En aéronautique civile, les systèmes électriques qui composent l'avion sont de plus en plus nombreux, de par l'accroissement des fonctionnalités, des besoins des usagers (confort), mais aussi par le besoin d'améliorer les performances des actionneurs électromécaniques et hydrauliques, voire de les remplacer par du tout électrique. Ainsi, les systèmes d'électroniques de puissance sont les premiers dispositifs électriques que voient les actionneurs. Ces dispositifs sont interfacés avec les interfaces de pilotage par des systèmes de contrôles-commandes.<br />Les normes aéronautiques imposent que tous les dispositifs utilisés dans un avion répondent à des contraintes sévères quant à leur fiabilité et leur sécurité de fonctionnement. Dans le cas précis des convertisseurs statiques qui pilotent les actionneurs, on est confronté aux normes de fonctionnement des réseaux électriques, aux normes C.E.M., aux normes environnementales (au sens du contexte du dispositif), et aux normes liés aux systèmes de contrôle.<br />Le marché de l'aéronautique, bien que très spécifique, est très concurrentiel au niveau mondial. Les multiples objectifs de matériels très performants, très fiables, très sûrs, mais les moins chers possibles sont donc de véritables problématiques.<br />Dans le cadre des convertisseurs statiques, un moyen pour réduire les coûts est l'utilisation de DSP (Digital Signal Processors) pour maximiser l'intégration de la commande et pour réduire les coûts, mais ce composant n'est pas conçu pour le milieu aéronautique.<br />L'ensemble de cette étude porte sur la conception d'un nouveau type de radar marqué par plusieurs ruptures technologiques. Le prototype réalisé comporte un convertisseur statique piloté par un DSP, mais ayant des fonctionnalités qui vont largement au-delà du convertisseur basique d'électronique de puissance. L'aspect « système » est largement pris en compte. Le convertisseur mis en oeuvre est un dispositif autonome de pilotage de moteurs.

Le travail décrit dans cette thèse fait partie d'un effort de recherche au laboratoire VERIMAG pour créer une chaîne d'outils basée sur modèles (model-based) pour la conception et l'implantation des systèmes embarquées. Nous utilisons une approche en trois couches, qui séparent le niveau d'application du niveau implantation/architecture. L'application est décrite dans un langage de haut niveau qui est indépendante des détails d'implantation. L'application est ensuite transférée à l'architecture d'exécution en utilisant des techniques spécifiques pour que les propriétés demandées soient bien préservées.<br />Dans cette thèse, l'application est décrite en Simulink/Stateflow, un langage de modélisation très répandu dans le milieu de l'industrie, comme celui de l'automobile. Au niveau de l'architecture, nous considérons des implantation sur une plate-forme "mono-processeur" et "multi-tâches". Multi-tâches signifie que l'application est répartie en un nombre des tâches qui sont ordonnées par un système d'exploitation temps-réel (RTOS) en fonction d'une politique d'ordonnancement préemptive comme par exemple la priorité statique (static-priority SP) ou la date-limite la plus proche en priorité (earliest deadline first EDF).<br />Entre ces deux couches, on rajoute une couche de représentation intermédiaire basée sur le langage de programmation synchrone Lustre, développé à VERIMAG durant les 25 dernières années. Cette représentation intermédiaire permet de profiter des nombreux outils également développés à VERIMAG tels que des simulateurs, des générateurs de tests, des outils de vérification et des générateurs de code.<br />Dans la première partie de cette thèse, on étudie comment réaliser une traduction automatique de modèle Simulink/Stateflow en modèles Lustre. Coté Simulink, le problème est relativement simple mais nécessite néanmoins l'utilisation d'algorithmes sophistiqués pour inférer correctement les informations de temps et de types (de signaux) avant de générer les variables correspondantes dans le programme Lustre. La traduction de Stateflow est plus difficile à cause d'un certain nombre de raisons ; d'abord Stateflow présent un certain nombre de comportements "non-sûr" tels que la non-terminaison d'un cycle synchrone ou des sémantiques qui dépendent de la disposition graphique des composants sur un modèle. De plus Stateflow est un langage impératif, tandis que Lustre un langage de flots de données. Pour le premier problème nous proposons un ensemble de conditions vérifiables statiquement servant à définir un sous-ensemble "sûr" de Stateflow. Pour le deuxième type de problèmes nous proposons un ensemble de techniques pour encoder des automates et du code séquentiel en équations de flots de données.<br />Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, on étudie le problème de l'implantation de programmes synchrones dans l'architecture mono-processeur et multi-tâche décrite plus haut. Ici, l'aspect le plus important est comment implanter les communications entre tâches de manière à ce que la sémantique synchrone du système soit préservée. Des implantations standards, utilisant des buffers de taille un, protégés par des sémaphores pour assurer l'atomicité, ou d'autres protocoles "lock-free" proposés dans la littérature ne préservent pas la sémantique synchrone. Nous proposons un nouveau schéma de buffers, qui préserve la sémantique synchrone tout en étant également "lock-free". Nous montrons de plus que ce schéma est optimal en terme d'utilisation des buffers.

