Neste trabalho, a irradiação por feixe de elétrons foi estudada como uma ferramenta para a reticulação do tecido de pericárdio bovino (PB). A conjugação de quitosana e fibroína de seda no tecido de PB liofilizado também foi objeto de estudo deste trabalho. Para isto, amostras de PB foram liofilizadas e irradiadas em um acelerador de elétrons utilizando-se diferentes doses e taxas de dose. Essas amostras foram analisadas por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análises termogravimétricas (TGA), espectroscopia Raman, teste de intumescimento, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), testes de tração e quanto sua biofuncionalidade. Após as análises foi possível concluir que a irradiação do tecido na ausência de oxigênio favorece a reticulação das fibras de colágeno, enquanto na presença de oxigênio observou-se preferencialmente a cisão das fibras de colágeno. Ambas as amostras apresentaram diminuição de suas propriedades mecânicas. Também pôde-se concluir que a irradiação tanto na ausência quanto na presença de oxigênio produz um novo biomaterial cuja adesão e proliferação de células endoteliais é favorecida ao longo do tecido. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho amostras de PB liofilizadas foram incorporadas em soluções de quitosana, fibroína de seda e suas misturas (1:3, 1:1, 3:1). Depois de modificadas, as amostras foram novamente liofilizadas e submetidas à irradiação. Estas amostras foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia Raman, e avaliadas quanto sua citotoxicidade, biofuncionalidade e potencial de calcificação. Após lavagens das amostras de biomaterial com solução aquosa (NaCl 0,9%), as mesmas não apresentaram toxicidade. O teste de biofuncionalidade mostrou que as amostras de PQSFI (todas as proporções) favoreceram a adesão e crescimento das células endoteliais. Todas as amostras induziram a calcificação, entretanto apresentaram uma relação Ca/P menor do que a da hidroxiapatita. / In this work, electron beam irradiation was studied as a crosslinker of bovine pericardium tissue (BP). The treatment of BP with chitosan and silk fibroin was also the goal of this study. Samples of BP were freeze-dried and irradiated in an electron beam accelerator using different doses and dose rates. Samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, water uptake tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile tests and evaluation as biofunctionality. After analysis, it was concluded that irradiation of the tissue in the absence of oxygen promotes crosslinking of collagen fibers. On the other hand, in the presence of oxygen the chain scission of the collagen fibers was observed, and both samples suffered a decrease in their mechanical properties. It was also concluded that irradiation, both in the absence or presence of oxygen, promotes the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells throughout the tissue. In the second part of this work, lyophilized BP were incorporated into chitosan, silk fibroin solutions and mixtures of chitosan/silk fibroin in the ratio of 1:3, 1:1, 3:1. Then, the samples were again lyophilized and submitted to irradiation. These samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and tested for their cytotoxicity, biofunctionality, and calcification. After washing the biomaterial with aqueous solution (NaCl 0.9%), the samples did not show cytotoxicity. Biofunctionality test showed that PQSFI samples (all proportions) promoted the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells. All samples induced calcification, but they exhibited a Ca/P ratio lower than hydroxyapatite.

