Orientadores: Marcos David Ferreira, Oscar Antonio Braunbeck / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T21:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Atarassi_MarciaEiko_M.pdf: 1960343 bytes, checksum: 9d61529cd30a1a4960b9778fd37effa7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: As normas de classificação garantem o mesmo padrão para produtores, atacadistas e consumidores finais, facilitando a comercialização, valorizando os produtos e diminuindo as perdas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar um sistema de classificação por diâmetro de tomates in natura, por meio de cilindros rotativos divergentes. Os cilindros avaliados foram: cilindro com cerdas de Tereftalato de Polietileno (PET); cilindro liso de tubo de PVC (Policloreto de Vinila); e cilindro de PVC com helicóide de borracha (altura de 0,01 m e passo de 0,10 m). Primeiramente, foram realizados ensaios para definir as faixas de aberturas de cada classe de tamanho, variando os tratamentos (dois cilindros com cerdas - CC; um cilindro com cerda e um cilindro liso - CL; e um cilindro liso e outro com helicóide - LH) e a velocidade de rotação (50, 100, 150, 200 e 250 rpm). Depois foi avaliada a classificação realizada pelo sistema. Na segunda etapa avaliou-se a incidência de danos mecânicos nos tomates da cultivar 'Carmen' submetidos à classificação nas duas velocidades de maior eficiência de classificação de cada tratamento. Na terceira etapa realizou-se um ensaio de eficácia de limpeza dos frutos com os tratamentos dois cilindros com cerdas (CC) e um cilindro com cerda e outro liso (CL), nas duas velocidades de maior eficiência de classificação. A classificação com cilindros divergentes apresentou conformidade em mistura permitida, para a classe 60, nos tratamentos CC (200 rpm), CL (50 e 100 rpm), LH (100 e 150 rpm) e para a classe 80, para os tratamentos CC (50, 150 e 250 rpm), CL (100 e 250 rpm), LH (50, 100, 150 e 250 rpm). Em todos estes tratamentos a mistura foi apenas de classes imediatamente superiores e/ou inferiores no mesmo lote, em acordo com a norma brasileira de classificação de tomates. Entretanto, para a classe 70 não houve nenhum tratamento em conformidade com a tolerância permitida de 10% de frutos de outras classes. As maiores eficiências de classificação foram obtidas no tratamento LH a 150, 200 e 250 rpm, com valores variando de 74 a 80%. A maior perda de massa foi no tratamento CL 50 rpm, devido ao giro do fruto em torno do eixo equatorial, que causou maior abrasão na casca do fruto. A atividade respiratória dos frutos em todos os tratamentos foi similar aos frutos não classificados, após 4 horas de classificação. A eficácia no processo de limpeza foi maior para o tratamento CC, com índices de limpeza de 33 e 38%, a 50 e 100 rpm, respectivamente. Os cilindros divergentes apresentaram potencial para a classificação de tomate, contudo, são necessários ajustes para classificar os frutos da classe 70. A melhor classificação de tomates foi para o tratamento LH 150 rpm, que apresentou a maior eficiência e capacidade de classificação, sem alterar a qualidade dos frutos. Para realizar a etapa de limpeza e a classificação juntas, poderia se empregar cilindros de cerdas mais adequadas, com eficácia de limpeza maior e que não prejudicassem a qualidade do tomate / Abstract: Size standards guarantee the same classification for producers, wholesalers and consumers, facilitating trade, enhancing products value and reducing losses. The main goal of this work was to evaluate a grading system of fresh tomatoes by rotating divergent cylinders. The evaluated cylinders were: cylinder with bristles of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET); smooth cylinder of PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) tube; and PVC cylinder with helical rubber (height of 0.01 m and step of 0.10 m). First, it was defined the range openings of each grading, varying treatments (two cylinders with bristles - CC; bristles cylinder and a smooth cylinder - CL; and smooth cylinder and cylinder with a helical - LH) and speed rotation (50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 rpm). After, the sorting system was assessed. In a second step, it was evaluated mechanical damage incidence in 'Carmen' cultivar tomatoes, subject to treatments in two speeds with better sorting efficiency. In a third step it was tested cleaning effectiveness on tomatoes submitted to two cylinders with bristles (CC) and bristles cylinder and a smooth cylinder (CL), at the two best sorting efficiency speeds. Tomatoes graded with divergent cylinders presented accordance with standards allowed mixture for grade 60, at treatments CC (200 rpm), CL (50 and 100 rpm), LH (100 and 150 rpm) and for grade 80 for treatments CC (50, 150 and 250 rpm), CL (100 and 250 rpm), LH (50, 100, 150 and 250 rpm). In all these treatments classes mixture was only just above and/or less at the same batch, in accordance with the Brazilian grading standard for tomatoes. However, for grade 70 there was no treatment in accordance for a grade tolerance allowing 10% fruit out-of-size. The greatest sorting efficiencies were obtained at LH treatment, at 150, 200 and 250 rpm, with values ranging from 74 to 80%. The highest weight loss was at LC 50 rpm treatment, due to the tomato spin around the equatorial axis, which caused more abrasion on the fruit skin. The respiratory activity of the fruits in all treatments was similar to the fruit no grading, after 4 hours of classification. Effectiveness in cleaning process was higher for CC treatment, with cleanliness index of 33 and 38% for 50 to 100 rpm, respectively. The diverging cylinders could be used for classification of tomatoes; however, adjustments are necessary to grade the class 70 fruits. The best tomatoes classification was for LH 150 rpm treatment, which had the highest efficiency, without changing the fruit quality. To achieve the cleaning and classification stage together, could employ cylinders of bristles more appropriate for tomatoes / Mestrado / Tecnologia Pós-Colheita / Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

Hösten 2017 introducerades en ny storleksstandard SS-EN 13402-3:2013 (Swedish Standards Institute 1922a). Standarden är tänkt att hjälpa klädföretag inom Europa att förtydliga för konsumenter vilken storlek som passar baserat på individens kroppsmått. Insatta nyckelpersoner intervjuades gällande standardens bakgrund och utformning i syfte att uppskatta storleksstandardens relevans för konfektionsindustrin. I enlighet med detta upprättades två enkäter vilka uppgav grundläggande information kring standardens avsikt. 230 konsumenter fick därefter ta ställning till att om den nya storleksstandarden implementeras av företag, hur skulle detta påverka processen till att hitta rätt klädstorlek medan befintliga yrkesverkande fick motsvarandefrågor om företagets syn på att införa detta i deras system. Denna studie beskriver den övervägande anledningen till konsumenternas svårigheter att hitta rätt klädstorlek och deras åsikter om företag skulle tillämpa denna standard. Utifrån analysering av svaren från företag, konsumenter och bistånd från tidigare forskning har en slutsats genomförts. Studien reflekterar över olika möjligheter för vidareforskning, hur företag kan gå tillväga för en effektiv storlekskonvertering och varför en storlekskonvertering kan gynna ett företag i längden. / The fall of 2017 a new size standard was introduced SS-EN 13402:3-2017 (Swedish Standards Institute 1922a). The standard is intended to help clothing companies in Europe to clarify for consumers what size is appropriate based on the individual’s body measurements. Well-informed influential people were interviewed regarding the background and configuration of the standard in order to estimate the relevance of the size standard for the clothing industry. In accordance with this, two questionnaires were established which explained the basic information about the purpose of the standard. 230 consumers were then asked about there view about if the new size standard was implemented by companies, how would this affect the process of finding the right size of clothing while existing professionals got similar questions about the company's view of introducing this into their system. This study discloses the predominant reason for the consumer's difficulty in finding the right clothing size and their thoughts if companies would apply this standard. Based on analysis of the responses from companies, consumers and reinforcement from previous research, a conclusion has been made. The study reflects on various possibilities for further research, how companies can proceed to make an effective size conversion and why a size conversion can benefit a company in the long run.