A formulation was developed for the rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions, accounting for the physical effects of particle size distribution. A number of dimensionless parameters were developed signifying the physical characteristics of the solids and the vehicle fluid, and functionally related to the yield-stress and a flow parameter. Each of these expressions of the formulation contains an empirical dimensionless coefficient accounting for the interparticle and fluid/solid interactions that are not explained by the physical parameters involved. A formulation and a methodology were also developed for predicting the shear viscosity behavior of highly concentrated suspensions at low and high shear-rates through the use of three parameters signifying effects of particle size distribution. A number of applications were made using various non-coal and limited coal-liquid mixture data reported in the literature to demonstrate the general validity of the formulations. A methodology was proposed for the analysis of the particle size distribution effects on the overall optimum energy efficiency during hydraulic transportation and particle size reduction. The computer model developed for this purpose was employed to evaluate the transportation energy consumption and the energy consumed in the grinding process to prepare the slurry, in pipes of various sizes and lengths for a coal slurry of various specified particle size distributions and concentrations. Correlations obtained indicated the sensitivity of transportation energy efficiency to various parameters including the maximum packing concentration, relative concentration, specific surface area of particles, surface area mean size, pipe size and length, and annual mixture throughput. The results of combined energy calculations have shown that the particle size distribution and related physical parameters can significantly affect the energy efficiency due to both grinding and transportation, and the delivered cost of slurry fuels. / Ph. D.

The direct current plasma is an excitation cell that should be well suited to rapid analysis of coal slurries by virtue of its tolerance for various sample matrices. Problems which are encountered in coal analysis by emission spectrometry include incomplete atomization of analyte by formation of metal oxides, lack of adequate methodology for sulfur analysis, and ineffective sample transport for coarse coal slurries. Atomization of metal oxides can be improved by addition of small amounts of propane (Ca 45 mL/min) to the nebulizing argon of the direct current plasma. However, the improved atomization is manifested above the normal viewing zone, and the enhancement effect of propane on analytical signals is offset by severe depression of emission signals caused by temperature reduction in the lower regions of the plasma. Sulfur in coal can be determined by direct current plasma emission spectrometry. Emission lines accessible to the echelle grating of the DCP are not suitable for such analysis, so that the deep-UV lines from 180-183 nm must be utilized for such work. A relatively simple purge system with low argon consumption (5 L/min) is adequate for sulfur analysis, and the beforementioned analytical lines provide detection limits that are adequate for sulfur determination in 1% slurries of coal. However, transport of the coal sample to the plasma is incomplete when compared to that of aqueous solutions, precluding the use of such solutions as calibration standards. Transport of the coal can be improved by increasing the viscosity of sample and standards, which increases the droplet size from the nebulizer and hence the particle size transportable• The increased droplet size causes a decrease in sensitivity due to reduced desolvation/vaporization, but does permit the use of aqueous solutions and as calibration standards for determination of sulfur, iron, aluminum, silicon in coal. / Ph. D.