A fibroína da seda (SF) é uma proteína fibrosa, com caráter hidrofóbico, produzida pelo bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.), cuja produção e armazenamento ocorre em glândulas especializadas antes do processo de fiação em fibras. Recentemente, soluções de fibroína de seda regenerada (RSF) têm sido utilizadas para formar diferentes materiais tais como géis, membranas, filmes e esponjas, para aplicações médicas (Medicina Regenerativa) e em sistemas de liberação de fármacos. Neste trabalho, procuramos estudar o comportamento da solução RSF 2% com adição de 0,25, 0,5 e 1% de PVA (polímero sintético e hidrofílico) por meio de ensaios de reologia dos géis obtidos (SF:PVA), e caracterização das membranas obtidas por meio da secagem em moldes dos géis. Os ensaios de reologia mostraram uma inversão de módulos, com transição de caráter elástico (G\') para viscoso (G\") para SF1 a 3%, entre 230 e 900% de deformação (\'gama\'); transição de caráter viscoso para elástico para as blendas SF:PVA 0,5 e 1% em ensaio de frequência (\'ômega\'). Com o aumento de temperatura, todas as blendas mantiveram seus comportamentos elástico (SF:PVA 0,25%) e viscoso (SF:PVA 0,5 e 1%) até 49 - 51°C, com transição líquido-gel; o aumento dos módulos G\' e G\"com o resfriamento das amostras ocorreu em todas as blendas. As membranas obtidas das blendas SF:PVA tiveram maior absorção de tampão fosfato salino (PBS) após 5 min de ensaio, no qual a blenda SF:PVA apresentou maiores valores de absorção. A caracterização das membranas por FT-IR ATR e DRX mostrou que ocorreu uma transição de conformação aleatória e hélice \'alfa\' para folha \'beta\', para todas as membranas, indicando que a adição do PVA nas blendas promoveu transições silk I para silk II. Deslocamentos de modo vibracional de 1.637/cm (amida I) para 1.616/cm (amida I) com modo centrado em 1.512/cm (amida II) foram vistos em todas as blendas no FT-IR ATR, e difratogramas apresentaram picos característicos às estruturas silk I (2\'teta\' = 10,12º, 2\'teta\' = 12,2° e 2\'teta\' = 28,2º) e silk II (2\'teta\' = 20 - 21 °1). TGA e DSC mostraram uma interação entre as cadeias de RSF c PVA, pela presença de uma temperatura única ele transição vítrea (Tg) entre RSF e PVA. Imagens AFM das blendas mostraram a presença de estruturas nanofibrilares, em formato de ilhas compactas e ramos, confirmando a transição da fase amorfa de SF 2% para hélice \'alfa\' e folha \'beta\', com a adição do PVA. / Silk fibroin (SF) is a fibrous hydrophobic protein produced by silkworms (Bombyx mori L.), which production and storage occur into specialized glands previously fiber formation. Lately, regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) solutions have been used to produce different materials such as gels, membranes, films and sponges, for medical applications and drug delivery systems. In this study, the RSF with 0.25, 0.5 anel 1% PVA (synthetic and hydrophilic polymer) blends were characterized by rheological tests of the gels (SF:PVA), also membranes produced by casting process were characterized as well. Rheological tests showed moduli inversion with elastic to viscous behavior transition for SF 1 to 3%, between 230 anel 900% of strain (\'gama\'); a transition fram viscous to elastic behavior to SF:PVA 0.5 to 1% blends into frequency sweep tests was observed. With the temperature increment, all blends have kept their viscous anel elastic behavior until 49 - 51°C, and a liquid-gel transition occurred in the SF:PVA 0.5 and 1% blends, as well as all moduli have increased with the cooling stage of the samples. All membranes had the highest buffer absorption after 5 min of test, in which SF:PVA 0.5% blend presented high absorption values. FT-IR spectra and XRD diffractograms showed a transition from random and \'alfa\'-helix to \'beta\'-sheet, for all blends, indicating that PVA addition promotes silk I to silk II transition. Modal shifts were observed from 1.637/cm (amide I) to 1.616/cm (amide I) with a central mode in 1.512/cm (amide II) in all blends in the FT-IR ATR spectra. XRD diffractograms showed characteristic peaks of silk I structures (2\'teta\' = 10,12°, 2\'teta\' = 12,2° e 2\'teta\' = 28,2°) and silk II structures (2\'teta\' = 20 - 21 °1). TGA and DSC studies showed the possibility of interaction between SF and PVA chains by acquirement of mobility at once, at an intermediate temperature between SF anel PVA glass transition (Tg). AFM images exhibited different phases for all membranes, with the presence of nanofibers, wires, rods and branch islands, suggesting the formation of more organized structures, such as and \'alfa\'-helix and \'beta\'-sheet, with PVA addition.

