Thesis (M.Tech.: Food and Beverage Management)-Durban Universty of Technology, 2006 253 [20] leaves+ 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) / In this study investigated the commercial and Zulu style of slaughtering, skinning, butchering, culinary properties and service with special reference to Zulu socio-cultural ritual behaviors in South Coast of the KwaZuluNatal province.

Thesis (M.Tech.: Food and Beverage Management)-Durban Universty of Technology, 2006 253 [20] leaves+ 1 CD-ROM (4 3/4 in.) / In this study investigated the commercial and Zulu style of slaughtering, skinning, butchering, culinary properties and service with special reference to Zulu socio-cultural ritual behaviors in South Coast of the KwaZuluNatal province.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Sheep farming is practiced extensively in South Africa for its significant contributions to the livestock, wool and meat industries. The sheep farming sector in the country has approximately 13,800 farmers with commercial and communal sheep farmers making up 58 percent and 42 percent of the entire work force (Directorate of Agricultural Information Services, 2008). An estimate of 28.8 million sheep and flock size ranging between ≤ 50 and ≥ 1800 exist in various South African provinces. Although the national herd size is unevenly distributed provincially most of the herds are found in the Eastern Cape (30 percent) followed by the Northern Cape (25 percent), Free State (20 percent) and the Western Cape (11 percent) respectively (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2011). Over twenty indigenous and locally developed sheep breeds are managed where about 69 percent of the land area is available for their grazing nation-wide (Campher et al., 1998; Palmer and Ainslie, 2006). Common among the indigenous breeds are the Afrikaner, Blackhead Persian, Blackhead Speckled Persian, Blinkhaar Ronderib, Damara, Karakul, Namaqua Afrikaner, Pedi, Redhead Persian, Redhead Speckled, Swazi and Zulu. The locally developed breeds include Dorper, Van Rooy and Merinos. The local breeds developed from Merinos consist of the Afrino, Dormer, Dohne Merino and South African mutton Merino (Hammond, 2000; Pranisha, 2004; Hinton, 2006; Sorma et al., 2012). All these sheep breeds are best suited for providing by-products such as wool, meat, hide, milk or a combination of products (Dave and Meadowcroft, 1996; Jensen, 2009). The indigenous and locally developed sheep were bred to meet the growing demand for its by-products (Peters et al., 2010). Expectedly, sheep farmers therefore, make use of the products from these sheep as a means of livelihood and sustenance of a viable local society (Cloete and Olivier, 2010).

The objective of the study was to evaluate meat hygiene practices among meat handlers and microbiological analysis of beef carcasses, slaughtermen hands, equipment and water from low throughput (LTA) and high throughput (HTA) abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In stage one of the study, the level of knowledge, practices and attitudes towards meat safety and personal hygiene of slaughtermen were assessed. Forty workers directly involve in beef cattle slaughtering process were surveyed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire, it contained questions on some of the most important meat safety cues such as knowledge, attitudes, personal hygiene and handling practices. Cross tabulation and Chi-square Test of Association were performed to examine the relationships between the demographic information and the knowledge regarding meat safety using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22. Overall, a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices and a satisfactory level of knowledge were observed. Workers from a HTA yielded comparatively better statistically significant scores. Moreover, knowledge and practices of respondents were significantly associated (P<0.05) due to educational level and professional training. The second stage of the study involved evaluating the level to which cattle carcass, equipment, slaughtermen hands and water were contaminated with Enterobacteriaceae, Salmonella, Escherichia coli and aerobic colony counts (ACC) at different stages during the slaughter process (skinning, evisceration, carcass slitting, inspection, washing and packing). Cattle carcasses were sampled at four sites (rump, neck, flank and brisket) from a LTA (n= 240) and HTA (n= 384) abattoirs. Using conventional biochemical tests, HTA yielded significantly (P<0.05) higher ACC (5.2 log CFU/cm2), E. coli (2.6 log CFU/cm2) and Enterobacteriaceae (2.9 log CFU/cm2) carcass mean scores than LTA after skinning and evisceration. Specific abattoir hygiene differences were noted from washed and