Pavements encompass a significant component of the total civil infrastructure investment. In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) is responsible for the maintenance and construction of approximately 39,000 lane-kilometres of highway. In 2004, the province estimated the value of the total highway system at $39 billion dollars. Thus, managing this asset is an important factor to ensure a high level of service to the traveling public. One of the most important indicators of level of service for a road network is safety. Each year, thousands of motorists across North America are involved in motor vehicle collisions, which result in property damage, congestion, delays, injuries and fatalities. The MTO estimated that in 2002, vehicle collisions in Ontario cost nearly $11 billion. Despite the importance of highway safety, it is usually not considered explicitly in the pavement management framework or maintenance analysis. A number of agencies across North America collect skid data to assess the level of safety at both the project and network level (Li et al, 2004). However, a number of transportation agencies still do not collect friction data as part of their regular pavement data collection programs. This is related to both liability concerns and lack of knowledge for how this data can be effectively used to improve safety. The transportation industry generally relies on information such as collision rates, black-spot locations and radius of curvature to evaluate the level of safety of an alignment (Lamm et al., 1999). These are important factors, but the use of complementary skid data in an organized proactive manner would also be beneficial. In preparation for a considered Long Term Area Maintenance Contract, a project was initiated by the MTO to collect network level friction data across three regions in the Province of Ontario. This project represents the first time friction data was collected at the network level in Ontario. In 2006, approximately 1,800 km of the MTO highway network was surveyed as a part of this study. This research utilized the network level skid data along with collision data to examine the relationships and model the impacts of skid resistance on the level of safety. Despite the value of collecting network level skid data, many Canadian transportation agencies still do not collect network level skid data due to the costs and potential liability associated with the collected data. The safety of highway networks are usually assessed using various levels of service indicators such as Wet-to-Dry accident ratio (W/D), surface friction (SN), or the collision rate (CR). This research focused on developing a framework for assessing the level of safety of a highway network in terms of the risk of collision based on pavement surface friction. The developed safety framework can be used by transportation agencies (federal, state, provincial, municipal, etc.) or the private sector to evaluate the safety of their highway networks and to determine the risk or probability of a collision occurring given the level of friction along the pavement section of interest. As a part of the analysis, a number of factors such as Region, Season of the Year, Environmental Conditions, Road Surface Condition, Collision Severity, Visibility and Roadway Location were all investigated. Statistical analysis and modeling were performed to developed relationships which could relate the total number of collisions or the collision rate (CR) to the level of available pavement friction on a highway section. These models were developed using over 1,200 collisions and skid test results from two Regions in the Province of Ontario. Another component of this study examined the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio and compared it to the Skid Number. A number of Transportation Agencies rely on the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio to identify potential locations with poor skid resistance. The results of the comparison further demonstrated the need and importance of collecting network level skid data. Another component of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various preservation treatments used within the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) study. In addition, modeling was performed which examined the historical friction trends over time within various environment zones across North America to investigate skid resistance deterioration trends. The results of the analysis demonstrated that commonly used preservation treatments can increase skid resistance and improve safety. The cost effectiveness of implementing preservation and maintenance to increase the level of safety of a highway using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) was evaluated. A Decision Making Framework was developed which included the formulation of a Decision Matrix that can be used to assist in selecting a preservation treatment for a given condition. The results of this analysis demonstrate the savings generated by reducing the number of collisions as a result of increasing skid resistance. The results of this research study have demonstrated the importance of network level friction testing and the impact of skid resistance on the level of safety of a highway. A review of the literature did not reveal any protocol or procedures for sampling or minimum test interval requirements for network level skid testing using a locked-wheel tester. Network level friction testing can be characterized as expensive and time-consuming due to the complexity of the test. As a result, any reduction in the required number of test points is a benefit to the transportation agency, private sector (consultants and contractors) and most importantly, the public. An analysis approach was developed and tested that can be used to minimize the number of required test locations along a highway segment using common statistical techniques.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 201-213).