Biomateriais que promovem e auxiliam a regeneração óssea vêm ganhando grande visibilidade em pesquisas na área de engenharia tecidual, em destaque os biocompósitos a partir de cerâmicas e polímeros. Muitos desafios abrangem essa área de pesquisa, sendo o principal, criar um material que mais se assemelha ao osso, não só em sua resistência mecânica, mas também em sua bioatividade e porosidade. Esse projeto tem como foco o desenvolvimento e processamento de blocos de biocompósito formados a partir de hidroxiapatita (HAp) e fibroína de seda (FS). A fibroína de seda, obtida a partir dos casulos do bicho-da-seda, foi lavada em solução de carbonato de sódio com concentração de 5% por 30 minutos. Sua dissolução foi realizada através de solução ternária contendo cloreto de cálcio, etanol e água, na proporção molar de 1:2:8. A HAp foi co-precipitada na FS dissolvida em solução ternária através de solução de fosfato (Na2HPO4) sob agitação constante. Os blocos foram prensados manualmente e avaliou-se sua morfologia, relação Ca/P e absorção de líquido definindo a melhor proporção de %HAp e %FS. Após a determinação da proporção 75%HAp e 25% FS, os blocos foram conformados em prensa hidráulica com pressões fixas de 50 e 100 MPa. As características morfológicas foram avaliadas através de análises de MEV, porosidade, absorção de líquidos, microtomografia computadorizada (?-CT) e medição da área superficial específica (BET). As características químicas e estruturais foram analisadas por EDS, FTIR, TGA e DRX. Além disso, avaliou-se a resistência à compressão, a bioatividade e a citotoxicidade do biocompósito. Os resultados mostram que o biocompósito estudado apresenta características químicas e estruturais próxima ao osso trabecular, resistência à compressão entre 2 e 10 MPa e porosidade entre 30% e 70%, é biocompatível e possui capacidade de formação de apatita. O biomaterial em estudo apresenta-se como uma boa perspectiva na área de engenharia tecidual óssea. / Biomaterials that promote and aid bone regeneration have gained great visibility in tissue engineering research, with emphasis on biocomposites from ceramics and polymers. Many challenges cover this area, the main is being to create a material similar to bone, not only in its mechanical strength but also in its bioactivity and porosity. This project focuses on the development and processing of biocomposite blocks formed by hydroxyapatite (HAp) and silk fibroin (SF). The silk fibroin, obtained from the cocoons of the silkworm, was washed in 5% sodium carbonate solution for 30 minutes. Its dissolution was carried out through a ternary solution containing calcium chloride, ethanol and water, in a molar ratio of 1: 2: 8. The HAp was co-precipitated in SF dissolved in ternary solution through phosphate solution (Na2HPO4) under constant stirring. The blocks were manually pressed and their morphology, Ca/P ratio and liquid absorption were evaluated to determine the best HAp/FS ratio. After defined the best ratio, 75%HAp and 25% FS, blocks were formed in a hydraulic press with fixed pressures (50 and 100 MPa). The morphological characteristics were evaluated by SEM, Porosity, Liquid Absorption, Computerized Microtomography (?-CT) and specific surface area (BET). The chemical and structural characteristics were analyzed by EDS, FTIR, TGA and XRD. In addition, the compressive strength, bioactivity and cytotoxicity of the composite were evaluated. The results show a biocomposite with chemical and structural characteristics close to the trabecular bone, mechanical resistance between 2 and 10 MPa and porosity between 30% and 70%, it is biocompatible and with apatite formation capacity. The biomaterial studied presents a good perspective in the field of bone tissue engineering.

