Applicability of the Hartree-Fock (HF) based random phase approximation (RPA) with several Skyrme effective interactions to the description of the isoscalar giant monopole (ISGMR) and the isoscalar giant dipole resonance (ISGDR) in 90Zr, 116Sn, 144Sm and 208Pb nuclei has been investigated. The existing Skyrme interactions SL1, SkM*, SGII, Sly4 and Sk255 were used. Hartree-Fock description of the ground state properties of all nuclei of interest was obtained using these Skyrme interactions. Transition strength distributions for the ISGMR and the ISGDR in nuclei of interest were calculated using coordinate space representation for the RPA in the Green’s function formalism with discretized continuum. A method of projecting out the spurious state contribution from the transition strength distribution and the transition density of the ISGDR was employed to eliminate spurious state mixing, due to a not fully selfconsistent description of the particle-hole interaction within the RPA. Differential cross sections of 240 MeV alpha-particles inelastic scattering on all nuclei of interest were calculated using the folding model within the distorted wave Born approximation (DWBA). Optical potentials were obtained by folding HF ground state densities with a alpha-nucleon density dependent Gaussian interaction. Parameters of the interaction were obtained by fitting experimental angular distribution of alpha-nucleus elastic scattering. The inelastic differential cross sections were calculated using both collective and microscopic transition densities. Possible underestimations of the energy weighted sum rule for the case of the ISGDR are reported. An alternative description for the ISGDR in nuclei based on the Fermi liquid drop model (FLDM) with the collisional Fermi surface distortion was investigated. The FLDM dispersion relation was obtained from the linearized Landau-Vlasov equation. Centroid energies, E0 and E1, and widths, gamma-0 and gamma-1, of the ISGMR and ISGDR, respectively, were calculated as functions of the damping parameter using appropriate boundary conditions. Comparison of the theoretical ratios of the ISGDR and ISGMR centroid energies, E1/E0, to the experimental values resulted in a damping parameter equal to 0.5, however, systematic overestimation of energy of the ISGMR and ISGDR by 2.0-2.5 MeV was observed. The applicability of the HF-RPA to the description for the ISGDR in nuclei is confirmed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xv, 210 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-210). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Mathematics / David R. Auckly / We study geometric variational problems for a class of models in quantum field theory known as Faddeev-Skyrme models. Mathematically one considers minimizing an energy functional on homotopy classes of maps from closed 3-manifolds into homogeneous spaces of compact Lie groups. The energy minimizers known as Hopfions describe stable configurations of subatomic particles such as protons and their strong interactions. The Hopfions exhibit distinct localized knot-like structure and received a lot of attention lately in both mathematical and physical literature. High non-linearity of the energy functional presents both analytical and algebraic difficulties for studying it. In particular we introduce novel Sobolev spaces suitable for our variational problem and develop the notion of homotopy type for maps in such spaces that generalizes homotopy for smooth and continuous maps. As the spaces in question are neither linear nor even convex we take advantage of the algebraic structure on homogeneous spaces to represent maps by gauge potentials that form a linear space and reformulate the problem in terms of these potentials. However this representation of maps introduces some gauge ambiguity into the picture and we work out 'gauge calculus' for the principal bundles involved to apply the gauge-fixing techniques that eliminate the ambiguity. These bundles arise as pullbacks of the structure bundles H[arrow pointing right with hook on tail]G[arrow pointing right]G/H of homogeneous spaces and we study their topology and geometry that are of independent interest. Our main results include proving existence of Hopfions as finite energy Sobolev maps in each (generalized) homotopy class when the target space is a symmetric space. For more general spaces we obtain a weaker result on existence of minimizers only in each 2-homotopy class.