Pavements encompass a significant component of the total civil infrastructure investment. In Ontario, the Ministry of Transportation (MTO) is responsible for the maintenance and construction of approximately 39,000 lane-kilometres of highway. In 2004, the province estimated the value of the total highway system at $39 billion dollars. Thus, managing this asset is an important factor to ensure a high level of service to the traveling public. One of the most important indicators of level of service for a road network is safety. Each year, thousands of motorists across North America are involved in motor vehicle collisions, which result in property damage, congestion, delays, injuries and fatalities. The MTO estimated that in 2002, vehicle collisions in Ontario cost nearly $11 billion. Despite the importance of highway safety, it is usually not considered explicitly in the pavement management framework or maintenance analysis. A number of agencies across North America collect skid data to assess the level of safety at both the project and network level (Li et al, 2004). However, a number of transportation agencies still do not collect friction data as part of their regular pavement data collection programs. This is related to both liability concerns and lack of knowledge for how this data can be effectively used to improve safety. The transportation industry generally relies on information such as collision rates, black-spot locations and radius of curvature to evaluate the level of safety of an alignment (Lamm et al., 1999). These are important factors, but the use of complementary skid data in an organized proactive manner would also be beneficial. In preparation for a considered Long Term Area Maintenance Contract, a project was initiated by the MTO to collect network level friction data across three regions in the Province of Ontario. This project represents the first time friction data was collected at the network level in Ontario. In 2006, approximately 1,800 km of the MTO highway network was surveyed as a part of this study. This research utilized the network level skid data along with collision data to examine the relationships and model the impacts of skid resistance on the level of safety. Despite the value of collecting network level skid data, many Canadian transportation agencies still do not collect network level skid data due to the costs and potential liability associated with the collected data. The safety of highway networks are usually assessed using various levels of service indicators such as Wet-to-Dry accident ratio (W/D), surface friction (SN), or the collision rate (CR). This research focused on developing a framework for assessing the level of safety of a highway network in terms of the risk of collision based on pavement surface friction. The developed safety framework can be used by transportation agencies (federal, state, provincial, municipal, etc.) or the private sector to evaluate the safety of their highway networks and to determine the risk or probability of a collision occurring given the level of friction along the pavement section of interest. As a part of the analysis, a number of factors such as Region, Season of the Year, Environmental Conditions, Road Surface Condition, Collision Severity, Visibility and Roadway Location were all investigated. Statistical analysis and modeling were performed to developed relationships which could relate the total number of collisions or the collision rate (CR) to the level of available pavement friction on a highway section. These models were developed using over 1,200 collisions and skid test results from two Regions in the Province of Ontario. Another component of this study examined the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio and compared it to the Skid Number. A number of Transportation Agencies rely on the Wet-to-Dry accident ratio to identify potential locations with poor skid resistance. The results of the comparison further demonstrated the need and importance of collecting network level skid data. Another component of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of various preservation treatments used within the Long Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) study. In addition, modeling was performed which examined the historical friction trends over time within various environment zones across North America to investigate skid resistance deterioration trends. The results of the analysis demonstrated that commonly used preservation treatments can increase skid resistance and improve safety. The cost effectiveness of implementing preservation and maintenance to increase the level of safety of a highway using Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) was evaluated. A Decision Making Framework was developed which included the formulation of a Decision Matrix that can be used to assist in selecting a preservation treatment for a given condition. The results of this analysis demonstrate the savings generated by reducing the number of collisions as a result of increasing skid resistance. The results of this research study have demonstrated the importance of network level friction testing and the impact of skid resistance on the level of safety of a highway. A review of the literature did not reveal any protocol or procedures for sampling or minimum test interval requirements for network level skid testing using a locked-wheel tester. Network level friction testing can be characterized as expensive and time-consuming due to the complexity of the test. As a result, any reduction in the required number of test points is a benefit to the transportation agency, private sector (consultants and contractors) and most importantly, the public. An analysis approach was developed and tested that can be used to minimize the number of required test locations along a highway segment using common statistical techniques.

