Thesis (M.S.)--University of Montana, 2007. / Title from title screen. Description based on contents viewed July 18, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 96-98).

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains x, 162 p. : ill. (some col.), maps (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 160-162).

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF ROHIT JOGINEEDI, for the Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering and Processes, presented on 11/06/2017, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: DEVELOPMENT OF COMPARATIVE WEAR TEST FOR ASTM G75 STANDARD MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Peter Filip Industries related to tribology field invest huge amounts in testing products they handle. Most of their budget goes into running tests on corresponding friction, wear or lubrication testing instruments. These tests are observed to be consuming more time with an increase in operational costs. This gained importance among industries for developing economical testing methods designed to run on one or more machines to study tribological conditions. As friction and wear are system properties, change in system variables like distance, velocity, time and area can have notable impact on those properties. This paper discusses about various approaches to develop comparative test on sub scale testers for ASTM G75 standard. Scaling Laws of Physics and comparison of wear mode are two approaches used in this paper to justify the comparative test developed for ASTM G75 on a bench top tester developed by Bruker. Results from the ASTM G75 standard and the UMT are compared and concluded that scaling strategies cannot be used to replicate the standard test methods on sub scale testers but comparison of wear mode could help. This proposed comparative test for ASTM G75 is observed to have lower operational costs thereby decreasing the amount of investment on testing friction or wear products in an industry.

Thesis (MTech (Civil Engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1999 / Pipe roughness is known to greatly increase the turbulent flow friction factor for Newtonian fluids. The well-known Moody diagram shows that an order of magnitude increase in the friction is possible due to the effect of pipe roughness. However, since the classical work of Nikuradse (1926 -1933), very little has been done in this area. In particular, the effects that pipe roughness might have on non-Newtonian turbulent flow head loss, has been all but totally ignored. This thesis is directed at helping to alleviate this problem. An experimental investigation has been implemented in order to quantify the effect that pipe roughness has on non-Newtonian turbulent flow head loss predictions. The Balanced Beam Tube Viscometer (BBTV), developed at the University of Cape Town, has been rebuilt and refined at the Cape Technikon and is being used for research in this field. The BBTV has been fitted with pipes of varying roughness. The roughness of smooth P\'C pipes was artificially altered using methods similar to those of Nikuradse. This has enabled the accumulation of flow data in laminar and turbulent flow in pipes that are both hydraulically smooth and rough Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids have been used for the tests. The data have been subjected to analysis using various theories and scaling laws. The strengths and problems associated with each approach are discussed and It is concluded that roughness does have a significant effect on Newtonian as well as non-Newtonlan flow.

Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Technikon, Cape Town,1996 / The handling of solid-liquid suspensions is an important concern within the chemical and processing industries and many theoretical models have been proposed to try and explain and predict turbulent flow behaviour. However, the prediction of turbulent flow from only the viscous properties of non-Newtonian suspensions has over the years been questioned by researchers. This thesis considers theoretical models well established in the literature and the Slatter model, which uses both the rheology of the suspension and the particle size distribution of the solids. These models are used to analyze the experimental data and the effect that particle size and the particle size distribution has on turbulent flow behaviour. The literature concerning the rheological fundamentals relevant to fluid flow in pipes has been examined. The Newtonian turbulent flow model as well as the non-Newtonian models of Dodge & Metzner, Torrance, Kemblowski & Kolodziejski, Wilson & Thomas and Slatter have been reviewed. Test work was conducted at the University of Cape Town's Hydrotransport Research Laboratory using a pumped recirculating pipe test rig. The test apparatus has been fully described and calibration and test procedures to enable collecting of accurate pipeline data have been presented. Three slurries were used in test work namely kaolin clay, mixture I (kaolin clay and rock flour) and mixture 2 (kaolin clay, rock flour and sand) with ad,s particle size ranging from 24/Lm to 170/Lm. The yield pseudoplastic model has been used to model and predict the laminar flow of the suspensions that were tested and the meth9J adopted by Neill (1988) has been used to determine the rheological constants. The pipeline test results have been presented as pseudoshear diagrams together with the theoretical model lines providing a visual appraisal of the performance of each model. The Slatter model predicts the test data best with the other theoretical models that were considered tending to under predict the head loss. The reason the Slatter model performs better than the other theoretical models is because this model can account for the wall roughness and particle roughness effect. Evidence to support this statement has been presented. This thesis highlights the fact that the particle size distribution is a vitally important property of the suspension and that it does influence turbulent flow behaviour. It shows that turbulence modelling using the particle roughness effect (eg Slatter, 1994) is valid and can be adopted for non-Newtonian slurries. It is concluded that the particle size distribution must be used to determine the particle roughness effect and this effect must be incorporated in the turbulent flow analysis of non-Newtonian slurries.