Neste trabalho, a irradiação por feixe de elétrons foi estudada como uma ferramenta para a reticulação do tecido de pericárdio bovino (PB). A conjugação de quitosana e fibroína de seda no tecido de PB liofilizado também foi objeto de estudo deste trabalho. Para isto, amostras de PB foram liofilizadas e irradiadas em um acelerador de elétrons utilizando-se diferentes doses e taxas de dose. Essas amostras foram analisadas por calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC), análises termogravimétricas (TGA), espectroscopia Raman, teste de intumescimento, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), testes de tração e quanto sua biofuncionalidade. Após as análises foi possível concluir que a irradiação do tecido na ausência de oxigênio favorece a reticulação das fibras de colágeno, enquanto na presença de oxigênio observou-se preferencialmente a cisão das fibras de colágeno. Ambas as amostras apresentaram diminuição de suas propriedades mecânicas. Também pôde-se concluir que a irradiação tanto na ausência quanto na presença de oxigênio produz um novo biomaterial cuja adesão e proliferação de células endoteliais é favorecida ao longo do tecido. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho amostras de PB liofilizadas foram incorporadas em soluções de quitosana, fibroína de seda e suas misturas (1:3, 1:1, 3:1). Depois de modificadas, as amostras foram novamente liofilizadas e submetidas à irradiação. Estas amostras foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia Raman, e avaliadas quanto sua citotoxicidade, biofuncionalidade e potencial de calcificação. Após lavagens das amostras de biomaterial com solução aquosa (NaCl 0,9%), as mesmas não apresentaram toxicidade. O teste de biofuncionalidade mostrou que as amostras de PQSFI (todas as proporções) favoreceram a adesão e crescimento das células endoteliais. Todas as amostras induziram a calcificação, entretanto apresentaram uma relação Ca/P menor do que a da hidroxiapatita. / In this work, electron beam irradiation was studied as a crosslinker of bovine pericardium tissue (BP). The treatment of BP with chitosan and silk fibroin was also the goal of this study. Samples of BP were freeze-dried and irradiated in an electron beam accelerator using different doses and dose rates. Samples were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, water uptake tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile tests and evaluation as biofunctionality. After analysis, it was concluded that irradiation of the tissue in the absence of oxygen promotes crosslinking of collagen fibers. On the other hand, in the presence of oxygen the chain scission of the collagen fibers was observed, and both samples suffered a decrease in their mechanical properties. It was also concluded that irradiation, both in the absence or presence of oxygen, promotes the adhesion and proliferation of endothelial cells throughout the tissue. In the second part of this work, lyophilized BP were incorporated into chitosan, silk fibroin solutions and mixtures of chitosan/silk fibroin in the ratio of 1:3, 1:1, 3:1. Then, the samples were again lyophilized and submitted to irradiation. These samples were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, and tested for their cytotoxicity, biofunctionality, and calcification. After washing the biomaterial with aqueous solution (NaCl 0.9%), the samples did not show cytotoxicity. Biofunctionality test showed that PQSFI samples (all proportions) promoted the adhesion and growth of endothelial cells. All samples induced calcification, but they exhibited a Ca/P ratio lower than hydroxyapatite.