The object of this diploma thesis is revision of coolant system skid steer loaders “BOBEK” B861, B961 and his eventually optimization for prevention of overheating hydraulic system and engine. The first part dedicate of general issues of coolant skid steer loaders. The second part is the calculation during heat stress hydraulic systems of loader and the third part include proposals for solutions problems of overheating hydraulic systems and combustion engine.

The aim of the master´s thesis is to evaluate the current measurement of skid resistance road surface properties of selected interchanges. Assess their development depending on the type, speed and number of vehicles, type of asphalt wearing course, directional and height ratios ramps of motorway intersections.

Economic analysis and evaluation of sport events and sports infrastructure is a widely researched topic, especially when it comes to mega-sports events. As many of major and mega events require large amount of resources, governments and municipalities worldwide have to make decisions regarding support for the events. To determine whether and to what extent events should be subsidised with public resources, a thorough analysis of potential impacts of the event has to be conducted. Most of the studies within this field choose Economic Impact Analysis as a method, while many researchers point out a need for costbenefit analysis, as only a comprehensive analysis of costs and benefits for society can justify public subsidies for sport events and sports infrastructure. This paper presents a cost-benefit approach of sports venue evaluation. A cost-benefit analysis made in this paper, on the case of Swedish outdoor area of Lugnet, Falun, presents possible effects of sports infrastructure investments on social welfare. Analysis was aimed towards investments made prior to hosting 2015 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Falun. Presenting results for three alternative scenarios, this study compares different effects on social benefit. This research paper highlights areas that need to be investigated to ensure the better quality of the results, thus it can be beneficial for further studies of the topic. Results presented in this paper can also be beneficial for policy makers, as many of the potential welfare effects were described.

No description available.

No description available.

Lorsqu’un avion atterrit, la force principale nécessaire pour arrêter l’avion est obtenue par le freinage. Par une réduction de la vitesse de rotation des roues, les freins provoquent une vitesse de glissement entre les pneus et la piste. C’est cette différence de vitesse qui génère la force de freinage capable de stopper l’avion. La modélisation de cette force est essentielle pour l’estimation de la longueur de piste à l’atterrissage. Les modèles classiques utilisés par les avionneurs sont assez simplistes et dérivent expérimentalement des modèles de frictions les plus simples. De sorte que ces modèles sont dans l’incapacité d’estimer l’influence de paramètres clefs influençant la force de freinage. Il s’agit, en particulier de la pression des pneus, de la nature de la gomme, de la température ambiante et de celle de la gomme, de l’état de la piste, de sa texture, etc. L’objectif de la thèse a été de développer un modèle de contact pneu-piste capable d’estimer la force de freinage. C’est le « Brush Model » qui a servi de base à cette modélisation. En phase de freinage la zone de contact est constituée d’une première zone de déformation de la gomme qui crée une force résistante en suivant la loi de Hooke, puis d’une seconde zone de glissement dont la force de résistance suit la loi de Coulomb. Ce modèle a été amélioré grâce aux résultats de la mécanique des structures pour la loi de Hooke et grâce aux résultats de la tribologie pour la loi de Coulomb. Ces deux modélisations faisant appel aux données issues de la science des matériaux. L’ensemble de ces modélisations a été enrichi par une coopération avec plusieurs centres de recherches ayant fourni de nombreux résultats expérimentaux. Le modèle obtenu a ensuite été confronté avec des résultats d’essais en vol obtenus avec « Airbus Operations S.A.S ». La thèse a validé le prétraitement des données d’essais ainsi que le processus d’identification qui a permis de montrer l’accord du modèle avec les résultats expérimentaux obtenus lors des essais en vol. Cette modélisation donne des résultats très encourageants, elle permet une compréhension beaucoup plus approfondie des effets de l’environnement sur les forces de freinage. De sorte que cette thèse a permis d’améliorer très sensiblement la compréhension fondamentale des phénomènes en jeu lors du freinage, au contact entre le pneu et la piste. Chez Airbus, les résultats obtenus vont servir de base pour les travaux à venir sur ce thème. / As an aircraft lands on a runway, the principal force acting to stop the aircraft within the confines of the runway is generated by the brakes. The brakes cause the tire’s rotational speed to slow down with regards to the aircraft’s speed over the ground. This difference in speed causes friction and it is this friction that is the principal force to stop the aircraft. In order to be able to estimate the stopping distance of an aircraft an understanding of this friction is essential. Traditionally, aircraft manufactures have relied on simplistic, empirically derived friction models. However, these empirical models cannot estimate the influence of several key factors that are known (scientifically) to affect friction such as the rubber temperature, the runway texture, the ambient air temperature and the rubber composition to name a few. This PhD work aims to develop a frictional model that can be used to estimate the friction developed between an aircraft tire and the runway. A model commonly known as the Brush Model, is derived for usewith aircraft tires and runways. The underlying physics of this model are developed using the established scientific theories of tribology, material science and strength of materials. Coordination with several research institutes provides experimental results to reinforce the model. The model is then compared with flight test results obtained from a partnership with Airbus OperationsS.A.S. The PhD works demonstrates the entire validation process from flight test data cleaning, the derivation of a curve-fitting algorithm and the matching of derived model with the flight test data. The modeling has shown very encouraging results. It allows for a much deeper understanding of the environmental effects on friction. This PhD work has greatly improved the fundamental understanding of friction and will serve as a base for future works with Airbus.

