research efforts to predict the fate of injected CO2 with greater accuracy for sensor placement and optimization of CO2 monitoring technologies.