Scope and Contents: A generalized pairing theory has been developed which diagonalizes matrix elements of the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction in a space of one, two and three-pair excitations from a Skyrme Hartree-Fock solution for deformed rotational nuclei. The "pairing" excitation energy for the configurations of time-reversed pairs of particles is obtained from the Hartree-Fock approximation as opposed to the conventional (BCS) residual interaction point of view. The effects of the finite-range character of the effective nucleon-nucleon interaction are studied in the single-particle structure they induce in the pairing matrix elements. Microscopic form factors for (p,t) and (t, p) reactions between states of the rotational bands built on the K^π=0^+ pairing solution band-head states are constructed in the cylindrical Harmonic-Oscillator basis in which the Hartree-Fock solution is expanded. These form factors are used in DWBA calculations for the differential cross-sections. Preliminary calculations for (p,t) and (t,p) transitions between states in 172Yb and 174Yb were performed. The calculations emphasize the effects of structure in the pairing matrix elements, and the necessity for a self-consistent calculation of the diagonal pairing matrix elements sing the Hartree-Fock equations. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Le modèle de Skyrme est une théorie efficace de la chromodynamique quantique à basse énergie. Elle tente d'obtenir des prédictions sur les baryons en considérant les pions comme degrés de liberté de la théorie. Bien que les propriétés des nucléons s'obtiennent avec une précision de 30% ou mieux, la description des multi-baryons demeure beaucoup moins adéquate. Des extensions au modèle sont alors introduites, ce qui est fait dans ce mémoire avec une modification du terme de masse dans le lagrangien du modèle. Ce nouveau terme de masse tente d'améliorer les prédictions sur l'énergie de liaison du deutéron, quarante fois trop grande dans le modèle de Skyrme standard. Cette étude se fait en deux parties. Premièrement, l'énergie de liaison du deutéron est calculée pour plusieurs valeurs d'un paramètre D variable, présent dans le nouveau terme de masse, afin de voir si la valeur expérimentale est atteignable. Ces calculs sont effectués dans le cas où le deutéron est un corps rigide et ensuite en ajoutant les déformations provenant des effets rotationnels. Deuxièmement, les modes et énergies de vibration sont étudiés pour voir s'il existe une corrélation entre la rigidité du deutéron et le comportement de son énergie de liaison à mesure que le paramètre D augmente.

Le modèle de Skyrme est une théorie des champs classique non-linéaire qui possède des solitons topologiques comme solutions. De façon innovatrice, ces solutions sont utilisées par Skyrme pour décrire les baryons. Ceci est justifié puisque le modèle est une théorie efficace de la chromodynamique quantique à basse énergie et puisque les solutions possèdent un nombre topologique conservé qu'on associe au nombre baryonique. Le modèle original permet de décrire les propriétés des nucléons avec une précision de 30% ou mieux, mais a de la difficulté à reproduire les caractéristiques des baryons de masse élevé. En effet, l'énergie de liaison des multi-skyrmions est très grande et les densités baryonique possèdent des structures spatiales complexes et de type coquille ce qui s'éloignent des observations expérimentales. On propose alors une extension du modèle afin d'améliorer précisément les deux problèmes précédents. Ce travail introduit le modèle de Skyrme quasi-BPS dont les solutions analytiques saturent presque la borne de Bogomol'nyi améliorant les prédictions de l'énergie de liaison des multi-skyrmions. Le choix d'un potentiel permettant d'obtenir des densités baryonique de configurations pleines et l'ajout de l'énergie de Coulomb et de brisure de symétrie d'isospin à la masse du skyrmion sont les contributions originales de ce travail. Ceci permet d'obtenir des meilleurs prédictions physiques pour les multi-skyrmions de nombre baryonique très élevé que dans le modèle original et l'analyticité des solutions en simplifie le traitement. Pour ces raisons, le modèle de Skyrme quasi-BPS s'avère une bonne théorie efficace pour la descriptions des noyaux atomiques.

La recherche d’une théorie décrivant les états de hadrons à basse énergie est primordial pour la compréhension complète de la chromodynamique quantique. Dans ce domaine, les théories de Skyrme sont encore reconnues comme d’excellentes candidates. Existant depuis plus de soixante ans, plusieurs extensions ont été proposées et une d’entre elles fera l’objet de ce mémoire : l’extension quasi-BPS (Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield). L’énergie classique des configurations de ce modèle BPS est près de saturer une certaine borne qui assure que les états de la théorie ne seront presque pas liés, ce qui se rapproche grandement de l’observation expérimentale. La possibilité de réintroduire une énergie de liaison par l’ajout de perturbations ainsi que diverses contributions énergétiques ressortant de la quantification des états sera examinée. Nous verrons que cette approche est prometteuse, puisqu’elle permet d’obtenir des prédictions convaincantes sur la majorité des caractéristiques des noyaux atomiques.