A grande ocorrência de manifestações patológicas em revestimentos de argamassa associadas à falha de aderência a substratos de concreto cada vez mais chama a atenção do meio técnico, pois além de prejuízos às edificações, pode representar risco aos usuários, motivando diversos trabalhos sobre o assunto. Abordando o problema, a presente dissertação teve como tema a aderência de revestimentos de argamassa à substratos de concreto estrutural. Além da revisão bibliográfica, foram realizadas uma pesquisa em cima de dados de ensaios de resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa em obras e edificações em uso e um programa experimental executado em laboratório. A pesquisa analisou dados obtidos de determinações de resistência de aderência à tração em revestimentos de argamassa de construções e edificações em uso em cidades do Rio Grande do Sul, principalmente na capital Porto Alegre. As informações foram coletadas de ensaios em analogia à NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) realizados pelo Departamento de Materiais de Construção Civil da Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (CIENTEC/RS) entre 1998 e 2009, totalizando 2616 resultados. Foram correlacionados resistências de aderência, regiões de ruptura e tipos de revestimentos e substratos com o objetivo de analisar as interações destes parâmetros com os resultados de aderência. Entre as constatações destacam-se a aderência dos revestimentos aplicados sobre substratos de concreto estrutural, inferior aos substratos de alvenaria, que apresentaram média de aderência 60 % superior, e a maior ocorrência e menor valor médio de resistência das rupturas na interface concreto/chapisco nos ensaios realizados em revestimentos sobre concreto, resultados que ressaltam a importância do tema abordado e o programa experimental desta dissertação. O experimento realizado em laboratório analisou a influência da cura do chapisco na resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa sobre painéis de concreto utilizando diferentes chapiscos, três convencionais e um industrializado (do tipo adesivo e aplicado com desempenadeira). Dos chapiscos convencionais, dois utilizaram CP IV-32 com traços 1:2 e 1:3 (em volume) e um utilizou CP II-Z e traço 1:3. As camadas de chapisco, logo após sua aplicação, receberam diferentes tratamentos de cura, variando a temperatura do ambiente (23°C e 50°C) e a umidificação das amostras, mantendo-se fixas a umidade do ambiente, os substratos e os revestimentos aplicados após cura dos chapiscos. A resistência de aderência à tração dos revestimentos foi verificada segundo a NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). O chapisco industrializado apresentou resistência de aderência 156 % superior à média dos chapiscos convencionais. Entre os chapiscos convencionais, o cimento utilizado mostrou influência significativa na aderência, onde o CP II-Z apresentou resultados superiores ao CP IV. A temperatura de cura também foi significativa nos valores de aderência dos chapiscos, que apresentaram queda significativa de 47,3 % quando curados com temperatura de 50°C. Corpos-de-prova moldados das argamassas de chapisco e curados de forma equivalente aos chapiscos dos painéis foram ensaiados quanto à resistência mecânica e absorção por capilaridade, segundo as NBR’s 13279 e 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectivamente, onde foram percebidos efeitos significativos da temperatura e tipo de cura e tipo de chapisco nos resultados. / The high occurrence of pathologies in the mortar coverings associated with the failure of adhesion to concrete substrate increasingly catch the attention of technical community, as well as damage to buildings, can pose a hazard to users, resulting in several works on the subject. Approaching the subject, this paper was titled the adhesion of mortar renderings to structural concrete substrates. In addition to the literature review, were conducted a research upon data from tests on bond strength of mortar renderings in works and buildings in use and an experimental program performed in laboratory. The study analyzed data obtained from measurements of bond tensile strength in mortar renderings of constructions and buildings in use in cities of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly in the capital Porto Alegre. Information was collected from tests in analogy to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) conducted by the Department of Construction Material of the Foundation of Science and Technology (CIENTEC/RS) between 1998 and 2009, totaling 2616 results. Resistances were correlated to adherence, regions of rupture and types of renderings and substrates in order to analyze the interactions of these parameters with the bond strength results. Among the findings highlight the adherence of coatings applied to substrates of structural concrete, below the masonry substrates, which showed an average 60% higher, and a higher rate and lower mean resistance of the breaks at the interface concrete/slurry in the trials performed in coatings on concrete, results that accentuate the importance of the theme and the experimental program of this paper. The laboratory experiment examined the influence of slurry mortar curing on the bond strength of mortar renderings on concrete panels using different slurry mortars, three conventional and one industrialized (adhesive type and applied with spattle). Two of conventional mortars used CP IV-32 1:2 and 1:3 volume proportion and one used CP II-Z and 1:3 proportion. Soon after its application, the layer of slurry mortar, received different curing treatments, varying the temperature (23°C and 50°C) and humidification of the samples, keeping fixed the ambient humidity, substrate concretes and renderings applied after slurry curing. The bond tensile strength of renderings was verified according to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). The industrialized slurry mortar presented bond strength 156% higher than the average conventional slurrys. Among conventional mortars, cement used showed significant influence on bond strength, where the CP II-Z showed better results than the CP IV. The curing temperature was also significant in the bond strength values of slurrys, which decreased significantly from 47.3% when cured at 50°C. Specimens of slurry mortars and cured in an equivalent manner to rendered panels were tested for mechanical strength and absorption by capillarity, according to NBR's 13,279 and 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectively, which were perceived significant effects of temperature and type of curing and type of mortars on the results.