La synthèse Fischer -Tropsch (SFT) produit des carburants liquides ultra-propres, ainsi que des produits chimiques à partir du gaz de synthèse issu d’une large gamme de matières premières : gaz naturel, gaz de schiste, charbon, biomasse. Les catalyseurs supportés à base de cobalt sont la meilleure option pour la SFT à basse température, en raison de leur grande stabilité et leur sélectivité en hydrocarbures lourds. Néanmoins, ces catalyseurs se désactivent avec le temps au cours de la réaction. La désactivation réduit la durée de vie et la productivité de ces catalyseurs. Par conséquent, la désactivation reste un défi majeur de la SFT. Dans ce travail, nous avons identifié les mécanismes les plus pertinents de la désactivation du catalyseur à base de cobalt dans le réacteur slurry : frittage du cobalt, attrition du catalyseur et dépôt de carbone. Il est démontré que la vitesse de désactivation dépend des conditions opératoires. Les résultats expérimentaux suggèrent que l'attrition du catalyseur est fortement influencée par la pression partielle d’eau dans le réacteur. La pression partielle élevée d’eau favorise la mobilité des nanoparticules de cobalt à la surface et leur frittage. Des agglomérats de cobalt de quelques microns situés sur des grains de catalyseur, ainsi que des particules métalliques de cobalt individuelles ont été observés dans les catalyseurs usés. La formation des agglomérats de cobalt a été favorisée à des vitesses spatiales basses et dans le gaz de synthèse pauvre en hydrogène. La dilution du gaz de synthèse au début de la réaction diminue l’attrition et réduit la formation des agglomérats de cobalt. Des hydrocarbures, des alcools, des cétones, des aldéhydes, des acides organiques ont été détectés dans les catalyseurs usés ; α -oléfines étant les espèces les plus abondantes. Les acides carboxyliques et les aldéhydes cinnamiques semblent être le plus néfastes pour les performances catalytiques. Le schéma de la formation de différentes espèces de carbone à la surface des catalyseurs de cobalt dans le réacteur slurry été proposé dans le manuscrit. / The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) produces ultra-clean liquid fuels and chemicals via conversion of syngas from a wide range of feedstocks: natural gas, shale gas coal and biomass. Supported cobalt-based catalysts are the best option for the low temperature FTS, due to their high stability and selectivity toward heavy paraffinic hydrocarbons. Nevertheless, cobalt catalysts deactivate with time on stream. This leads to a decrease in catalyst lifetime and productivity. Hence, catalyst deactivation remains a major challenge of FTS. In this work we identified cobalt sintering, catalyst attrition and carbon deposition as the most relevant catalyst deactivation mechanisms in slurry reactor; the deactivation rate being influenced by the operating conditions. The experimental results suggest that catalyst attrition is strongly affected by water partial pressure in the catalytic reactor. High water partial pressure favours mobility of cobalt nanoparticles on surface and cobalt sintering. Both cobalt agglomerates of micron size located on catalyst grains and detached cobalt metal particles were observed in the spent catalysts. The formation of cobalt agglomerates was favoured at lower gas space velocity and in H2-deficient syngas. Syngas dilution at the beginning of reaction decreases the degree of attrition and reduces cobalt agglomerate formation. Hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, organic acids were detected in the spent catalysts; α-olefins being the most abundant species. Carboxylic acids and alpha-alkyl cinnamic aldehyde seem to be most detrimental for the catalytic performance. A tentative schema of formation of different carbon species in cobalt catalysts during FTS in slurry reactor has been proposed in the manuscript.