Blendas poliméricas de biopolímeros, além de apresentarem uma melhora das propriedades do material, ainda possuem as vantagens de serem biocompatíveis, biodegradáveis e apresentar baixa toxicicidade, como no caso de blendas de alginato de sódio e fibroína de seda. Membranas confeccionadas a partir desta mistura apresentam grande potencial no desenvolvimento de curativos de alto desempenho, proporcionando condições ótimas de cicatrização. Entretanto, o processo de mistura destes biopolímeros é bastante complexo e resulta na separação de fases, processo que ainda não foi muito explorado. Este trabalho buscou explorar experimentalmente o comportamento do equilíbrio de fases dos sistemas aquosos contendo fibroína de seda e alginato de sódio em diversos valores de pH. Soluções aquosas de fibroína foram previamente preparadas por meio de processo de diálise, e soluções de alginato, por meio de dissolução direta em água. Ambas as soluções eram misturadas em concentrações em que se desejava avaliar o comportamento de fases. Após a separação de fases, a fase líquida sobrenadante era coletada, a fibroína quantificada via espectrofotometria e o alginato, via calcinação. Observou-se que a região monofásica do diagrama de fases é pequena, e a separação de uma segunda fase ocorre em concentrações baixas dos dois biopolímeros. A separação de fases pôde ser descrita como a precipitação da fibroína pela adição de alginato, e a solubilidade da fibroína pôde ser descrita por meio da equação de Cohn. As curvas de solubilidade obtidas não apresentaram diferenças significativas em função do pH. Medidas do potencial Zeta de soluções de alginato e fibroína em diversas faixas de pH não mostraram diferenças significativas quanto à carga superficial das moléculas, o que é compatível com a ausência de influência do pH no equilíbrio de fases. / Polymer blends formed by biopolymers may show an improvement of material properties (compared to the pure biopolymers), and present advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. An interesting biopolymer blend is that formed by sodium alginate and silk fibroin. Membranes prepared with this mixture show great potential in the development of high-performance wound dressing, since it provides optimum healing conditions. However, the mixing process of these two biopolymers is complex and has not been extensively explored. In this work the phase equilibrium behavior of aqueous systems containing silk fibroin and sodium alginate was experimentally studied at different pH values. Fibroin aqueous solutions were previously prepared through dialysis, and alginate solutions were prepared by direct dissolution in water. Both solutions were mixed at the concentration range in which the phase behavior of the system was to be assessed. After phase separation, the supernatant liquid phase was separated, the fibroin was quantified through spectrophotometry. and the alginate was quantified through calcination. The single-phase region of the phase diagram is small, and the separation of a second phase occurs at low concentrations of both biopolymers. The phase separation could be described as the precipitation of fibroin due to the addition of alginate, and the solubility of fibroin was described by the Cohn equation. The solubility was not significantly affected by the pH. The Zeta potential of either alginate or fibroin, measured in solutions of different pH values, did not present any significant difference concerning the surface charges of these macromolecules. This finding agrees with the absence of pH influence upon the phase equilibrium.

Blendas poliméricas de biopolímeros, além de apresentarem uma melhora das propriedades do material, ainda possuem as vantagens de serem biocompatíveis, biodegradáveis e apresentar baixa toxicicidade, como no caso de blendas de alginato de sódio e fibroína de seda. Membranas confeccionadas a partir desta mistura apresentam grande potencial no desenvolvimento de curativos de alto desempenho, proporcionando condições ótimas de cicatrização. Entretanto, o processo de mistura destes biopolímeros é bastante complexo e resulta na separação de fases, processo que ainda não foi muito explorado. Este trabalho buscou explorar experimentalmente o comportamento do equilíbrio de fases dos sistemas aquosos contendo fibroína de seda e alginato de sódio em diversos valores de pH. Soluções aquosas de fibroína foram previamente preparadas por meio de processo de diálise, e soluções de alginato, por meio de dissolução direta em água. Ambas as soluções eram misturadas em concentrações em que se desejava avaliar o comportamento de fases. Após a separação de fases, a fase líquida sobrenadante era coletada, a fibroína quantificada via espectrofotometria e o alginato, via calcinação. Observou-se que a região monofásica do diagrama de fases é pequena, e a separação de uma segunda fase ocorre em concentrações baixas dos dois biopolímeros. A separação de fases pôde ser descrita como a precipitação da fibroína pela adição de alginato, e a solubilidade da fibroína pôde ser descrita por meio da equação de Cohn. As curvas de solubilidade obtidas não apresentaram diferenças significativas em função do pH. Medidas do potencial Zeta de soluções de alginato e fibroína em diversas faixas de pH não mostraram diferenças significativas quanto à carga superficial das moléculas, o que é compatível com a ausência de influência do pH no equilíbrio de fases. / Polymer blends formed by biopolymers may show an improvement of material properties (compared to the pure biopolymers), and present advantages such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and low toxicity. An interesting biopolymer blend is that formed by sodium alginate and silk fibroin. Membranes prepared with this mixture show great potential in the development of high-performance wound dressing, since it provides optimum healing conditions. However, the mixing process of these two biopolymers is complex and has not been extensively explored. In this work the phase equilibrium behavior of aqueous systems containing silk fibroin and sodium alginate was experimentally studied at different pH values. Fibroin aqueous solutions were previously prepared through dialysis, and alginate solutions were prepared by direct dissolution in water. Both solutions were mixed at the concentration range in which the phase behavior of the system was to be assessed. After phase separation, the supernatant liquid phase was separated, the fibroin was quantified through spectrophotometry. and the alginate was quantified through calcination. The single-phase region of the phase diagram is small, and the separation of a second phase occurs at low concentrations of both biopolymers. The phase separation could be described as the precipitation of fibroin due to the addition of alginate, and the solubility of fibroin was described by the Cohn equation. The solubility was not significantly affected by the pH. The Zeta potential of either alginate or fibroin, measured in solutions of different pH values, did not present any significant difference concerning the surface charges of these macromolecules. This finding agrees with the absence of pH influence upon the phase equilibrium.