A grande ocorrência de manifestações patológicas em revestimentos de argamassa associadas à falha de aderência a substratos de concreto cada vez mais chama a atenção do meio técnico, pois além de prejuízos às edificações, pode representar risco aos usuários, motivando diversos trabalhos sobre o assunto. Abordando o problema, a presente dissertação teve como tema a aderência de revestimentos de argamassa à substratos de concreto estrutural. Além da revisão bibliográfica, foram realizadas uma pesquisa em cima de dados de ensaios de resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa em obras e edificações em uso e um programa experimental executado em laboratório. A pesquisa analisou dados obtidos de determinações de resistência de aderência à tração em revestimentos de argamassa de construções e edificações em uso em cidades do Rio Grande do Sul, principalmente na capital Porto Alegre. As informações foram coletadas de ensaios em analogia à NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) realizados pelo Departamento de Materiais de Construção Civil da Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (CIENTEC/RS) entre 1998 e 2009, totalizando 2616 resultados. Foram correlacionados resistências de aderência, regiões de ruptura e tipos de revestimentos e substratos com o objetivo de analisar as interações destes parâmetros com os resultados de aderência. Entre as constatações destacam-se a aderência dos revestimentos aplicados sobre substratos de concreto estrutural, inferior aos substratos de alvenaria, que apresentaram média de aderência 60 % superior, e a maior ocorrência e menor valor médio de resistência das rupturas na interface concreto/chapisco nos ensaios realizados em revestimentos sobre concreto, resultados que ressaltam a importância do tema abordado e o programa experimental desta dissertação. O experimento realizado em laboratório analisou a influência da cura do chapisco na resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa sobre painéis de concreto utilizando diferentes chapiscos, três convencionais e um industrializado (do tipo adesivo e aplicado com desempenadeira). Dos chapiscos convencionais, dois utilizaram CP IV-32 com traços 1:2 e 1:3 (em volume) e um utilizou CP II-Z e traço 1:3. As camadas de chapisco, logo após sua aplicação, receberam diferentes tratamentos de cura, variando a temperatura do ambiente (23°C e 50°C) e a umidificação das amostras, mantendo-se fixas a umidade do ambiente, os substratos e os revestimentos aplicados após cura dos chapiscos. A resistência de aderência à tração dos revestimentos foi verificada segundo a NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). O chapisco industrializado apresentou resistência de aderência 156 % superior à média dos chapiscos convencionais. Entre os chapiscos convencionais, o cimento utilizado mostrou influência significativa na aderência, onde o CP II-Z apresentou resultados superiores ao CP IV. A temperatura de cura também foi significativa nos valores de aderência dos chapiscos, que apresentaram queda significativa de 47,3 % quando curados com temperatura de 50°C. Corpos-de-prova moldados das argamassas de chapisco e curados de forma equivalente aos chapiscos dos painéis foram ensaiados quanto à resistência mecânica e absorção por capilaridade, segundo as NBR’s 13279 e 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectivamente, onde foram percebidos efeitos significativos da temperatura e tipo de cura e tipo de chapisco nos resultados. / The high occurrence of pathologies in the mortar coverings associated with the failure of adhesion to concrete substrate increasingly catch the attention of technical community, as well as damage to buildings, can pose a hazard to users, resulting in several works on the subject. Approaching the subject, this paper was titled the adhesion of mortar renderings to structural concrete substrates. In addition to the literature review, were conducted a research upon data from tests on bond strength of mortar renderings in works and buildings in use and an experimental program performed in laboratory. The study analyzed data obtained from measurements of bond tensile strength in mortar renderings of constructions and buildings in use in cities of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly in the capital Porto Alegre. Information was collected from tests in analogy to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) conducted by the Department of Construction Material of the Foundation of Science and Technology (CIENTEC/RS) between 1998 and 2009, totaling 2616 results. Resistances were correlated to adherence, regions of rupture and types of renderings and substrates in order to analyze the interactions of these parameters with the bond strength results. Among the findings highlight the adherence of coatings applied to substrates of structural concrete, below the masonry substrates, which showed an average 60% higher, and a higher rate and lower mean resistance of the breaks at the interface concrete/slurry in the trials performed in coatings on concrete, results that accentuate the importance of the theme and the experimental program of this paper. The laboratory experiment examined the influence of slurry mortar curing on the bond strength of mortar renderings on concrete panels using different slurry mortars, three conventional and one industrialized (adhesive type and applied with spattle). Two of conventional mortars used CP IV-32 1:2 and 1:3 volume proportion and one used CP II-Z and 1:3 proportion. Soon after its application, the layer of slurry mortar, received different curing treatments, varying the temperature (23°C and 50°C) and humidification of the samples, keeping fixed the ambient humidity, substrate concretes and renderings applied after slurry curing. The bond tensile strength of renderings was verified according to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). The industrialized slurry mortar presented bond strength 156% higher than the average conventional slurrys. Among conventional mortars, cement used showed significant influence on bond strength, where the CP II-Z showed better results than the CP IV. The curing temperature was also significant in the bond strength values of slurrys, which decreased significantly from 47.3% when cured at 50°C. Specimens of slurry mortars and cured in an equivalent manner to rendered panels were tested for mechanical strength and absorption by capillarity, according to NBR's 13,279 and 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectively, which were perceived significant effects of temperature and type of curing and type of mortars on the results.

A grande ocorrência de manifestações patológicas em revestimentos de argamassa associadas à falha de aderência a substratos de concreto cada vez mais chama a atenção do meio técnico, pois além de prejuízos às edificações, pode representar risco aos usuários, motivando diversos trabalhos sobre o assunto. Abordando o problema, a presente dissertação teve como tema a aderência de revestimentos de argamassa à substratos de concreto estrutural. Além da revisão bibliográfica, foram realizadas uma pesquisa em cima de dados de ensaios de resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa em obras e edificações em uso e um programa experimental executado em laboratório. A pesquisa analisou dados obtidos de determinações de resistência de aderência à tração em revestimentos de argamassa de construções e edificações em uso em cidades do Rio Grande do Sul, principalmente na capital Porto Alegre. As informações foram coletadas de ensaios em analogia à NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) realizados pelo Departamento de Materiais de Construção Civil da Fundação de Ciência e Tecnologia (CIENTEC/RS) entre 1998 e 2009, totalizando 2616 resultados. Foram correlacionados resistências de aderência, regiões de ruptura e tipos de revestimentos e substratos com o objetivo de analisar as interações destes parâmetros com os resultados de aderência. Entre as constatações destacam-se a aderência dos revestimentos aplicados sobre substratos de concreto estrutural, inferior aos substratos de alvenaria, que apresentaram média de aderência 60 % superior, e a maior ocorrência e menor valor médio de resistência das rupturas na interface concreto/chapisco nos ensaios realizados em revestimentos sobre concreto, resultados que ressaltam a importância do tema abordado e o programa experimental desta dissertação. O experimento realizado em laboratório analisou a influência da cura do chapisco na resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa sobre painéis de concreto utilizando diferentes chapiscos, três convencionais e um industrializado (do tipo adesivo e aplicado com desempenadeira). Dos chapiscos convencionais, dois utilizaram CP IV-32 com traços 1:2 e 1:3 (em volume) e um utilizou CP II-Z e traço 1:3. As camadas de chapisco, logo após sua aplicação, receberam diferentes tratamentos de cura, variando a temperatura do ambiente (23°C e 50°C) e a umidificação das amostras, mantendo-se fixas a umidade do ambiente, os substratos e os revestimentos aplicados após cura dos chapiscos. A resistência de aderência à tração dos revestimentos foi verificada segundo a NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). O chapisco industrializado apresentou resistência de aderência 156 % superior à média dos chapiscos convencionais. Entre os chapiscos convencionais, o cimento utilizado mostrou influência significativa na aderência, onde o CP II-Z apresentou resultados superiores ao CP IV. A temperatura de cura também foi significativa nos valores de aderência dos chapiscos, que apresentaram queda significativa de 47,3 % quando curados com temperatura de 50°C. Corpos-de-prova moldados das argamassas de chapisco e curados de forma equivalente aos chapiscos dos painéis foram ensaiados quanto à resistência mecânica e absorção por capilaridade, segundo as NBR’s 13279 e 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectivamente, onde foram percebidos efeitos significativos da temperatura e tipo de cura e tipo de chapisco nos resultados. / The high occurrence of pathologies in the mortar coverings associated with the failure of adhesion to concrete substrate increasingly catch the attention of technical community, as well as damage to buildings, can pose a hazard to users, resulting in several works on the subject. Approaching the subject, this paper was titled the adhesion of mortar renderings to structural concrete substrates. In addition to the literature review, were conducted a research upon data from tests on bond strength of mortar renderings in works and buildings in use and an experimental program performed in laboratory. The study