published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Urban Planning / Master / Master of Science in Urban Planning

This thesis is submitted to the School of Architecture and Planning, University of the Witwatersrand in fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Architecture (Professional), 2016. / There is a strong argument for a space within the heart of Johannesburg that offers a contemporary yet uniquely African response to the traditional practice of slaughtering of cattle that would frame and advance social, cultural and spiritual imperatives, while honouring animal ethics and ecological concerns through the creation of a forum that facilitates transparency, fosters understanding deepens connections between people and their broader environment. / XL2018

This thesis describes experimental work conducted to define factors associated with the occurrence of ecchymosis (blood splash) in fallow deer, and discusses facets of the Australian venison processing sector with respect to its capacity to improve the quality of venison. Data was collected on 1804 deer slaughtered experimentally (n equals 494) or at commercial works (n equals 1310) in a range of different slaughter systems. The study showed that a number of factors contribute to the expression of ecchymosis in the carcases of slaughtered deer, and the tailoring of slaughter procedures to suit particular slaughter systems is likely to reduce the extent to which ecchymosis occurs. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Chemical Engineering. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

published_or_final_version / Politics and Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. / Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 190-214).

Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2007. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Gary W. Brester. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-120).

Os abatedouros e frigoríficos caracterizam-se por agroindústrias potencialmente poluidoras devido a carga orgânica componente dos efluentes líquidos e resíduos sólidos gerados em seu processo. Para a minimização do impacto ambiental gerado por estes empreendimentos faz-se necessária a implementação de processos de tratamento que possibilitem a redução da carga orgânica, a transformação de resíduos em produtos de valor agregado e o aproveitamento energético. A implementação de biodigestores para o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos e efluentes líquidos gerados nos frigoríficos de suínos é uma opção interessante, haja visto o processo de digestão anaeróbia que compõe o sistema e os benefícios possíveis com sua aplicação. Neste intuito, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação de um digestor anaeróbio de fluxo contínuo, em escala real, utilizado para o tratamento dos resíduos sólidos e efluentes líquidos oriundos do processo. Para isto procedeu-se a caracterização físico-química dos substratos de alimentação do biodigestor bem como do afluente e efluente do sistema, além da realização de análises com o intuito de avaliar as características do biofertilizante e do biogás originados no processo. Os resultados demonstraram que o substrato de alimentação do biodigestor é composto por diversas origens e, cada qual, possui características físico- químicas específicas e diferenciadas porém, quando unificadas, propiciam o desenvolvimento de um ambiente suscetível ao desempenho da digestão anaeróbia. Avaliando a eficiência do sistema em geral, considerando os valores obtidos nas análises do afluente e efluente do mesmo, observou-se que alguns parâmetros apresentam eficiência enquanto, outros, resultaram em aumento de concentração. Este fato pode ter sido desencadeado por fatores externos ao sistema. Quanto ao biofertilizante oriundo do biodigestor, foi caracterizado como resíduo sólido não inerte sendo possível, com algumas restrições, a sua aplicação em solo. O biogás, por sua vez, apresentou concentrações interessantes de metano, sendo, portanto, passível de utilização em diversos processos industriais. / Slaughterhouses are potentially polluting agricultural industries due to the organic load present in the wastewater and solid waste generated in the process. To minimize the environmental impact generated by this type of activity, it is necessary to provide a treatment processes that enables the reduction of the organic matter present in slaughterhouse waste, transforms waste into value-added products and exploits energy use efficiently. The implementation of biodigesters to treat solid waste and wastewater generated in slaughterhouses is an interesting option, given the anaerobic digestion process that makes up the system and the possible benefits it provides. Therefore, the present study evaluated the efficiency of an anaerobic continuous flow digester, in real scale, used for the treatment of solid waste and liquid effluents from the process. In order to do so, physicochemical characterization of the digester feed substrates, as well as, characterization of the influent and effluent of the system were performed. In addition, analyzes were executed to evaluate the characteristics of the bio-fertilizer and biogas originating in the process. The results showed that the digester feed substrate is composed of various origins and, each has a specific and distinct physicochemical characteristic, but when these different characteristics are combined they favor the development of an environment prone to the performance of the anaerobic digestion. By assessing the overall system efficiency, while considering the values obtained for the influent and effluent analysis, some parameters were considered efficient, whereas others result in the increase of concentration. This may have been triggered by factors which are external to the system. The bio-fertilizer originating from the digester was characterized as non-inert solid waste, which might require certain restrictions in its application in soil. Biogas, in turn, presented interesting methane concentration and is therefore likely to be used in various industrial processes.

The effects of month on body weight, body condition scores, internal parasite prevalence and on nutritionally related blood metabolites were studied in Angus, Bonsmara and Nguni steers raised on sweet veld. Pre-slaughter stress was also determined using catecholamines, cortisol, dopamine, packed cell volume and serum creatinine levels. The blood chemical constituents evaluated included glucose, cholesterol, total protein, creatinine, urea, globulin, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine kinase (CK). The Nguni steers maintained their body condition throughout the study period whereas Angus steers had the least body condition scores. Parasite levels were high during the rainy season and low during the dry season. The predominant internal parasites were Haemonchus (39.3 percent), Trichostrongylus (37.8 percent), Cooperia pectinita (25.5 percent), Fasciola gigantica (16.3 percent) and Ostertagia ostertagi (11.2 percent). The Nguni had the least parasite infestation levels and had high PCV levels. Nguni had higher levels of cholesterol and glucose (2.86 and 4mmol/l, respectively) than the other two breeds. Nguni and Bonsmara steers had higher (P<0.05) mineral levels. There were significant breed and month differences for glucose, cholesterol, creatinine, calcium, albumin, phosphorus, albumin-globulin ratio and ALP levels. Bonsmara was more susceptible to transport and pre-slaughter stress as it had the highest (P<0.05) levels of adrenalin (10.8nmol/mol), noradrenalin (9.7nmol/mol) and dopamine (14.8nmol/mol) levels, whereas the Nguni had the least levels of adrenalin (6.5nmol/mol), noradrenalin (4.6nmol/mol) and dopamine (4nmol/mol) levels. In conclusion, Nguni steers were better adapted to the local environmental conditions