chilled carcasses. Salmonella was not detected across all sampled slaughter process stages. In addition, the equipment had bacterial load ranging from 10 to 4 CFU/cm2 for LTA, whereas in HTA this was found to be 7 to 3 CFU/cm2. The bacterial counts for slaughtermen hands were estimated to be 15 to 8 CFU/cm2 in HTA and 10 to 5 CFU/cm2 in LTA. Overall, slaughtermen hands and equipment in the dirty area (skinning and evisceration) yielded more bacterial counts compared to those in the clean area (slitting, inspection, washing and packing) from both abattoirs. For all the sampled carcasses, equipment and slaughtermen hands, HTA yielded comparatively higher (P<0.05) bacterial counts than the LTA. Although the results showed a significant adherence to basic hygiene practices, some aspects such as routine medical examination, health certificates and professional training of slaughtermen still need to be improved. Therefore, these findings show that slaughtermen, equipment and water can be sources of contamination during the slaughter process.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) contains organic matter that can be degraded by microorganisms. Such matter can further be used by the microbial community as a nutrient source for growth. Moreover, this type of wastewater also contains a high quantity of particulate matter, lipids and proteins, including antimicrobial compounds such as triclosan (TCS) and trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) used during cleaning and sanitising of processing facilities. Lipids and particulate matter lead to clogging of pipes and fouling of diffusers in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To overcome this problem, a pre-treatment system such as a dissolved air flotation system (DAFs) in which synthetic flocculants are used, is commonly used prior to the biological treatment of the wastewater. Synthetic flocculants add to the environmental burden associated with the use of synthetic compounds, particularly when these compounds are used in WWTPs. This study focused on the reduction of suspended solids, lipids and proteinaceous matter using a bioflocculant- supported DAF for the treatment of PSW.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / An increase in the demand for poultry products coupled with the potable water shortages currently experienced in South Africa (SA), attributed to climate change among other factors, makes it crucial for SA to develop water conservation strategies to minimize potable water consumption by water-intensive industries, such as the poultry industry. The development of innovative wastewater treatment processes is therefore paramount in attempting to counteract the large quantity of wastewater generated as well as to manage the environmental health concerns arising from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) discharge into the environment. Moreover, increasing wastewater treatment costs and the implementation of increasingly stringent government legislation to mitigate environmental pollution whilst minimizing fresh water source contamination, requires that wastewater such as PSW, be adequately treated prior to discharge. This study, investigated the feasibility of treating PSW from a poultry slaughterhouse to: 1) a water quality standard compliant with industrial wastewater discharge standards and 2) for possible re-use purposes. The performance of a lab-scale PSW treatment system consisting of an anaerobic static granular bed reactor (SGBR) followed by single stage nitrificationdenitrification (SSND) bioreactor and sidestream ultrafiltration membrane module (ufMM) post-treatment systems, were evaluated, with the objective being to: assess the treatment efficiency of the individual treatment systems namely; the SGBR, SSND bioreactor, and ufMM, under varying operational conditions, as well as to determine the performance of the overall designed PSW treatment system. The down-flow SGBR (2 L) was used to reduce the organic matter (COD, BOD5, and FOG) and total suspended solids (TSS) in the PSW. Anaerobic granules from a full-scale mesophilic anaerobic reactor treating brewery wastewater were used to inoculate the SGBR, and the PSW used as feed was obtained from a local poultry slaughterhouse (Western Cape, South Africa). The SGBR was operated continuously at mesophilic temperature (35-37 °C) without pH modification and under varying HRTs (24, 36, 48, 55, and 96 h) and OLRs (0.73 to 12.49 g COD/Lday), for a period of 138 days. The optimization of the SGBR, with regard to a suitable HRT and OLR, was determined using response surface methodology (RSM) and Design Expert® 10.0.3 statistical software. Periodic backwashing of the SGBR system was performed using stored effluent, i.e. treated PSW.