analyzed data obtained from measurements of bond tensile strength in mortar renderings of constructions and buildings in use in cities of Rio Grande do Sul, mainly in the capital Porto Alegre. Information was collected from tests in analogy to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995) conducted by the Department of Construction Material of the Foundation of Science and Technology (CIENTEC/RS) between 1998 and 2009, totaling 2616 results. Resistances were correlated to adherence, regions of rupture and types of renderings and substrates in order to analyze the interactions of these parameters with the bond strength results. Among the findings highlight the adherence of coatings applied to substrates of structural concrete, below the masonry substrates, which showed an average 60% higher, and a higher rate and lower mean resistance of the breaks at the interface concrete/slurry in the trials performed in coatings on concrete, results that accentuate the importance of the theme and the experimental program of this paper. The laboratory experiment examined the influence of slurry mortar curing on the bond strength of mortar renderings on concrete panels using different slurry mortars, three conventional and one industrialized (adhesive type and applied with spattle). Two of conventional mortars used CP IV-32 1:2 and 1:3 volume proportion and one used CP II-Z and 1:3 proportion. Soon after its application, the layer of slurry mortar, received different curing treatments, varying the temperature (23°C and 50°C) and humidification of the samples, keeping fixed the ambient humidity, substrate concretes and renderings applied after slurry curing. The bond tensile strength of renderings was verified according to NBR 13528 (ABNT, 1995). The industrialized slurry mortar presented bond strength 156% higher than the average conventional slurrys. Among conventional mortars, cement used showed significant influence on bond strength, where the CP II-Z showed better results than the CP IV. The curing temperature was also significant in the bond strength values of slurrys, which decreased significantly from 47.3% when cured at 50°C. Specimens of slurry mortars and cured in an equivalent manner to rendered panels were tested for mechanical strength and absorption by capillarity, according to NBR's 13,279 and 15259 (ABNT, 2005) respectively, which were perceived significant effects of temperature and type of curing and type of mortars on the results.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / Centrifugal pumps are the most commonly used pumps in slurry transport systems. The design of pumping systems dealing with liquids more viscous than water requires a reliable method of pump performance prediction for the pump selection. For Newtonian fluids, the Hydraulic Institute method is well established, but there is no generally accepted method for non-Newtonian fluids. Many authors have fallen back on using the Hydraulic Institute method for non-Newtonian fluids. This requires a constant viscosity while non-Newtonian fluid viscosity varies with the shear rate. The question arises: What viscosity should be used in this method for non-Newtonian fluids? Two approaches have been developed: the use of a Bingham plastic viscosity made by Walker and Goulas (1984) and the use of the apparent viscosity calculated using an “equivalent hydraulic pipe” diameter, designed by Pullum et al. (2007). Previous results obtained from these two approaches are not in agreement. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explore a suitable procedure to determine a representative non-Newtonian viscosity to be used in the Hydraulic Institute method to predict the pump performance. To achieve this goal, a set of data was experimentally obtained and the existing data were reused. Test work was conducted using the pump test rig in the Flow Process Research Centre at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology. A Warman 4/3 pump was tested, using four concentrations of kaolin suspension and three concentrations of CMC solution. Five pump speeds were chosen to run these tests: 1200, 1400, 1600, 1800, and 2000 rpm. An additional data set obtained by testing two submersible centrifugal pumps with eight concentrations of sludge, in Stockholm, Sweden, was also analysed. These sets of data were analysed firstly according to the Walker and Goulas (1984) approach and secondly according to the Pullum et al. (2007) approach. The use of the apparent viscosity led to the better pump head prediction. The results of this prediction were close to those obtained in the Pullum et al. (2007) work, and even better in some cases. On the other hand, the use of the Bingham plastic viscosity showed better pump efficiency prediction, although the Walker and Goulas (1984) efficiency prediction range was achieved only for one pump out of five. The apparent viscosity reflected the non-Newtonian behaviour but it could not represent alone the non-Newtonian viscosity because of the poor efficiency predictions and the sensitivity of the Pullum et al. (2007) approach to a change in viscosity. From the results of this work, it is advisable that the pump performance prediction be done using both apparent and Bingham plastic viscosity, the apparent viscosity for the head prediction and the Bingham plastic viscosity for the efficiency prediction.