<p>The purpose of this master thesis is to improve the quality of software testing in a large company developing real-time embedded systems. Software testing is a very important part of software development. By performing comprehensive software testing the quality and validity of a software system can be assured. One of the main issues with software testing is to be sure that the tests are correct. Knowing what to test, but also how to perform testing, is of utmost importance.</p><p>In this thesis, we explore different ways to increase the quality of real-time testing by introducing new techniques in several stages of the software development model. Four complementary methods are suggested. The proposed methods are validated by implementing them in an existing and completed project on a subset of the software development process. The original output from the completed project is compared with the new output.</p><p>The presented results from the validation are positive in the sense that it is shown that the test stage was more qualitative, mostly due to a higher level of quality on input from earlier stages.</p>

<p>DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) is the radio digital system developed as an european standard by the ETSI, EN 300 400, based on the Eureka-147 group works, to improve the performance of the analogue radio systems (AM and FM). The system is based on the OFDM technology which allows DAB to exploit the spectrum frequencies in a better way with a higher quality of sound for mobile receivers specially. The main part of the OFDM system is based on the FFT algorithms to spread the data flow over different orthogonal carriers. The simulation has been developed in Simulink^TMand Matlab^TMand the layout designed follows faithfully the standard for the transmission system. The simulation can be reloaded by the user with the information presented in this thesis. Thus, this work can be continued to complete the DAB whole system simulation. The results obtained running this simulation show the main DAB system characteristics.</p>

We present studies on squeeze film effects in dynamic MEMS devices with a special emphasis on the development of compact analytical models. First, the efficacy of lumped parameter modelling of dynamic MEMS devices is illustrated in MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment using a MEMS gyroscope and a MEMS microphone as examples. This is followed by a comparative study of equivalent electrical circuit models for a MEMS microphone wherein the importance of accurate extraction of lumped mass, stiffness and damping is brought into focus. In this context, a need for an in depth study of squeeze film behaviour in MEMS structures is highlighted and a strong motivation is drawn for the development of compact squeeze film models. A 2D analytical model for estimating squeeze film damping and spring force in perforated MEMS structures is presented. The governing equations based on isothermal compressible Reynolds equation are derived by considering an approximate circular pressure cell around a hole which is representative of the spatially invariant pressure pattern over the interior of the flow domain. The advantages and limitations of the solution are discussed with relevance to MEMS structures. Next, a comprehensive analytical model for 3D MEMS structures that includes effects of compressibility, inertia, and rarefaction in the flow between two parallel plates forming the squeeze region as well as the flow through perforations is developed. A modified Reynolds equation that includes the unsteady inertial term is derived from the Navier-Stokes equation to model the flow in the circular cell and the losses through the holes are modelled using Poiseuille flow. Rarefaction effects in the flow through the air-gap as well as the holes are accounted for by considering the slip boundary conditions. The analytical results are compared with extensive numerical simulations carried out using full 3-D Navier-Stokes equation solver in a commercial simulation package (ANSYS-CFX). We show that the analytical solution performs very well in tracking the net force up to the first resonant frequency of the entrapped air.

This thesis presents a distributed power-management architecture for concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems. Specifically, the Δ-conversion scheme with voltage equalization is analyzed and verified for the CPV system from Morgan Solar, Inc. This architecture uses inverting buck-boost converters, denoted Δ-converters, which equalize the voltages of neighbouring CPV cells in a series-connected string of cells and improve the systems tolerance to parameter variations. The power benefits of Δ-conversion and the Δ-converter current distributions are investigated using statistical simulations. The effectiveness of Δ-conversion in the presence of randomly distributed mismatches is demonstrated, and current cascading is identified as the main design challenge. The Δ-converter is modelled and compensated using Middlebrook's Extra Element Theorem. Analysis of measured data from a six-cell CPV system demonstrate the benefits of Δ-conversion under realistic scenarios. Experimental results from prototype systems show up to 31% power benefits in the presence of mismatches.

DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) is the radio digital system developed as an european standard by the ETSI, EN 300 400, based on the Eureka-147 group works, to improve the performance of the analogue radio systems (AM and FM). The system is based on the OFDM technology which allows DAB to exploit the spectrum frequencies in a better way with a higher quality of sound for mobile receivers specially. The main part of the OFDM system is based on the FFT algorithms to spread the data flow over different orthogonal carriers. The simulation has been developed in Simulink&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;and Matlab&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;and the layout designed follows faithfully the standard for the transmission system. The simulation can be reloaded by the user with the information presented in this thesis. Thus, this work can be continued to complete the DAB whole system simulation. The results obtained running this simulation show the main DAB system characteristics.

In this thesis, a simulation package for the Six Degrees of Freedom (6DOF) motion of an underwater vehicle is developed. Mathematical modeling of an underwater vehicle is done and the parameters needed to write such a simulation package are obtained from an existing underwater vehicle available in the literature. Basic equations of motion are developed to simulate the motion of the underwater vehicle and the parameters needed for the hydrodynamic modeling of the vehicle is obtained from the available literature. 6DOF simulation package prepared for the underwater vehicle was developed using the MATLAB environment. S-function hierarchy is developed using the same platform with C++ programming language. With the usage of S-functions the problems related to the speed of the platform have been eliminated. The use of Sfunction hierarchy brought out the opportunity of running the simulation package on other independent platforms and get results for the simulation.

In this thesis, I have studied CMOS dendrites, implemented them on a reconfigurable analog platform and modeled them using MATLAB Simulink. The dendrite model was further used to build a computational model. I implemented a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) classifier to build a simple YES/NO wordspotter. I also discussed the inter-relation between neural systems, CMOS transistors and HMM networks. The physical principles behind the operation of silicon devices and biological structures are similar. Hence silicon devices can be used to emulate biological structures like dendrites. Dendrites are a branched, conductive medium which connect a neurons synapses to its soma. Dendrites were previously believed to be like wires in neural networks. However, recent research suggests that they have computational power. We can emulate dendrites using transistors in the Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA). Our lab has built the Reconfigurable Analog Signal Processor (RASP) family of FPAAs which was used for the experiments. I analytically compared the mathematical model of dendrites to our model in silicon. The mathematical model based on the device physics of the silicon devices was then used to simulate dendrites in Simulink. An automated tool, sim2spice was then used to convert the Simulink model into a SPICE netlist, such that it can be implemented on a FPAA. This is an easier tool to use for DSP and Neuromorphic engineers who's primary areas of expertise isn't circuit design.

Design and analysis of polysilicon and single crystal silicon gyroscopes have been carried out. Variations in suspension design have been explored. Designs that utilize in-plane and out-of-plane sensing are studied. Damping plays an important role in determining the sense response. Reduction in damping directly affects sensor performance. The various damping mechanisms that are prevalent in gyroscopes are studied. Perforations on the proof mass are observed to significantly reduce the damping in the device when operated in air. The effects of perforation geometry and density have been analyzed. The analysis results show that there is a two orders of magnitude reduction in damping of thick gyroscope structures with optimized perforation design. Equivalent circuit lumped parameter models have been developed to analyze gyroscope performance. The simulation results of these models have been compared with results obtained from SABER, a MEMS specific system level design tool from Coventor-ware. The lumped parameter models are observed to produce faster simulation results with an accuracy comparable to that of Coventorware Three gyroscopes specific to the PolyMUMPS fabrication process have been designed and their performance analyzed. Two of the designs sense motion out-of-plane and the other senses motion in-plane. Results of the simulation show that for a given damping, the gyro design with in-plane modes gives a resolution of 4◦/s. The out-of-plane gyroscopes have two variations in suspension. The hammock suspension resolves a rate of 25◦/s in a 200 Hz bandwidth while the design with folded beam suspension resolves a rate of 2◦/s in a 12 Hz bandwidth. A single crystal silicon in-plane gyroscope has been designed with vertical electrodes to sense Coriolis motion. This design gives an order of magnitude higher capacitance change for a given rotation in comparison to conventional comb-finger design. The effects of process induced residual stress on the characteristic frequencies of the polysilicon gyroscopes are also studied. The in-plane gyroscope is found to be robust to stress variations. Analysis results indicate that the tuning fork gyroscope with the hammock suspension is the most susceptible to compressive residual stress, with a significant drop in sensitivity at high stress values.