The limited reparative capacity of the skin and the inadequacy of conventional treatments have necessitated the development of tissue engineered skin substitutes. Several substitutes, including Integra Dermal Regeneration Template, are finding increasingly widespread application in the treatment of acute and chronic wounds. To date, these substitutes are unable to fully recreate the functionality and aesthetics of skin prior to injury. This thesis applied an integrated approach combining solution preparation, material fabrication control and biological testing to investigate electrospun silk fibroin (SF) nano-microfibrous scaffolds as potential biomimetic skin substitutes. Further to this, the improvement of the existing Integra scaffold through the incorporation of hyaluronan (HA) was assessed. Through rheological analysis of regenerated SF solutions under shear and extensional deformation a concentration regime transition at 20 wt% SF was identified. Solutions with relaxation times under 0.001 seconds were found to be unsuitable for electrospinning. The incorporation of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was found to significantly increase solution relaxation times and extensional viscosity, making them much more suitable for electrospinning. Solution viscoelastic properties were shown to directly influence electrospun fibre morphology, with increases in viscosity resulting in increases in fibre diameter under stable spinning conditions. The effects of electrospinning parameters on electrospun fibre morphologies were investigated using SF-PEO blended solutions. Increased electrical field, spinneret height and decreased flow rate were found to decrease fibre diameter. In vitro assessment of the attachment, spreading, proliferation, viability and gene expression of primary human dermal fibroblasts (PHDFs) and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) was conducted. Both PHDFs and BM-MSCs attached and proliferated with greater rapidity on fibres of the smallest diameters (~250-300 nm) with proliferation decreasing as fibre size increased until fibre diameters reached ~1200 nm. Cells were observed to be spread, with multiple attachments between fibres in scaffolds composed of ~250-300 nm diameter fibres. Cells aligned themselves to single fibres in scaffolds composed of fibres greater than 1 micrometre. HA supplementation to Integra resulted in increased proliferation, viability and migration of PHDFs. In ex vivo cutaneous wound healing models, the invasion of Integra was enhanced when scaffolds were supplemented with HA, with increased matrix deposition observed. Optimal supplementation concentrations for in vitro and ex vivo increases in cell proliferation and migration were at 1.5 – 2 mg ml-1 HA. SF electrospun scaffolds facilitated epithelial migration in ex vivo artificial wounds, with the migratory epidermis more closely resembling the structures observed in vivo. Additional preliminary investigations into the efficacy of a paste-form of Integra, Integra Flowable Wound Matrix (IFWM) were performed ex vivo, with cell invasion comparable to the conventional scaffold format. The potential for the incorporation of viable PHDFs and BM-MSCs was also investigated and keratinocyte migration was enhanced in these scaffolds. The results in this thesis provide valuable optimisation information on the development of SF electrospun scaffolds for skin engineering. Additionally, the supplementation of Integra with HA may provide a simple and effective way to enhance the performance of the scaffold in vivo.