O processo de abate de suínos envolve diversas operações que podem influenciar a qualidade microbiológica das carcaças. Sendo assim, a compreensão do processo de abate sobre os aspectos microbiológicos é necessário para a implementação e avaliação de pontos críticos de controle. O controle microbiológico do processo de abate deve envolver a determinação da prevalência de patógenos e dos níveis de microrganismos indicadores de qualidade e higiene. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a influência das etapas de abate sobre os níveis microbiológicos das carcaças. Adicionalmente, avaliar se existe correlação entre a presença de patógenos (Salmonella spp. e Listeria monocytogenes) e microrganismos indicadores (aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e Enterobacteriaceae). Uma alta soroprevalência de Salmonella foi encontrada nos suínos ao início do abate (57,49 %). Enquanto a prevalência de Salmonella nas carcaças na etapa inicial do abate foi de 26,67 % e na etapa final de 1,11 %. L. monocytogenes somente foi detectada após as etapas de lavagem final e resfriamento, com uma prevalência de 21,11 e 8,89 %, respectivamente. Os níveis de aeróbios mesófilos, Enterobacteriaceae, coliformes totais e Escherichia coli no início do processo de abate foram de 4,25 ± 0,37; 1,25 ± 0,38; 1,10 ± 0,35 e 0,86 ± 0,36 log UFC/cm2, respectivamente. Já no final do processo os níveis foram menores variando entre 0,16 a 2,70 log UFC/cm2. A etapa que resultou na maior redução microbiana foi a escaldagem. A depiladeira é uma etapa crítica, onde os níveis de contaminação aumentaram significativamente em relação ao início do processo (p < 0,05). A evisceração não se mostrou uma etapa crítica sobre o aumento dos níveis microbianos. Contrariamente, a etapa de lavagem final, apresentou um aumento significativo (p < 0,05) sobre os níveis de aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais, E. coli e enterobactérias (0,30; 0,36; 0,27 e 0,42 log UFC/cm2, respectivamente), Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes. O resfriamento das carcaças contribui significativamente para a redução dos níveis microbiológicos, trazendo-os para níveis inferiores a todas as etapas do processo, exceto para a etapa de escaldagem. Dos quatro grupos de indicadores avaliados, nenhum apresentou correlação com a presença de Salmonella spp. e L. monocytogenes (p <0,05). Os resultados obtidos indicam a existência de etapas da cadeia de produção que se apresentam como críticas do ponto de vista sanitário, o que implica na necessidade de implementação de ações no processo para reduzir os níveis microbiológicos. / The pig slaughter process involve different steps that can influence the microbiological quality of carcasses. At this, the understanding of the slaughter process on the microbiological aspects is necessary for the implementation and evaluation of critical control points. The microbiological control of the slaughter process should involve the evaluation of pathogens prevalence and levels of quality and hygiene indicator microorganisms. This study aimed at investigating the influence of steps slaughter process on the microbiological levels of pig carcasses, and evaluate if there is correlation between pathogens (Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes) and indicators (aerobic mesophilic counts, total coliforms, Escherichia coli and Enterobacteriaceae) microorganisms. A high Salmonella soroprevalence in pigs were founded before the slaughter (57.49 %). While the Salmonella prevalence in carcasses at the initial stage of the slaughter was 26.67 % and in the final stage 1.11 %, L. monocytogenes was detected only in the final washing and cooling steps, with a prevalence of 21.11 and 8.89 %, respectively. The aerobic mesophilic counts, Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms and E. coli levels in initial steps of slaughter process were 4.25 ± 0.37; 1.25 ± 0.38; 1.10 ± 0.35 and 0.86 ± 0.36, respectively. At the end of slaughter process the results were lower (ranging from 0.16 at 2.70 log CFU/cm2). The step that most reduced microbiological levels was the scalding. The dehairing was a critical step that led to a significant increase of microorganisms levels in the process (p < 0.05). The evisceration not proved to be a critical step on the increase of microbial levels, differently of the final washing, which showed significant increases (p < 0.05) over the levels of aerobic counts, total coliforms, E. coli and enterobacterias (0.30; 0.36; 0.27 and 0.42 log respectively) and Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes. The chilling contributes significantly to the reduction of microbiological levels of carcasses, bringing them to levels below the all process stages, with the exception of scalding. No correlation between the hygiene indicator microorganisms used and presence of Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were obtained (p < 0.05). The results show that steps in the process are critical to the sanitary profile, which implies the need to implement actions in the process to reducing the microbiological levels.