The principal aim of this work was the development of a novel conductivity probe for measuring solids concentrations in slurries. The relevance of the thesis to this probe is that it requires rapid transport of aqueous electrolyte through a porous disc to an internal conductivity cell.

No description available.

This thesis summarises the work performed within the project known as ICE-COOL at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) on low tem-perature applications of ice slurry. The ICE-COOL project is a Euro-pean Community funded project within the 5th Framework Program. The task given to KTH was to find and characterize the best possible aqueous solution with a freezing point of -25 °C applicable for ice slurry with an operating temperature of -35 °C. The circumstances differ for low temperature ice slurry from medium temperature as a result of for example the change in thermo-physical properties due to increased addi-tive concentration and the lower temperature. Ice slurry is a mixture of fine ice crystals, water and freezing point de-pressant additives. The typical ice crystal size ranges between 0.1 to 1 mm in diameter. The main purpose of using ice slurries is to take advan-tage of the latent heat. More than a few requirements are to be fulfilled by an ideal ice slurry fluid. It should have good thermo-physical proper-ties, high heat transport and transfer abilities, as well as low pressure drop to facilitate small pumping power. The ice content of ice slurry af-fects all the mentioned abilities. Apart from the mentioned factors of the fluid, there are other aspects that have to be taken into consideration such as environmental pollution and toxicity, flammability, material compatibility, corrosion, handling security and cost. This thesis reports on the experiences accomplished and the initial ex-periments performed on low temperature ice slurry. The thesis also gives the background and fundamentals necessary for a discussion and com-parison of different aqueous fluids suitable for ice slurry in general and for low temperature in particular. In addition to the low temperature ap-plication, the thesis also reports on an initial energy consumption com-parison between using ice slurry and single-phase fluid in supermarkets by means of the simulation program CyberMart developed by Jaime Arias at the Department of Energy Technology at KTH. / QC 20101202

In today’s economy, it is important to have a sustainable business model where as little as possible goes to waste or finding solutions to create something useful out of by-products. Therefore, LKAB are looking to make a large investment into creating an infrastructure of several plants to turn tailings from the production of iron ore into usable products for several industries which LKAB has designated project ReeMAP (Rear Earth Elements and MonoAmmonium Phosphate). These products include phosphorus used in the production of food, gypsum used in the building industry and fluorine used in the chemical industry. One of the key ingredients in making these products is apatite, a calcium-phosphate crystal which is extracted from the tailings. The plant where the apatite is to be produced will be located close to the mining sites in Kiruna and Malmberget and then transported to the coast. The transportation can be caried out by rail carts which is how the iron ore is transported. Depending on the quantity of apatite that will be transported, a new rail track would need to be built which is a huge investment on top of the investment for the ReeMAP infrastructure. An alternative transportation method for the apatite is to use a pipeline that is pressurized by a series of pumps known as slurry transportation. This method of transporting material has been utilized in many countries around the world as it has shown to be a cost effective and more environmentally cautious method of transportation.  Slurry transportation comes with its own unique challenges, the major ones are making sure the slurry is well mixed and the solid particles do not deposit inside the pipeline and the other is the risk of freezing during a longer system shutdown. This has been studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis in the software ANSYS Fluent. In addition, an overview calculation of the pressure losses to determine the number of pumps needed for the transportation has been conducted. The software ANSYS Fluent Multiphase was used to model the interaction of solid apatite particles with water and determine the volume concentration of apatite inside the pipeline. For the freezing of water inside the pipeline during a shutdown and stationary flow, the software ANSYS Fluent Solidification/Melting was used for the modelling.  The results from the flow model show that the apatite becomes pseudo-homogenous during the transportation, given that the particle size remains within a certain interval, which will deposit the correct amount of apatite at the outlet of the pipeline. The results from the freezing model shows that a shutdown of a few hours is possible without the risk of the water freezing inside the pipeline. With insulation, this time may be extended.