Os lapsos de fala são enunciados que apresentam um desvio em relação ao que o falante pretendia dizer (cf. FROMKIN, 1973). Esse erro pode se manifestar em níveis linguísticos distintos, afetando segmentos fonológicos, morfemas, palavras ou sentenças. Muitos linguistas defendem que os lapsos de fala são uma importante evidência para a postulação de modelos de performance que levem em conta a realidade psicológica das unidades linguísticas e suas regras (cf. FROMKIN, 1973; PFAU, 2009; LEVELT, 1989). O objetivo do nosso trabalho é, portanto, investigar a estrutura dos lapsos de fala espontâneos do português brasileiro que afetam o nível morfológico e explicitar as propriedades que regem os lapsos na nossa língua. Para isso, adotamos como modelo teórico o sistema de Pfau (2009), que foi desenvolvido com base nas evidências fornecidas pelos lapsos de fala e tem como alicerces a arquitetura da gramática proposta no quadro teórico da Morfologia Distribuída (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997) e o modelo de performance em níveis (cf. LEVELT, 1989). Nossa hipótese inicial é a de que o sistema proposto por Pfau (2009) consegue dar conta da análise dos lapsos de fala em português brasileiro. Os resultados da pesquisa incluem a construção de um corpus constituído por 140 dados, coletados pelo método naturalístico, isto é, os lapsos foram anotados em contexto natural e espontâneo de fala, sem indução por testes. Os dados apontam para a existência de diferentes estruturas subjacentes aos lapsos de fala morfológicos no português do Brasil, sendo possível classificá-los em seis tipos distintos de acordo com suas características. As classes são: (1) blends de palavra, (2) blends frasais, (3) substituições que envolvem aspectos semânticos, (4) substituições que envolvem aspectos fonológicos, (5) lapsos que envolvem morfemas, e (6) lapsos que atingem traços gramaticais. / The slips of the tongue are utterances that present a deviation as compared to the speaker\'s intention (cf. FROMKIN, 1973). This error can occur in different linguistic levels, affecting phonological segments, morphemes, words or sentences. Many linguists claim that the slips of the tongue constitute important evidence for proposing performance models that consider the psychological reality of the linguistic units and the rules that apply to them. Our aim is to investigate the properties of spontaneous slips of the tongue in Brazilian Portuguese and to determine the structure of those which affect the morphological level. Hence, we have adopted as a theoretical model the system proposed in Pfau (2009), which has been developed based on evidence from the slips of the tongue. This system takes as a starting point the architecture of the grammar proposed by the Distributed Morphology model for language treatment (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997) and by a model based on performance levels (cf. LEVELT, 1989). Our initial hypothesis is that Pfau\'s system can manage the analysis for slips of the tongue in Brazilian Portuguese. The results of this research include a corpus formed by 140 data, collected according to a naturalistic method, noted under natural context and spontaneous speech, without any induction by test. The data point to the existence of different subjacent structures to the morphological slips of the tongue in Brazilian Portuguese, classified in six distinct categories according to their characteristics. These types can be described as: (1) word blends, (2) phrasal blends (3) substitutions based on semantic aspects, (4) substitutions based on phonological aspects, (5) slips involving morphemes and, (6) slips involving grammatical features.

Os lapsos de fala são enunciados que apresentam um desvio em relação ao que o falante pretendia dizer (cf. FROMKIN, 1973). Esse erro pode se manifestar em níveis linguísticos distintos, afetando segmentos fonológicos, morfemas, palavras ou sentenças. Muitos linguistas defendem que os lapsos de fala são uma importante evidência para a postulação de modelos de performance que levem em conta a realidade psicológica das unidades linguísticas e suas regras (cf. FROMKIN, 1973; PFAU, 2009; LEVELT, 1989). O objetivo do nosso trabalho é, portanto, investigar a estrutura dos lapsos de fala espontâneos do português brasileiro que afetam o nível morfológico e explicitar as propriedades que regem os lapsos na nossa língua. Para isso, adotamos como modelo teórico o sistema de Pfau (2009), que foi desenvolvido com base nas evidências fornecidas pelos lapsos de fala e tem como alicerces a arquitetura da gramática proposta no quadro teórico da Morfologia Distribuída (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997) e o modelo de performance em níveis (cf. LEVELT, 1989). Nossa hipótese inicial é a de que o sistema proposto por Pfau (2009) consegue dar conta da análise dos lapsos de fala em português brasileiro. Os resultados da pesquisa incluem a construção de um corpus constituído por 140 dados, coletados pelo método naturalístico, isto é, os lapsos foram anotados em contexto natural e espontâneo de fala, sem indução por testes. Os dados apontam para a existência de diferentes estruturas subjacentes aos lapsos de fala morfológicos no português do Brasil, sendo possível classificá-los em seis tipos distintos de acordo com suas características. As classes são: (1) blends de palavra, (2) blends frasais, (3) substituições que envolvem aspectos semânticos, (4) substituições que envolvem aspectos fonológicos, (5) lapsos que envolvem morfemas, e (6) lapsos que atingem traços gramaticais. / The slips of the tongue are utterances that present a deviation as compared to the speaker\'s intention (cf. FROMKIN, 1973). This error can occur in different linguistic levels, affecting phonological segments, morphemes, words or sentences. Many linguists claim that the slips of the tongue constitute important evidence for proposing performance models that consider the psychological reality of the linguistic units and the rules that apply to them. Our aim is to investigate the properties of spontaneous slips of the tongue in Brazilian Portuguese and to determine the structure of those which affect the morphological level. Hence, we have adopted as a theoretical model the system proposed in Pfau (2009), which has been developed based on evidence from the slips of the tongue. This system takes as a starting point the architecture of the grammar proposed by the Distributed Morphology model for language treatment (cf. HALLE; MARANTZ, 1993; MARANTZ, 1997) and by a model based on performance levels (cf. LEVELT, 1989). Our initial hypothesis is that Pfau\'s system can manage the analysis for slips of the tongue in Brazilian Portuguese. The results of this research include a corpus formed by 140 data, collected according to a naturalistic method, noted under natural context and spontaneous speech, without any induction by test. The data point to the existence of different subjacent structures to the morphological slips of the tongue in Brazilian Portuguese, classified in six distinct categories according to their characteristics. These types can be described as: (1) word blends, (2) phrasal blends (3) substitutions based on semantic aspects, (4) substitutions based on phonological aspects, (5) slips involving morphemes and, (6) slips involving grammatical features.