In this manuscript, some relations between theoretical nuclear physics and compact stars, which are known to be excellent tools to test matter under extreme conditions, are studied. Most of these links are performed within theoretical modelling which are used to describe both nuclei and nuclear systems in astrophysics. Self-consistent approaches unifying the description of isolated nuclei, dilute nuclei in a gas of light particles, and uniform matter, are presented in this manuscript and employed to understand the physics of compact stars. The manuscript is organized as follow: The first chapter is a general introduction to impact stars and supernovae physics, as well as to nuclear physics. In the second chapter, various aspects of the modeling of the in-medium nucleon-nucleon interaction are presented, such as, extension of the Skyrme interaction in the spin and spin-isospin channels, the properties of the V(low k) interaction and the low-density properties of nuclear matter. In the third chapter, the superfluid properties of dense matter are investigated, either through an iso-vector pairing interaction design to reproduce microscopic calculations in nuclear matter, or through the impact of superfluidity on derivatives of the EOS, such as the incompressibility and the symmetry energy, and finally, is presented the use of pairing vibration to study the properties of pairing. The questions of the in-medium effective mass and its impact for the dynamics of core-collapse supernovae, and the level density in nuclei are presented in the chapter 4. The microscopic modelling of the crust of neutron stars, as derived from band theory, and including superfluidity, is shown in chapter 5. In chapter 6, some links between the properties of nuclei, and neutron stars are presented: the properties of overflowing nuclei at the neutron drip, the correlation between the curst-core properties and nuclear empirical quantities, and the stiffness of the nuclear EOS, are shown. Finally, conclusions are presented in chapter 7.

In this Thesis, we study some of the classical properties of an extension of the Skyrme model defined by adding a sixth order derivative term to the Lagrangian. In chapter 1, we review the physical as well as the mathematical motivation behind the study of the Skyrme model and in chapter 2, we give a brief summary of various extended Skyrme models that have been proposed over the last few years. We then define a new sixth order Skyrme model by introducing a dimensionless parameter λ that denotes the mixing between the two higher order terms, the Skyrme term and the sixth order term. In chapter 3 we compute numerically the multi-skyrmion solutions of this extended model and show that they have the same symmetries with the usual skyrmion solutions. In addition, we analyse the dependence of the energy and radius of these classical solutions with respect to the coupling constant λ. We compare our results with experimental data and determine whether this modified model can provide us with better theoretical predictions than the original one. In chapter 4, we use the rational map ansatz, introduced by Houghton, Manton and Sutcliffe, to approximate minimum energy multi-skyrmion solutions with B ≤ 9 of the SU(2) model and with B ≤ 6 of the SU(3) model. We compare our results with the ones obtained numerically and show that the rational map ansatz works just as well for the generalised model as for the pure Skyrme model, at least for B ≤ 5. In chapter 5, we use a generalisation of the rational map ansatz, introduced by loannidou, Piette and Zakrzewski, to construct analytically some topologically non-trivial solutions of the extended model in SU(3). These solutions are spherically symmetric and some of them can be interpreted as bound states of skyrmions. Finally, we use the same ansatz to construct low energy configurations of the SU(N) sixth order Skyrme model.

In Introduction, we review integrable and topological solitons. In Numerical Methods, we describe how to minimize functionals, time-integrate configurations and solve eigenvalue problems. We also present the Simulated Annealing scheme for minimisation in solitonic systems. In Classical Aspects, we analyse the effect of the potential term on the structure of minimal- energy solutions for any topological charge n. The simplest holomorphic baby Skyrme model has no known stable minimal-energy solution for n > 1. The one-vacuum baby Skyrme model possesses non-radially symmetric multi-skyrmions that look like 'skyrmion lattices' formed by skyrmions with n = 2. The two-vacua baby Skyrme model has radially symmetric multi- skyrmions. We implement Simulated Annealing and it works well for higher order terms. We find that the spatial part of the six-derivative term is zero. In Quantum Aspects, we find the first order quantum mass correction for the Ф(^4) kink using the semi-classical expansion. We derive a trace formula which gives the mass correction by using the eigenmodes and values of the soliton and vacuum perturbations. We show that the zero mode is the most important contribution. We compute the mass correction of Ф(^4) kink and Sine-Gordon numerically by solving the eigenvalue equations and substituting into the trace formula.