CAPES / O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar e avaliar Projetos de Investimentos (PI) prioritários sobre as causas de condenações de frangos de corte e, para isto, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases. Na primeira, uma revisão sistemática da literatura atual (2010 a 2016) sobre o ponto de vista do bem-estar animal e seus impactos na produtividade. Na segunda fase, foram propostas matrizes de perdas produtivas e econômico-financeiras e matrizes de causas e ações corretivas para as condenações da Portaria 210. A etapa de revisão mostrou que o bem-estar animal ainda faz parte de agenda obrigatória na pesquisa acadêmica e que, embora existam meios para a prevenção e minimização das condenações, as empresas carecem de ferramentas para a gestão destas perdas, bem como a necessidade de adequações, seja nos aspectos legais quanto na execução das atividades de rotina dos produtores e nos abatedouros, uma vez que alguns consumidores mostram-se dispostos a pagar a mais pela carne de animais provenientes de estabelecimentos que prezam pelo bem-estar animal. A pesquisa aplicada, ocorreu perfazendo-se de dados disponíveis em trabalhos já publicados, porém, com finalidades distintas à proposta original. Nesta etapa propôs-se a análise de viabilidade econômico-financeira com uso da Metodologia Multi-índice Ampliada (MMIA) como forma de avaliar um projeto voltado a capacitação de colaboradores envolvidos na criação, apanha, transporte e abate de frangos, um exemplo explicativo de uso das matrizes propostas e redução de perdas. Os principais resultados encontrados foram em relação às dimensões retorno, riscos e limites de elasticidade, no qual todas apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, estimando-se um retorno líquido de R$ 221.875,46 com índice Lucro-Benefício de R$ 13,04. Na dimensão risco estima-se o retorno do investimento no 4° mês (payback), com retorno de 6,67% em cada período (payback/N). Além das dimensões retorno e risco, o projeto apresentou folgas de elasticidade, comprovando que o PI não é sensível, o que possibilita variações em seus indicadores. Com isso, conclui-se que os impactos do não atendimento do bem-estar animal na cadeia avícola ainda é um importante tópico a ser estudado e analisado, fornecendo bases para pesquisas acadêmicas, empresas e legislações e a MMIA se mostrou como uma ferramenta fundamental na avaliação de projetos de investimento, uma vez que seus indicadores abrangem todos os aspectos econômico-financeiros. / The aim of this work was to identify and evaluate priority investment projects on the causes of condemnation of broiler chickens and, for that, the research was divided into two phases. In the first, a systematic review of current literature (2010-2016) from the point of view of animal welfare and its impact on productivity. In the second phase, matrices for production and economic-financial losses were proposed, as well as matrices of causes and corrective actions to condemnations of Decree 210. The review stage has shown that animal welfare is still part of mandatory schedule in academic research and that while there are means for the prevention and minimization of condemnations, companies lack the tools to manage these losses, as well as the need of adequacy to legal aspects referring to the execution of routine activities of producers and slaughterhouses, as consumers are willing to pay more for meat from establishments that are concerned about animal welfare. The applied research was based on data available in works already published, but with different goals from the original proposal. In this stage the economic-financial feasibility analysis was proposed using the Multi-Indexed Expanded Methodology as a way to evaluate a project aimed at training employees involved in the management of live birds, an explanatory example of the use of the proposed matrices and the reduction of losses. The main results were in relation to the return, risk and elasticity limits, in which all presented satisfactory results, estimating a net return of R$ 221,875.46 with an Index Benefit-Cost of R$ 13.04. In the risk dimension, it is estimated the return of investment on the 4th month (payback), with a return of 6.67% in each period (payback/N). In addition to the return and risk dimensions, the project presented high elasticity gaps, proving that the IP is not sensitive, which allows variations on its indicators. Therefore, it is concluded that the impacts of non-attendance on animal welfare in the poultry chain is still an important topic to be studied and analyzed, providing basis for academic research, business and legislation, and MMIA has proved to be a fundamental tool on the evaluation of investment projects, since their indicators cover all economic and financial aspects.