Speech errors have been utilized since the beginning of the last century to learn more about how speech is produced, both physically and cognitively. Collection of speech errors has progressed from writing down naturally occurring speech errors to recording experimentally induced speech errors to current studies, which are using instrumentation to record acoustic and kinematic information about experimentally induced speech errors. One type of instrumentation being used in articulatory research is ultrasound. Ultrasound is gaining popularity for use by those interested in learning how speech is physically produced because of its portability and noninvasiveness. Ultrasound of the tongue during speech provides visual access to the articulatory movements of the tongue. This study utilizes ultrasound recordings of speech errors in two ways. In Experiment 1, ultrasound images of participants’ tongues were recorded while they read tongue twisters designed to elicit speech errors. The tongue twisters were CVC words or CV syllables with onset velar or alveolar stops. Within the ultrasound video, the angle of the tongue blade and elevation of the tongue dorsum were measured during the onset stop closure. Measurements of tongue twisters were compared to baseline production measures to examine the ways in which erroneous productions differ from normal productions. It was found that an error could create normal productions of the other category (i.e., categorical errors) or abnormal productions that fell outside the normal categories (i.e., gradient errors). Consonant productions extracted from ultrasound video were presented auditory only to naïve listeners in Experiment 2. Listeners heard a variety of normal, gradient error, and categorical error productions. Participants were asked to judge what they heard as the onset sound. Overwhelmingly, the participants heard normal productions as well as gradient error productions as the target sound. Categorical error productions were judged to be different from the target (e.g., velar for alveolar). The only effect of erroneous production appears to be a slight increase in reaction time to respond with a choice of percept, which may suggest that error tokens are abnormal in some way not measured in this study.

The main purpose of this study is to establish a Turkish slips of the tongue (SOT) corpus and make typological comparisons with English, French and German corpora. In the first part of the study, a slips of the tongue corpus has been created. 85 podcast recordings were analyzed and 53 SOT errors were found. SOT errors were extracted from the podcasts and these audio clips were combined with their spectrograms in a flash video. Classification of SOT errors were carried out with respect to linguistic units involved, type of error, and repair behavior. In this study it is hypothesized that Turkish will have more morphological errors due to agglutination, and Turkish will have less phonological errors as vowel harmony will function as an extra control mechanism. Classification of the SOT errors with respect to linguistic units that are involved shows that 54.27% of the errors are phonological, 16.98% of errors are morphological, 13.21% of errors are lexical and 7.55% errors are phrasal. The classification with respect to error type shows that 26.42% of errors are anticipations, 30,19% of errors are perseverations, 18.87% errors are substitutions and 7.56% of errors are blends. There is a difference in the percentages of errors as compared to the other corpora. Turkish has more morphological and phonological errors. Also the data shows that there are more perseverations than anticipations, similar to German. Typological comparisons with other languages suggests that the difference in the ratio might be caused by the SOV sentence structure rather than agglutination. The first hypothesis was therefore confirmed partly. However, the second hypothesis was not supported. Vowel harmony did not function as a control mechanism on the phonological well-formedness of the utterance. Rather, it seems to be located at the level of morpho-phonology in the lexicon proper. Turkish having more phonological errors might also be related with a higher demand on working memory because of the head-final SOV sentence structure. In order to be able to draw more reliable conclusions the size of the Turkish SOT database needs to be increased.