I studien tas måttlistor fram för tre barnplagg med funktionsdetaljer. Plaggen graderas för att kontrollera att skillnadsintervallerna är rimliga att skicka vidare till produktion. Studien genomförs mot ett företag som uppgiften utformas tillsammans med och som bidrar med material i form av tyg, provplagg att utgå ifrån, samt handledning.Metoden för studien är huvudsakligen experimentell forskning i form av avmätning, konstruktion, gradering och sömnad. Underlag för den experimentella forskningen består av litteratur. Huvudfokus ligger på gradering då plaggen i studien omfattar ett stort storleksspann innehållande 12 storlekar vilka är 86-152 centilong. Utöver detta kommer funktionsdetaljer samt passform att behandlas i studien. I rapporten undersöks om det är rimligt att arbeta i ett stort storleksspann där rekommenderad indelning av barnstorlekar frångås. Utöver detta undersöks även om samma kragkonstruktion kan användas till två olika jackor samt hur raglanärm bör graderas utan att minska rörelsen i ärmen.Genom att först mäta av och utvärdera de plagg som företaget tillhandahåller uppnås resultat. Därefter konstrueras och sys plaggen med funktionsdetaljer upp för att slutligen graderas. Avslutningsvis skapas måttlistor för samtliga plagg som baserar sig på framtagen gradering och som slutligen överlämnas till företaget.The main purpose of this study is to create measurement charts for three garments for children with functional features. Garments are graded to control measurements before being sent to production. The study is created in collaboration with a company who contributes with fabric, garment samples and guidance.The method of this study is mainly experimental in form of construction, grading and sewing. Literature is used as reference for the experimental parts of the study. The main focus is grading the garment which involves 12 sizes, 86-152 centilong. Functional features and fit are also a part of the study.The report examines the equity of grading in a large size range that doesn’t correspond with the chosen literature. Furthermore the study examines if the same collar construction can be used for two different jackets and how a raglan sleeve should be graded without reducing the movement in the sleeve.Result is created by measuring and evaluating samples from the company. New garments are constructed, graded and sewn as final samples with functional features. Finally measurement charts are created based on the grading and are presented to the company. / Program: Designteknikerutbildningen