Ce travail concerne la mesure et la caractérisation du transfert thermique à la paroi externe d’un faisceau de tube de refroidissement inséré dans des colonnes à bulles type « slurry ». La valeur du coefficient de transfert de chaleur est estimée à partir des équations de la chaleur. Une colonne de 0,15 m de diamètre et de 4 m de haut, équipée de deux tubes en U (3 cm de diamètre externe), a été utilisée pour mettre au point la métrologie nécessaire. L’eau a servi de fluide de refroidissement. Le mélange diphasique air-huile Syltherm XLT®, puis le mélange triphasique air-huile Syltherm XLT®-microbilles d’alumine poreuses (dS ~ 80 μm), ont servi de fluides modèles. L’incertitude de nos mesures a été estimée à environ 8 %. En système diphasique, les variations du coefficient de transfert de chaleur avec la vitesse superficielle du gaz ont pu être corrélées par une loi semblable à celle de Deckwer (1980). Cependant, la valeur de la constante de corrélation semble dépendre de l’orientation du faisceau de tubes par rapport à l’axe de la colonne. Un tel comportement n’a jamais été rapporté dans la littérature. L’écart du faisceau à un faisceau idéal (i.e. parfaitement droit et symétrique) peut être un paramètre crucial pour le transfert de chaleur. En système triphasique, la valeur du coefficient ne varie pas de façon significative jusqu’à une concentration massique d’environ 18,8 %, avant de diminuer d’environ 10 % pour une concentration massique de 21,3 %. Ce résultat est surprenant. Les variations rapportées dans la littérature sont en effet souvent contradictoires, mais toujours continues dans la gamme de concentrations testée. La métrologie mise au point a été implantée dans une colonne de 1 m de diamètre et de 5 m de haut, équipée de 24 tubes en U (6 cm de diamètre externe). Celle-ci est jugée représentative d’un réacteur pour le procédé Fischer-Tropsch. Les premiers résultats indiquent que la caractérisation thermique de l’installation sera plus délicate que pour la petite colonne / This work investigates the measure and characterisation of heat transfer in slurry bubble column reactors equipped with a bundle of cooling tubes. The value of the shell-tube heat transfer coefficient is estimated at thermal steady-state regime using heat transfer equations. A 15 cm in diameter, 4 m high bubble column, equipped with a two U-tubes (3 cm O.D.) bundle has been used to assess the metrology selected. The cooling fluid was water. Air-Syltherm XLT® heat transfer fluid and air-Syltherm XLT® heat transfer fluid-porous alumina particles (dS ~ 80 μm) were successively used as shell fluids. The uncertainty of our measures has been estimated to be around 8 %. The variations of the shell-tube heat transfer coefficient with superficial gas velocity can be modelled using the well-known correlation by Deckwer (1980). However, a smaller constant value than indicated by Deckwer et al. (1980) was obtained and it was found to be dependent upon the orientation of the tube bundle relatively to the column axis. This has never been reported in the literature and implies that any difference relatively to the ideal tube bundle – perfectly straight and symmetric – might be critical for heat transfer. Addition of solid particles has little effect on heat transfer for solid concentrations below 18.8 %w/w. A further increase up to 21.3 %w/w induced a 10 % decrease of the value of the shell-tube heat transfer coefficient. This was surprising, as existing literature results display continuous variations of the heat transfer coefficient values in the range of solid concentrations tested, even though trends of variation could be opposite. The assessed metrology was implemented into a 1 m in diameter, 5 m high bubble column equipped with a 24 U-tubes (6 cm O.D.) bundle. This pilot plant was considered to be large enough to mock up a slurry bubble column reactor for the Fischer-Tropsch process. First results indicate that thermal characterisation will be more complex than for the smaller diameter column

No description available.