A fibroína da seda (SF) é uma proteína fibrosa, com caráter hidrofóbico, produzida pelo bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.), cuja produção e armazenamento ocorre em glândulas especializadas antes do processo de fiação em fibras. Recentemente, soluções de fibroína de seda regenerada (RSF) têm sido utilizadas para formar diferentes materiais tais como géis, membranas, filmes e esponjas, para aplicações médicas (Medicina Regenerativa) e em sistemas de liberação de fármacos. Neste trabalho, procuramos estudar o comportamento da solução RSF 2% com adição de 0,25, 0,5 e 1% de PVA (polímero sintético e hidrofílico) por meio de ensaios de reologia dos géis obtidos (SF:PVA), e caracterização das membranas obtidas por meio da secagem em moldes dos géis. Os ensaios de reologia mostraram uma inversão de módulos, com transição de caráter elástico (G\') para viscoso (G\") para SF1 a 3%, entre 230 e 900% de deformação (\'gama\'); transição de caráter viscoso para elástico para as blendas SF:PVA 0,5 e 1% em ensaio de frequência (\'ômega\'). Com o aumento de temperatura, todas as blendas mantiveram seus comportamentos elástico (SF:PVA 0,25%) e viscoso (SF:PVA 0,5 e 1%) até 49 - 51°C, com transição líquido-gel; o aumento dos módulos G\' e G\"com o resfriamento das amostras ocorreu em todas as blendas. As membranas obtidas das blendas SF:PVA tiveram maior absorção de tampão fosfato salino (PBS) após 5 min de ensaio, no qual a blenda SF:PVA apresentou maiores valores de absorção. A caracterização das membranas por FT-IR ATR e DRX mostrou que ocorreu uma transição de conformação aleatória e hélice \'alfa\' para folha \'beta\', para todas as membranas, indicando que a adição do PVA nas blendas promoveu transições silk I para silk II. Deslocamentos de modo vibracional de 1.637/cm (amida I) para 1.616/cm (amida I) com modo centrado em 1.512/cm (amida II) foram vistos em todas as blendas no FT-IR ATR, e difratogramas apresentaram picos característicos às estruturas silk I (2\'teta\' = 10,12º, 2\'teta\' = 12,2° e 2\'teta\' = 28,2º) e silk II (2\'teta\' = 20 - 21 °1). TGA e DSC mostraram uma interação entre as cadeias de RSF c PVA, pela presença de uma temperatura única ele transição vítrea (Tg) entre RSF e PVA. Imagens AFM das blendas mostraram a presença de estruturas nanofibrilares, em formato de ilhas compactas e ramos, confirmando a transição da fase amorfa de SF 2% para hélice \'alfa\' e folha \'beta\', com a adição do PVA. / Silk fibroin (SF) is a fibrous hydrophobic protein produced by silkworms (Bombyx mori L.), which production and storage occur into specialized glands previously fiber formation. Lately, regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) solutions have been used to produce different materials such as gels, membranes, films and sponges, for medical applications and drug delivery systems. In this study, the RSF with 0.25, 0.5 anel 1% PVA (synthetic and hydrophilic polymer) blends were characterized by rheological tests of the gels (SF:PVA), also membranes produced by casting process were characterized as well. Rheological tests showed moduli inversion with elastic to viscous behavior transition for SF 1 to 3%, between 230 anel 900% of strain (\'gama\'); a transition fram viscous to elastic behavior to SF:PVA 0.5 to 1% blends into frequency sweep tests was observed. With the temperature increment, all blends have kept their viscous anel elastic behavior until 49 - 51°C, and a liquid-gel transition occurred in the SF:PVA 0.5 and 1% blends, as well as all moduli have increased with the cooling stage of the samples. All membranes had the highest buffer absorption after 5 min of test, in which SF:PVA 0.5% blend presented high absorption values. FT-IR spectra and XRD diffractograms showed a transition from random and \'alfa\'-helix to \'beta\'-sheet, for all blends, indicating that PVA addition promotes silk I to silk II transition. Modal shifts were observed from 1.637/cm (amide I) to 1.616/cm (amide I) with a central mode in 1.512/cm (amide II) in all blends in the FT-IR ATR spectra. XRD diffractograms showed characteristic peaks of silk I structures (2\'teta\' = 10,12°, 2\'teta\' = 12,2° e 2\'teta\' = 28,2°) and silk II structures (2\'teta\' = 20 - 21 °1). TGA and DSC studies showed the possibility of interaction between SF and PVA chains by acquirement of mobility at once, at an intermediate temperature between SF anel PVA glass transition (Tg). AFM images exhibited different phases for all membranes, with the presence of nanofibers, wires, rods and branch islands, suggesting the formation of more organized structures, such as and \'alfa\'-helix and \'beta\'-sheet, with PVA addition.