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo caracterizar os abatedouros de frango da microrregião de Pato Branco, analisando as interfaces de suas características organizacionais, de inovação tecnológica e uso da água, considerando o modelo de gestão ambiental de Produção Mais Limpa. Para seu desenvolvimento, adotou-se a metodologia de análise multicasos, com abordagem predominantemente qualitativa. Como instrumentos de coleta de dados em campo foram utilizados questionários semiestruturados aplicados na forma de entrevista, compostos por questões abertas e fechadas, além de observações. Os questionários foram formulados a partir da adaptação de perguntas do Questionário de Pesquisa e Inovação – PINTEC 2011. Os resultados indicam que o setor é composto por empresas de médio-grande porte, de formação Ltda, S/A e Cooperativa. Tais empresas processam em média 12.051 toneladas de carne de frango ao mês na forma de produto in natura (carcaça inteira) e de valor agregado (cortes, miúdos e embutidos) destinando 61% de sua produção para o mercado interno e 39% para o externo. Analisando o período de 2010 a 2012 foi observado que duas das três empresas apresentaram atividades de inovação tecnológica em produtos e processos (TPP), sendo que uma focou mais em produtos e a outra mais em processos, apresentando características de inovação tanto incrementais como radicais nas atividades desenvolvidas. Analisando as inovações TPP, constata-se que estão diretamente relacionadas ao uso da água e a minimização e reciclagem de resíduos, sendo elas inovações no aproveitamento da gordura abdominal; à aquisição de máquinas e equipamentos para a automatização e/ou ampliação dos processos de automatização; a modificações no layout para melhor captação de resíduos; a práticas de controle da água (travas e estranguladores de registro e hidrômetro; bicos aspersores; reuso da água); e ao aproveitamento total dos resíduos orgânicos resultantes do processo produtivo. Essas ações tiveram como retorno para as organizações: a minimização de efluente gerado; a redução no uso da água no processo produtivo; e uma maior margem de lucro na reciclagem dos resíduos para fabricação de farinha e óleo do que com sua revenda a terceiros. Pode-se concluir que os abatedouros de frango da microrregião de Pato Branco conseguiram incorporar as premissas do modelo de Produção Mais Limpa às práticas de uso da água e de inovação tecnológica, conciliando ganhos econômicos com benefícios ambientais. / This study aims to characterize the chicken slaughterhouses of Pato Branco microregion, analyzing the interfaces of their organizational characteristics, technological innovation and use of water, considering the environmental model of Cleaner Production. For its development, it was adopted the methodology of multicase analysis with a predominantly qualitative approach. As tools for collecting data in the field, semi structured questionnaires consisting of open and closed questions were applied by interview, as well as observations. The questionnaires were formulated based on the adaptation of questions from the Research and Innovation Questionnaire - PINTEC 2011. The results indicate that the sector is composed of medium- large - sized companies, formed by limited-liability company, corporation and a cooperative. Such companies processed on average 12,051 tonnes of chicken per month, being processed in natura meat (whole carcass) and value added products (cuts, offals and processed mixed meat) allocating 61 % of its production to domestic market and 39 % for foreign market. Looking at the period from 2010 to 2012 was observed that two of the three companies showed technological innovation activities in product and process (TPP), one focusing on products while the other focusing on processes, presenting both incremental and radical features of innovation to the performed activities. Analyzing the TPP innovations, some are directly related to water use and minimizing and recycling waste, being these innovations in the use of abdominal fat, the acquisition of machinery and equipment for automation and/or expansion of automation processes, changes in layout for better capturing of waste; practices in water control (locks and registration chokes and hydrometer; sprinkle nozzles, water reuse) and the total use of organic waste resulting from the production process. These actions had as a return for organizations: minimization of generated effluent, reduction in water use in the production process; higher profit margin in the recycling of waste for the manufacture of flour and oil to resale to third parties. It can be concluded that the chicken slaughterhouses of Pato Branco microregion succeeded to incorporate the assumptions of the Cleaner Production model to practices of water use and technological innovation concealing economic gains to environmental benefits.