Orientador: Prof. Walter Menon / Dissertaçao (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Paraná, Setor de Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia. Defesa: Curitiba, 02/08/2017 / Inclui referências : f. 128-131 / Resumo: Analisamos neste trabalho a nova abordagem que Peter Singer faz de temas éticos, com ênfase na ética prática, a partir da crítica que este filósofo faz ao que ele chama de "ética da sacralidade da vida". A expressão quer nominar uma maneira de pensar a ética, a qual se fundamenta em uma concepção de valor incondicionado da vida humana, concepção esta, por sua vez, oriunda das raízes judaico-cristãs de nossa civilização, e baseada na noção de "especismo", conceito-chave para se entender o pensamento do autor. Este conceito é analisado e criticado, de forma a possibilitar uma compreensão da posição de Singer em rediscutir a matriz antropocêntrica da ética, criando condições para, por um lado, incluir os animais não-humanos no âmbito das preocupações éticas e, por outro, extrair as consequências para a elaboração de novos referenciais para tratar temas éticos, tanto os tratados no âmbito da bioética, como extrapolando essa área. Palavras-chave: Ética Prática, bioética, utilitarismo, especismo, sacralidade da vida, eutanásia, aborto, suicídio. / Abstract: We analyze in this work the new approach that Peter Singer makes of ethical themes, with an emphasis on practical ethics, from the criticism that this philosopher makes to what he calls the "ethics of the sacredness of life". The expression wants to nominate a way of thinking ethics, which is based on a conception of unconditioned value of human life, which in turn comes from the Judeo-Christian roots of our civilization, and based on the notion of "speciesism", a keyword for understanding the author's thinking. This concept is analyzed and criticized in order to allow an understanding of Singer's position in rediscussing the anthropocentric matrix of ethics, creating the conditions for, on the one hand, to include nonhuman animals in the context of ethical concerns and, on the other hand, to extract the consequences for the elaboration of new references to deal with ethical issues, both in the field of bioethics, and in extrapolating this area. Keywords: Practical Ethics, bioethics, utilitarianism, speciesism, sacredness of life, euthanasia, abortion, suicide.

Theories of global justice are often criticised for being ineffective or unrealisable. The aim of this interdisciplinary thesis is to examine whether this motivational criticism holds regarding Singer’s Principle and Pogge’s theory of global egalitarian justice. First, I will show that the effectiveness argument is unconvincing: the underlying effectiveness criterion is either incoherent or not defined, and existing effectiveness predictions are empirically unsatisfactory. Second, I will analyse whether Singer’s interactional Principle satisfies the ‘ought implies can’ (OIC) criterion, which holds that obligations must be within the capacities of individuals. Having discussed the rationale and standard of the OIC criterion, I will show that the philosophical literature does not offer a convincing empirical justification of possibility evaluations. Drawing on psychological explanations of moral heroism, I will conclude that compliance with Singer’s Principle is possible for ordinary persons, i.e. that ‘every person is a hero in waiting’. Third, turning to the feasibility of Pogge’s theory of global egalitarian justice, I will discuss how the standard, time-frame, weight and rationale of the feasibility criterion should be defined. Based on psychological and sociological explanations about moral behaviour, social norms and identity, I will evaluate the empirical arguments advanced in the philosophical literature. In addition, I will consider how the long-term trends of globalisation are likely to influence the role of nationality, identity and global institutions. I will conclude that Pogge’s theory of egalitarian global justice is conditionally feasible, i.e. if we assume that domestic egalitarian justice is feasible. This implies that nationalism will not necessarily play a dominant role during the centuries to come. Overall, possibility and feasibility evaluations remain uncertain and partly subjective. I will thus argue that a burden of proof should be established to limit the negative effects of false evaluations.