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A variety of polymers of synthetic origins (e.g., poly(ethylene glycol) or PEG) and naturally derived macromolecules (e.g., silk fibroin or gelatin) have been explored as the backbone materials for hydrogel crosslinking. Purely synthetic hydrogels are usually inert, covalently crosslinked, and have limited degradability unless degradable macromers are synthesized and incorporated into the hydrogel network. Conversely, naturally derived macromers often contain bioactive motifs that can provide biomimicry to the resulting hydrogels. However, hydrogels fabricated from a single macromer often have limitations inherent to the macromer itself. For example, to obtain high modulus PEG-based hydrogels requires an increase in macromer and crosslinker content. This is associated with an increase in radical concentration during polymerization which may cause death of encapsulated cells. Pure gelatin (G) hydrogels have weak mechanical properties and gelatin undergoes thermo-reversible physical gelation. Covalent crosslinking is usually necessary to produce stable gelatin hydrogels, particularly at physiological temperatures. The limitations of these hydrogels may be circumvented by combining them with another macromer (e.g., silk fibroin) to form hybrid hydrogels. Silk fibroin (SF) from Bombyx mori silkworms offers high mechanical strength, slow enzymatic degradability, and can easily form physical hydrogels. The first objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of sonication and the presence of synthetic polymer (e.g., poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate or PEGDA) or natural macromer (e.g., gelatin) on SF physical gelation kinetics. SF physical gelation was assessed qualitatively via tilt tests. Gelation of pure SF solutions was compared to mixtures of SF and PEGDA or G, both with or without sonication of SF prior to mixing. The effect of gelatin on SF gelation was also evaluated quantitatively via real time in situ rheometry. Sonication accelerated gelation of SF from days to hours or minutes depending on SF concentration and sonication intensity. Both PEGDA and G were shown to accelerate SF physical gelation when added to SF and sonicated SF (SSF) solutions. The second objective was to develop a simple strategy to modulate covalently crosslinked PEG-based hydrogel properties by physically entrapping silk fibroin. The physical entrapment of silk fibroin provides an alternative method to increase gel storage modulus (G’) without the cytotoxic effect of increasing macromer and crosslinker concentration, or altering degradation kinetics by increasing co-monomer concentration. The effect of SF entrapment on gel physical and mechanical properties, as well as hydrolytic degradation and chemical gelation kinetics were characterized. SF physical crosslinking within the PEG-based network was shown to increase gel storage moduli by two days after gel fabrication. There was no change hydrolytic degradation rate associated with the increased moduli. SF entrapment did not affect gelation efficiency, but did alter gel physical properties. The third objective of this thesis was to develop a silk-gelatin in situ forming hybrid hydrogel for affinity-based growth factor sequestration and release and in vitro cell culture. SF provides mechanical strength and stability, whereas G contains bioactive motifs that can provide biomimicry to the gel network. Hydrogel G’ and its dependency on temperature, SF processing conditions, and secondary in situ chemical crosslinking (i.e., genipin crosslinking) were studied. Gelatin can be conjugated with heparin, a glycosaminoglycan, to impart growth factor (GF) binding affinity. Growth factor sequestration and release were evaluated in a pair of designed experiments. The hybrid gels were evaluated as substrates for human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation.