The purpose of this thesis is to get more knolwledge on a detailed level about places with runestones in close connection with a stone ship in the province of Södermanland. The knowledge touches upon questions how these places were created but also questions about why they were created through the theoretical perspective of cognitive archeology. The thesis starts with dicussing a possibly new discovery of an original stone setting for the runestone from Sannerby, Årdala parish SÖ 319, that was moved from Sannerby in the 18´th century. The thesis will argue that this original stone setting is possibly, by the author, a discovered stone ship. Further twelve places have been investigated in the landscape with or/that have had a runstone in close connection to a stone ship. One main result in the investigation is that almost all these places are in connection with a grave field and two places are also by tradition named as a local ting. These last mentioned two places have also erected flat stones while the other stone ships are built with low rounded stones.  The thesis further shows how and why these places were built, on a cognitive map with symbols in three different themes. The theme of symbols of religion will show that people were much affected by the change of religion from pagan religion to Christianity, and this could express a conflict in the society. The second theme is symbols that express social hierarchy and statements of power, and it expresses high social and economic status with aristocratic farmers who could afford to travel abroad. And the possible importance of language on a high level in the material of the poetic type of runestone texts. The third and final theme is symbols that expresses the marking of a place, one's territory, and the theses suggest that some of these places were created to express the runestones sponsors right to their inheritance, even if the deceased died abroad. But because there was a conflict of religion in the society the close connection to a stone ship could possibly mean that the sponsors of the runestone maybe needed the authority of an older type of monument to prove their right to inheritance. Because not everyone in their local society would accept a Christian runestone as a legal act.

This thesis will focus on stone ship settings and the burial practice surrounding them. Over 400 stone ships have been found in Gotland but only 70 of them have been studied and even less osteological analyses have been made. The burials in focus will be four ships which are all made of pieces of limestone formed like ships and are located under the surface opposed to the other types of stone ships settings that are made of big raised rocks. The ships in question are graves therefore the study will focus on the monuments as burial places and will seek so see similarities and differences in the outer and inner burial practice. By analyzing cremated bones, I will determine the age, sex and the number of individuals buried and with the help of the artefacts find possible patterns that can help determine the inner burial practice.

Organic electronics is a hot and modern topic which holds great promise for present and future applications. One such application is the light-emitting electrochemical cell (LEC). It can be fully solution processed and driven at low voltage providing light emission from a large surface. Inkjet printers available today can print a variety of inks, both solutions and dispersions. The technique is scalable and a quick and easy way to accurately deposit small quantities of material in user definable patterns onto a substrate. This is desirable to make low cost and efficient optical devices like displays. In this thesis it has been shown that solid electrolytes, after being dissolved in a liquid solvent, can be inkjet printed into a set of well separated distinct drops with an average maximum thickness of 150 nm. The electrolytes are commonly used in LECs and comprised by poly(ethylene glycol) with molar masses ranging from 1 – 35 kg/mol, and potassium trifluoromethanesulfonate (KCF3 SO3 )—together dissolved incyclohexanone to form an ink. The smallest achieved edge to edge distance between the printed drops was 40 μm. Together with a drop diameter of 50 μm it yields a coverage of 24% at a resolution of 280 dpi. Profiles of dried deposited drops of electrolyte were examined with a profilometer, which showed adistinct coffee ring effect on each drop. In particular, the ridges of the coffee rings were broken into pillar like shapes, together forming a structure akin to a scandinavian ancient remnant called stone ship. Different drop diameters were measured in and between the indium tin oxide samples. The drops’ speeds and sizes atejection from the nozzles seemed unchanged, and wettability is most probably the physical phenomena tolook into in order to understand what generates the differences. Local changes in surface roughness and/or surface energy, possibly originating from the cleaning process of the samples, is most likely the cause. No indications towards large differences in surface tension between the printable inks were seen, however their viscoelastic properties were not measured. As part of the thesis work a LEC characterization set-up was built. It drives a LEC at constant currentand measures the driving voltage, -current, and luminance over time. The set-up is controlled by a Labview virtual instrument and the data exported to a text-file for later analysis. The precision of the luminance measurements is ±0.1 cd/m2 for readings < 50 cd/m2 , but the accuracy is uncertain. The conclusion of this thesis is that it is indeed possible to print solid electrolytes dissolved in cyclo-hexanone with an inkjet printer. However, in order to fully understand the spreading and drying of thedrops, studies of the inks’ viscoelastic properties, together with surface roughness and -energy density ofthe substrates, are needed. The largest molar mass of nicely printable poly(ethylene glycol), at an ink concentration of 10 mg/ml, was 35 kg/mol. This is comparable to the molar mass of an active light-emittingmaterial, “SuperYellow”, often used in LECs. Even though their respective molecular structures are very different, this indicates that inkjet printing of complete LEC-inks, containing both the active material and solid electrolyte, is feasible. Most probably it would require substantial tuning of the printing parameters. This thesis provides further hope for future fully inkjet printed LECs.

Through social landscape theory the aim of this thesis is to broaden the understanding of the bronze age monumental graves on the coast of Norrland. Questions about similarities between the stone ship settings and long cairns are analysed by looking at size and placement in the landscape. This shows the possible connections between the two construction types and were questioned throughout the process of writing. A reconstructed shoreline set to Late Nordic Bronze Age period IV, has been analysed by looking at the monuments placement to see possible connections through a maritory between Norrland and southern Sweden. In this thesis I have incorporated some instances of Gotlandic as well as other stone ship settings and long cairns from the Baltic Sea area, to strengthen the point of a possible maritory that connected the societies of northern Sweden with the societies placed around the Baltic Sea. The long cairns can be found in Gävleborg’s county from Söderala parish along the coast all the way up to Byske parish in Västerbotten’s county and seem to be constructed in a way that follow the shape of the mountain, with some anomalies. Stone ship settings can usually be found along the mouth of rivers and are placed more specific in the environment, where the orientation seems to relate to the ancient shoreline and in some cases the monument even point towards plausible routes that would be possible to follow with a ship inland. There is a clear concentration of all monument types in Västernorrland’s county, more specifically around the area of Docksta. The placement of the monuments above sea level in relation to the ancient shoreline, seems to be varied, with no clear rule of what height they should lay on. Many similarities can be found between the two, yet so many differences that only can be answered by excavations of more monuments. Further research and excavations is needed in Norrland with focus on the Bronze Age, which is crucial for the understanding of Sweden’s northern coastal areas and the trade across the Baltic Sea.