Abstract Beneficial Reuse of Corrugated Paperboard in Civil Engineering Applications Gregory Michael Stone An investigation was conducted to explore the potential for reuse of corrugated paperboard. Corrugated paperboard represents a large fraction of the municipal solid waste generated and discarded in the United States. Alternative applications for reuse can provide a significant benefit by reducing the volume of waste being disposed and by reducing the use of raw materials. Four civil engineering applications were examined for potential beneficial reuse of corrugated paperboard: slurry trench construction, vertical drilling, directional drilling, and controlled low strength materials (CLSM). For the purpose of this project, corrugated paperboard was pulped and added to bentonite slurry or CLSM mixtures. Bentonite slurry mixtures were tested for viscosity, density, filtrate loss, and permeability. The behavior of the bentonite slurries was greatly influenced by interaction and interlocking of corrugate fibers; in general resulting in increased viscosity, filtrate loss, and permeability and decreased density. CLSM mixtures were tested for flow consistency, unit weight, air content, and compressive strength. CLSM mixtures prepared with corrugated paperboard showed an increased water demand due to high absorption of the corrugate. The higher water content was a significant factor contributing to decreased unit weight and compressive strength. CLSM mixtures containing corrugated paperboard also exhibited increased air contents, possibly due to entrapment of air within the corrugate pulp. Corrugated paperboard was used to successfully replace up to 27% of bentonite for slurry trench applications, 60% of bentonite for vertical drilling applications, and 59% of bentonite for directional drilling applications while maintaining acceptable engineering properties. For CLSM mixtures up to 1% of fine aggregate was replaced with corrugated paperboard while maintaining satisfactory engineering properties. Incorporation of corrugated paper board into bentonite slurry, CLSM, and drilling fluid applications provides a viable option for beneficial reuse.

Pipe jacking, has seen a rise in popularity, particularly in urban areas where infrastructure does not permit cut-and-cover methods. As pipe jacking has becomes more commonplace, engineers are pushing the limits of the technology more and more by designing longer drives in more difficult ground conditions. Lubrication is essential to reduce the frictional resistance generated at the pipe-soil interface. Even though lubrication is widely utilized, there is not a clear understanding of the conditions required to obtain the full benefit of lubrication. This dissertation focuses on bentonite slurry characteristics and interface behavior under different lubricating conditions with the goal to further the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the large friction reductions observed in the field. An interface shear device capable of measuring interface behavior on pipe surfaces was used to perform tests under two lubricating conditions. Pipes were sheared against a mixture of sand and slurry and the effect of the slurry was quantified. In another series of tests, slurry was injected at the pipe-soil interface. An axisymmetric interface shear device was developed to further investigate the lubrication mechanism associated with injection of slurry into sand. The device was designed to inject slurry through injection ports built into a shaft displaced within a sealed sand-filled chamber. A series of tests were performed on dry sand as well as sand where water or slurry was injected during shearing. The effect of sand type and viscosity are also investigated. Findings from the experimental studies are related back to full-scale behavior with the objective of assessing the lubrication methods and their effectiveness. A rational procedure for predicting non-lubricated and lubricated jacking forces is proposed to optimize design and serve as a framework for evaluating jacking forces in the field.